The following questions below will be your guide in crafting your research methodology.

Main Research Tools

1. Observation
- a technique of gathering data whereby you personally watch, interact, communicate with the
subjects of your research.

2. Interview
- data gathering technique that makes you verbally ask the subjects or participants questions to
give answers to what your research study is trying to look for.

3. Documentary analysis it uses a systematic procedure to analyze documentary evidence and

answer specific research questions.
The main treatment of qualitative data is through thematic analysis which can be generated
from the gathered data using the different research tools.

V. Qualitative Data Analys

is Every human experience has its own morphology.
Just like every individual has its own unique DNA.
Qualitative data analysis is the process of examining and interpreting qualitative data to
understand what it represents.
Data analysis (what the data say) is an attempt by the researcher to summarize the collected
data while data interpretation (what does it mean) is an attempt of the researcher to find
meaning.

Data Analysis Strategies

After gathering the data, you have to apply the process of transcribing and coding.
Field notes compiled during an interview can be a useful complementary source of information
to facilitate this process, as the gap in time and between an interview, transcribing, and coding
can result in memory bias regarding non verbal or environmental context issues that may affect
the interpretation of data.

A. Transcribing and Checking

Is a difficult process even for the most experienced transcribers, but it must be done to convert
the spoken word to the written word to facilitate analysis.
All audio recordings should be transcribed verbatim, regardless of how intelligible the transcript
may be when it is read back. Lines of text should be numbered.
Coding
refers to the identification of topics, issues, similarities, and differences that are revealed
through the participant's narratives and interpreted by the researcher.
Coding can be done by hand on a hard copy of the transcript, by making notes in the margin or
by highlighting and naming sections in the text.

Coding is not a precise science; it's primarily an interpretive act.

There are no rules, merely guidelines.
Also be aware that a code sometimes summarizes or condense the data, not simply reduce it.
Coding can be done through open coding by means of identifying the themes or elicit themes
from the data; axial coding by means of searching for the concepts from the data; selective
coding which can be done through the identification of key concept.

B. Theming
refers to the drawing together of codes from one or more transcripts or present the findings of
qualitative research in a coherent and meaningful way.
During presentation of the research, themes will be used as the heading and underneath will be
the codes, examples from the transcripts, and the researcher's own interpretation of what the
themes mean. Implications to real life should also be given.
Approaches to theme development are apriori approach which means investigator's prior
theoretical understanding of the phenomenon under study and inductive approach which
involves the identification of themes based on data gathered.

Writing Ethical Considerations Presents adequate measures and procedures to eb used that will
safeguard the well-being of the human participants (respondents), e.g. their informed consent,
freedom from coercion/physical or emotional harm, and confidentiality of certain information, as
well as the integrity of the sources/references.

Sample Ethical Considerations Given the highly sensitive and confidential information is likely to
surface in a study of this type, a meeting was held with the participants prior to the conduct of
the interview in order der to inform them the nature and purpose of the research, the plans for
using the results from the interview, and the protocol to be observed to protect the anonymity of
the participants and institutions they represent (Creswell, 2009). On the actual day of interview,
the participants were requested to read and sign the letter of consent to participate in the study
and for the interview to be recorded. The participants were assured that their participation in the
research was strictly voluntary and that they would have the freedom to withdraw their consent
at any time. To enhance participants' openness to share their experiences more freely and
vividly, it was further reiterated that the participants may-at their dissertation-choose not to
answer questions posed by the researcher that they deemed to be intrusive, request for the
recorder to be turned off at any time during the session. These norms were observed by the
researcher in a number of cases when recording sessions had to be interrupted upon the
request of participants before using certain statements that they wished not to be recorded.

a. credibility-confidence in the truth of the findings);

b. transferability showing that findings have applicability in another context;
c. dependability -showing that the findings are consistent and could be repeated;
d. confirmability- the extent to which the findings of a study are shaped by the respondents and
not the researcher bias, motivation, or interest

OBSERVATION AS A METHOD OF COLLECTING DATA

is one of the means of collecting data in qualitative research.
As a method, data can be obtained by watching and listening purposively to people's behavior
(Almeida et al. 2016, 96).
According to Kawulich (2012), observation is a primary tool that helps you document what is
happening in a particular research setting.
Further, she noted that the researcher's position in the research setting is taken into
consideration as this will affect the quality of data that will be collected, the researcher's
relationship with the participants and the validity of the study.

The two major types of observation are:

1) Participant Observation

This type of observation is characterized by the researcher's interaction or participation with

participants and become part of their community (Driscoll 2011, 160). The researcher acts as
observer and participant at the same time (Kawulich 2012).

2) Direct Observation
In this kind of observation, the researcher does not participate with the activities of the group
under study. S/He acts as a passive observer (Almeida et al. 2016, 96) and records the
participants' behavior.

Observational research is a "successful" instrument to the extent that it satisfies the research
objectives by capturing relevant events and participants along with the constructs of interest.
There are two tools used in conducting the observation- the 7 observation guide and the
observation grid. These tools serve to keep the observer. on track towards these objectives and
generally facilitate the ethnographic data. gathering process.

Types of Observational Tools

1) Observation Guide It helps to maintain the observer's focus while also giving the observer
scope to reflect on the context associated with each site. The purpose of this observation tool is
to:

. reminds the observer of the key points of observation as well as the topics of interest
associated with each;

. acts as the motivation for a reflexive exercise in which the observer can reflect on his/her own
relationship and contribution to the observed at any moment in time (eg, how the observer was
affected by the observations) (Roller and Lavrakas 2015).
2) Observation Grid
it helps remind the observer of the events and issues of most import; however, unlike the guide,
the observation grid is a spreadsheet or log of sorts that enables the observer to record (and
record his reflections of observable events in relationship to the constructs of interest. The grid
might show, for instance, the relevant constructs or research issues as column headings and
the specific foci of observation as rows.

Becoming a skilled observer includes...

Learning to pay attention, see what there is to see, and hear what there is to hear. Practice in
writing descriptively. Acquiring discipline in recording notes.
Knowing how to separate detail from trivia.
Using rigorous methods to validate and triangulate observations.
Reporting the strengths and limitations of one's own perspective.

Techniques to Identify Themes in Qualitative Data

1. Word Repetitions We begin with word-based techniques. Word repetitions, key- indigenous
terms, and key-words-in-contexts (KWIC) all draw on a simple observation if you want to
understand what people are talking about, look at the words they use. Word repetitions can be
analyzed formally and informally. In the informal mode, investigators simply read the text and
note words or synonyms that people use a lot. A more formal analysis of word frequencies can
be done by generating a list of all the unique words in a text and counting the number of times
each occurs.

2. Indigenous categories Another way to find themes is to look for local terms that may sound
unfamiliar or are used in unfamiliar ways. Patton (1990:306, 393-400) refers to these as
"Indigenous categories" and contrasts them with "analyst- constructed typologies. Grounded
theorist refers to the process of identifying local terms as in vivo coding (Strauss 1987:28-32,
Strauss and Corbin 1990:61-74).

3. Key-words-in-context (KWIC)
Are closely associated with indigenous categories. KWIC is based on a simple observation: if
you want to understand a concept, then look at how it is used. In this technique, researchers
identify key words and then systematically search the corpus of text to find all instances of the
word or phrase. Each time they find a word, they make a copy of it and its immediate context.
Themes get identified by physically sorting the examples into piles of similar meaning.

4. Compare and Contrast The compare and contrast

approach is based on the idea that themes represent the ways in which texts are either similar
or different from each other. Glazer and Strauss (1967:101_116) refer to this as the "constant
comparison method."

5. Social Science Queries Besides identifying indigenous themes themes that characterize the
experience of informants- researchers are interested in understanding how textual data
illuminate questions of importance to social science. Spradley (1979:199-201) suggested
searching interviews for evidence of social conflict, cultural contradictions, informal methods of
social control, things that people do in managing impersonal social relationships, methods by
which people acquire and maintain achieved and ascribed status, and information about how
people solve problems.

The 6 Steps of Thematic Analysis:

1. Familiarization with the data: This phase involves reading and re-reading the data, to become
immersed and intimately familiar with its content.
2. Coding: This phase involves generating succinct labels (codes!) that identify important
features of the data that might be relevant to answering the research question. It involves
coding the entire dataset, and after that, collating all the codes and all relevant data extracts,
together for later stages of analysis.
3. Searching for themes: This phase involves examining the codes and collated data to identify
significant broader patterns of meaning (potential themes). It then involves collating data
relevant to each candidate theme, so that you can work with the data and review the viability of
each candidate theme.
4. Reviewing themes: This phase involves checking the candidate themes against the dataset,
to determine that they tell a convincing story of the data, and one that answers the research
question. In this phase, themes are typically refined, which sometimes involves them being split,
combined, or discarded.
5. Defining and naming themes: This phase involves developing a detailed analysis of each
theme, working out the scope and focus of each theme, determining the 'story' of each. It also
involves deciding on an informative name for each theme.
6. Writing up: This final phase involves weaving together the analytic. narrative and data
extracts, and contextualizing the analysis in relation to existing

Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA)

is the range of processes and procedures whereby we move from the qualitative data that have
been collected into some form of explanation, understanding or interpretation of the people and
situations we are investigating.

Techniques in Collecting Qualitative Data

1. Observation Observational data refer to the raw materials an observer collects from
observations, interviews, and materials, such as reports, that others have created. Data may be
recorded in several ways: written notes, sketches, tape recordings, photographs, and
videotapes.

2. Interviewing Hold interview as it collects data from various people from different places,
cultures and etc. Documents Try finding information from written documents and other types of
data available.

Example:
Interviewer: Do we request school facilities to DepEd?

Principal:Yes, of course

Interviewer: How do we request school facilities to

DepEd?

Principal: The Annual Improvement Plan should present our requirement for facilities in our
school, from there, we will go to our Superintendent, and we will write all the needs for our
school if DepEd can provide, or to MOOE (Maintenance and Other Operating Expenses)

Interviewer: How do they approve it? Do you need to show some outlines, plans or pictures for
the project?

Principal: It is a must to show the annual improvement plan. If it is approved, next is to do the
request letter, once it is approved, DepEd will send monitoring on the necessity, once it is
confirm and they have available funds, they will provide the budget.

Interviewer: Do the PTA Officers or Students have some contribution? If so, what are they?

Principal: Definitely, they have, we have the authorized PTA fee, from that fund we can have
other needs to be addressed, also from authorized voluntary fee for our other needs.

TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

•HISTORICAL RESEARCH

This qualitative historical research is carried out using a variety of techniques, such as
paleography (the study of handwriting), diplomatics (analysis of historical records and
documents), chronology (arranging events in order of occurrence) and epigraphy (the study of
historical inscriptions)

•Case Study - focuses on an in-depth understanding of a case

Case Study
✓Narrative study
✓ Stories
✓Epiphanies Lived experiences
✓Chronology Phenomenological study
✓ Describe
✓Experiences
✔Meaning
✓Essence Grounded theory
✓Generate
✔Develop
✓ Propositions
✓ Process
✓Substantive theory
✓Ethnography
✓Culture-sharing group ✓Cultural behavior and language
✓Cultural portrait
✓Cultural themes
✓ Case study Bounded
✓Single or collective case
✓Event, process, program

•Phenomenological research design focuses on exploring the essence of human experiences

and understanding the meaning people attribute to those experiences.
Interviewing families and parents, are talking to kids, and looking for patterns in a message.

•Grounded theory is a strong, inductive research method for discovering new theories. You don't
go in with any preconceived hypothesis about the outcome, and are not concerned with
validation or description.
Grounded Theory - focuses on developing a theory about a process

•Ethnography - focuses on a description and interpretation of a culture

-sharing group a qualitative method for collecting data often used in the social and behavioral
sciences.
Data are collected through observations and interviews, which are then used to draw
conclusions about how societies and individuals function
allows you to gain a deep understanding of a group's shared culture, conventions, and social
dynamics

POPULATION,SAMPLE
-A population is the entire group that you want to draw conclusions about.
-A sample is the specific group that you will collect data from.
The size of the sample is always less than the total size of the population.
In research, a population doesn't always refer to people

Population
.Research Population is all about the existing element.
.Population is used for the collection of sample.
.Population is use for the general purpose.
.In quantitative study
. Population characteristics can be generalized with specific sample size.
.Population defined by an administrative boundary such as a district, province or country

Sample
.Sample is only selected element take part on the specific study.
.Sample is selected from the population.
Sample is use for the specific Purpose.
.Sample is specific only for the single study
.Sample defined the specific boundary of any research study.
EXPERIMENT US OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
An experiment is a method of scientific inquiry where the researcher systematically manipulates
one or more variables to determine their effect on a specific outcome. This approach allows for
controlled conditions, which can establish causality between the manipulated variables and the
observed results.
OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
An observational study inovless the investigator observing and collecting data without directly
manipulating any variables. The researcher records occurrences naturally happening in the
environment, providing insight into correlations between variables, but it does not establish
causation like an experiment.

Thematic analysis
is a qualitative analysis method used in the social sciences to identify and present recurring
patterns or themes in data. It involves careful reading and interpretation of the material to
extract meaning and understand different subjects and interpretations.