CHAPTER-2-"SOLUTION"

GIST OF THE LESSON

Conc. of Solutions Mass of solute present per 100 g. of solution

w/w% omposition:
Molarity [M]: No. of moles of solute present per liter of solution in called ‘molarity
of solution’. . It is temperature dependent.M= No. of Moles of solute
/ Volume of solution in litre
Molality [m]: No. of moles of solute present per kg. of solvent is called molality. It
is temperature independent. m= No. of Moles of solute / Mass of
Solvent in Kg
Normality[N]: No. of gram equivalent of solute present per liter of solution is called
normality of solution.
N = No. of gm equivalent of solute / Volume of solution in litre
Parts Per It is used for very dilute solutions, Parts of solute in per million parts
Million[ppm]: of solution are called ppm.
Ppm = Part of solute x106 / Part of solution
Mole Fraction: Ratio of number of moles of a component in solution to the total no. of
moles of all the components is called mole fraction (x) of the component.
Henry’s law :-“The partial pressure of the gas in vapour phase p is proportional to the mole
fraction of the gas x in the solution.” P=KHx
Applications of Henery Law(1) In Packing of soda/ Soft drinks(2) In Deep see diving( He =
11.7 % , N2 = 56.2 % and O2 =32.1% )(3) Functions of lungs (4)At high altitudes pressure is
low there for breathing problems lead to ANOXIA (unable to think and weak)
Vapour Pressure: The pressure exerted by vapours over the liquid surface at equilibrium is
called vapour pressure of the liquid.
Raoult’sLaw:“TheV.P. of any volatile component in the solution is directly proportional to its mo
fraction”.
Raoult’s law for a solution containing Raoult’s law for a solution containing a
two miscible liquids: non-volatile solute:
The partial vapour pressure of each component The relative lowering of vapour pressure for
of a solution is directly proportional to its mole a solution containing a non-volatile solute is
fraction at a given temperature. equal to mole fraction of the solute when
Suppose A and B are two volatile components of solvent alone is volatile.
a solution. 0
Therefore according to Raoult’s law PA − PA
χB =
∝ χ A , PA = PA0 X χ A
0
PA and PA
Where PA0 is vapour pressure of pure
PB ∝ χ B , PB = PB0 X χ B component ‘A’
Therefore total vapour pressure of the solution: PA is partial vapour pressure of component
Ps = PA + PB ‘A’
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For a binary solution χ A + χ B = 1, if χ A = 1 - χ B 0
PA − PA is lowering of vapour pressure
0
- PA ) χ B
Ps = PA +
0
(PB0 0
and if χ B = 1 - χ A
PA − PA
0
is relative lowering of vapour pressure
PA
Ps = PB0 + (PA0 – PB0) χA

Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions:

Ideal Solution Non Ideal Solution
Follows Raoult’s law at all temperature Does not follow Raoult’s law at all temperature
and concentrations. P = PA + PB and pressure. P ≠ PA + PB
Intermolecular forces in resulting solution Intermolecular forces in resulting solution are
are same as in pure components. different from the inter molecular force of pure
A–B=A–A=B–B components.A – B ≠ A – A, B – B
No change in volume while mixing Change in volume while mixing components.
components. Δ V mix = 0 Δ V mix ≠ 0
No heat change take place while mixing Heat changes take place while mixing the
the components. Δ H mix = 0 components. Δ H mix ≠ 0
Eg: n – hexane + n – heptanes Eg: Acetone + Water
& benzene + toluene & Acetone + CHCl3
Non Ideal Solution
Showing Positive elevation from Raoult’s Law Showing Negative Deviation from Raoult’s Law
Vapour pressure of resulting solution is Vapour pressure of resulting solution is less
greater than sum of partial pressure of than sum of the partial pressure of pure
components. P > PA + PB components. P < PA + PB
Resulting intermolecular force is weaker Resulting intermolecular force is stronger
than pure components. than pure components.
Δ V mix = +ve Δ V mix = –ve
Volume of solution > Sum of volume of Volume of solution < Sum of volume of
pure components pure components
Δ H mix = +ve Endothermic mixing Δ H mix = –ve Exothermic process
process
Eg: Acetone + Water, Alcohol + Water Eg: Acetone + CHCl3, HNO3 + H2O
Carboxylic Acid + Water

Azeothrpes: :- The mixture of liquids which boils at a constant temperature like a pure liquid
and posses same composition of the components in liquid as well as in vapour
๏ Minimum Boiling Azeothrpes: Boils at a temperature lower than b.ps. of pure components.
[95% Alcohol by volume]
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๏ Maximum Boiling Azeothrpes: Boils at a temperature higher than b.p.s. of pure
components. [68% HNO3 by mass]
Colligative Properties:-The properties of dilute solutions which depend only on number
particles of solute present in the solution and not on their identity are called colligative
properties
1-Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure The relative lowering of vapour pressure of
a solution containing a non-volatile solute
is equal to the mole fraction of the solute
present in the solution.

3- Elevation of Boiling Point: ΔTb∝ m [molality]

Difference between boiling of ΔTb = Kb m
solution containing non volatile Kb=MolalElevationConstant
solute and B.P. of pure solvent is
called elevation of B.P.
ΔTb = Tb – Tob

4-Depression of Freezing ΔTf ∝ m [molality]

Point: ΔTf = Kfm
Difference in freezing point of Kf =Molal Depression Constant
pure solvent and freezing point
of solution is called ‘Depression
in Freezing Point’.
ΔTf = T0f – Tf

Osmotic Pressure: Excess pressure which must be applied to a solution in order to prevent
flow of solvent into the solution through the semi-permeable membrane. V = nRT = Osmotic
pressure R =Gas constant.
Reverse Osmosis: If pressure greater than osmotic pressure is applied then, flow of solvent
molecules is reversed, i.e. from a higher concentration solution to lower concentrated solution.
This phenomenon is called “Reverse Osmosis”. It is used in water purification and
desalination of water.
[1] MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

Q1. The value of Henry’s constant KH is:

(a) greater for gases with higher solubility (b) greater for gases with lower solubility.
(c) constant for all gases. (d) not related to the solubility of gases.
Q2. Increasing the temperature of an aqueous solution will cause:
(a) decrease in molality (b) decrease in molarity (c)
decrease in mole fraction (d) decrease in % (w/w)
Q3. Colligative properties depend on:
(a) the nature of the solute (b) the number of solute particles in solution (c) the
physical properties of solute (d) the nature of the solvent
Q4. The unit of ebullioscopic constant is:
(a) K kg mol-1 (b) K-1 kg mol (c) K kg-1 mol-1 (d) K kg-1 mol -1

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Q5. The most suitable colligative property to determine molecular weight of
bimolecules is:
(a) Lowering of vapour pressure (b) Osmotic pressure
(c) Elevation of boiling point (d) Depression of freezing point
Q6. The number of moles of NaCl in 3 litres of 3M solution is:
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 9 (d) 7
Q7. Which has highest freezing point:
(a) 1 M Glucose (b) 1 M NaCl (c) 1 M CaCl2 (d) 1 M AlF3
Q8. Which of the following condition is not satisfied by an ideal solution?
(a) ΔHmixing = 0 (b) ΔVmixing = 0 (c) Raoult’s Law is obeyed
(d) Formation of an azeotropic mixture
Q9. Considering the formation, breaking and strength of hydrogen bond, predict which
of the following mixtures will show a negative deviation from Raoult’s law? (a)
Methanol and acetone. (b) Chloroform and acetone. (c)
Phenol and aniline. (d) Cyclohexane and ethanol
Q10. The boiling point of an azeotropic mixture of water and ethanol is less than that
of water and ethanol. The mixture shows:
(a) no deviation from Raoult’s Law. (b) positive deviation from Raoult’s Law. (c)
negative deviation from Raoult’s Law. (d) that the solution is unsaturated. [Ans: 1
(b), 2 (b), 3 (b), 4 (a), 5 (b), 6 (c), 7 (a), 8 (d), 9 (b), 10 (b)]

[2] ASSERTION & REASON TYPE QUESTIONS:

Note: In the following questions a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is
given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
a. Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
b. Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for
assertion.
c. Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
d. Assertion and reason both are incorrect statements.

1. Assertion: Molarity of a solution in liquid state changes with temperature.

Reason: The volume of a solution changes with change in temperature.

2. Assertion: If on mixing the two liquids, the solution becomes hot, it implies that it shows
negative deviation from Raoult’s law.
Reason: Solution which shows negative deviation from Raoult’s law are accompanied by
decrease in volume.

3. Assertion: Greater the value of Henry’s constant of a gas in a particular solvent, greater is
the solubility of the gas at the same pressure and temperature.
Reason: Solubility of a gas is directly proportional to its Henry’s constant at the same pressure
and temperature.

4. Assertion: When a solution is separated from the pure solvent by a semi-permeable

membrane, the solvent molecules pass through it from pure solvent side to the solution side.
Reason: Diffusion of solvent occurs from a region of high concentration solution to a region of
low concentration solution.
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5. Assertion: Azeotropic mixtures are formed only by non-ideal solutions and they may have
boiling points either greater than or less than both the components.
Reason: The composition of the vapour phase is same as that of liquid phase of the azeotropic
mixture.

[Ans: 1 (a), 2 (b), 3 (d), 4 (c), 5 (b)]

[3] Some important descriptive questions of 2 and 3 marks

1. State the following with one application of each: Henry law and Reverse osmosis. (2M)

2. Wrte down four important points of differences between an ideal and a non ideal solution.
(2M)

3. State Raoult’s law for a solution containing a non volatile solute. Also give its mathematical
expression. (2M)

Note: Answers of questions 1 to 3 are as such available in this support material.

4. A solution containing 18 g of non-volatile solute in 200g of water freezes at 272.07 K.

Calculate the molecular mass of solute (given Kf = 1.86 K/m) (3M)

Ans. W2 = 18 g W1= 200g, kf = 1.86k/m ∆Tf= 273K – 272.07K = 0.93K

1000×kf ×W2 1000×kf ×W2
∆Tf = ∴ M2 =
M2 ×W1 ∆Tf ×W1
1000×1.86×18
M2 = = 180 amu
0.93×200

5. Calculate the temperature at which a solution containing 54 g of glucose (C6H12O6)

in 250 g of water will freeze (kf for water =1.86 KKg/mol).

Ans. Given- W solute = 54 g ,W solvent = 250 g, M solute = 180

∆Tf = kf x wsolute x 1000
Msolutexwsolvent (substitute values and solve)
∆Tf = 2.232 K
Tf = T0f - ∆TfTf = 273- 2.232= 270.768 K

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