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MUST KNOW CONCEPTS MKC

CSE 2024-25
Course Code & Course Name : 23GES03-Python Programming
Year/Sem/Sec: I / II / -
Notation Concept/Definition/Meaning/
S.No. Term Units
(Symbol) Units/Equation/Expression
Unit-I : Introduction
Python High-level, Interpreted, Interactive and
1. - -
Object-Oriented Scripting Language.
 Interpreted language
 Dynamically typed
Key features
2. -  Cross-platform language -
 Highly portable
 GUI programming support
 Speed and Productivity
 Extensive Support for Libraries
Benefits  User-friendly Data Structures
3. - -
 Existence of Third Party
Modules
 Easy Learning
 GUI based desktop applications
 Image processing applications
 Business and Enterprise
Applications
4. - applications -
 Prototyping
 Web and web framework
application
 Integer
 Complex numbers
Built in Data types
5.  Floating-point numbers
- -
 Strings
 Built-in functions
A program is a sequence of
Program instructions that specifies how to
6.
- -
perform a computation.
Natural Languages, Natural languages are the languages
Formal Languages people speak, such as English, Spanish,
7. - -
and French. They were not designed by
people they evolved naturally.
Programming Programming languages are formal
8. - -
Languages languages that have been designed to
 express computations.
Data from keyboard, a file, network or
Input, Output some other device. Data displayed on
9. - -
the screen, saved in a file or sent over
the network.
Math Perform basic arithmetic operations
10. - like addition, multiplication etc. -
Conditional Check for certain conditions and run
11. execution - the appropriate code. -
A special symbol that represents a
Operators simple computation like addition,
12. -
-
multiplication, or string concatenation.
Value is a basic thing a program works
13. Value -
- with like a number or letter.
Python Interpreter The Python interpreter is a program that
14. - reads and executes Python code. -
Tokens are the basic elements of the
Tokens language, such as words, numbers, and
15. - -
chemical elements.
An error in a program. The process of
Bug, Debugging finding and correcting bugs in the
16. - -
program.
The process of formulating a problem,
Problem Solving:
17. finding a solution, and expressing it is -
-
called as Problem Solving.
 Numbers
 Strings
18. Data types -  Lists -
 Tuples
 Dictionaries
A name that refers to a value. One of
Variable, Operand the values on which an operator
19. - -
operates.
Assignment A statement that assigns a value to a
20. - variable. -
State Diagram A graphical representation of a set of
21.
- variables and the values they refer to. -
Information in a program that is meant
Comment
22. - for other programmers and has no -
effect on the execution of the program.
Syntax Error An error in a program that makes it
23. - -
impossible to parse.
Boolean Expression An expression whose value is either
24. -
- True or False.
Conditional A statement that controls the flow of
25. Statement execution depending on some
- -
condition.
 Unit-II: Functions, Strings
A named sequence of statements that
performs some useful operation.
Function Functions may or may not take -
26. -
arguments and may or may not
produce a result.
A statement that creates a new
Function function, specifying its name,
27. - -
Definition parameters, and the statements it
contains.
A value created by a function
Function object definition. The name of the function is
28. - -
a variable that refers to a function
object.
29. Header The first line of a function definition.
- The sequence of statements inside a -
Body
30.
- function definition. -
Parameter A name used inside a function to refer
31. - to the value passed as an argument. -
A statement that runs a function. It
Function call
32. - consists of the function name followed -
by an argument list in parentheses.
A value provided to a function when
Argument the function is called. This value is
33. -
- assigned to the corresponding
parameter in the function.
A variable defined inside a function. A
Local variable
34. local variable can only be used inside -
-
its function.
The result of a function. If a function
Return value -
35. call is used as an expression, the return -
value is the value of the expression.
36. Fruitful Function A function that returns a value.
-
Void Function A function that always returns None. -
37. - -
None A special value returned by void
38. - -
functions.
Flow Of The order statements run in.
39. -
Execution -
40. String A string is a sequence of characters.
- len is a built-in function that returns -
len
41. - the number of characters in a string. -
42. Slice A segment of a string is called a slice.
- -
“in” is a boolean operator that takes
in operator two strings and returns True if the first
43. - -
appears as a substring in the second.
 Immutable The property of a sequence whose
44.
- items cannot be changed. -
Search A pattern of traversal that stops when it
45.
- finds what it is looking for. -
46. Invocation A statement that calls a method.
-
Optional A function or method argument that is -
47. - -
Argument not required.
A variable used to count something,
Counter
48. usually initialized to zero and then -
-
incremented.
An integer value used to select an item
Index in a sequence, such as a character in a
49. -
- string. In Python indices start from 0.
A graphical representation of a stack of
Stack Diagram functions, their variables, and the
50.
- -
values they refer to.
Unit-III : Lists, Tuples, Dictionaries
51. - -
List A sequence of values.
Element
52. - One of the values in a list (or other -
sequence), also called items.
53. Nested List
- -
A list that is an element of another list.
54. A variable used in a loop to add up or
Accumulator - -
accumulate a result.
Augmented A statement that updates the value of a
55. Assignment - variable using an operator like +=. -
A processing pattern that traverses a
56. Reduce - sequence and accumulates the elements -
into a single result.
Reference The association of a variable with an
57. - -
object is called a reference.
An object with more than one
Aliases
58. - reference has more than one name is -
called aliases.
A processing pattern that traverses a
Reduce sequence and accumulates the elements
59.
- -
into a single result.
A processing pattern that traverses a
Map
60. sequence and performs an operation on
- -
each element.
A processing pattern that traverses a
61. Filter - list and selects the elements that satisfy -
some criterion.
 Object Something a variable can refer to. An
62. - -
object has a type and a value.

Delimiter A character or string used to indicate

63. -
-
where a string should be split.
64. Tuple An immutable sequence of elements.
- An operation that collects multiple -
Gather
65.
- arguments into a tuple. -
Scatter An operation that makes a sequence
66. - -
behave like multiple arguments.
The result of calling a built-in function
Zip Object
67. - zip; an object that iterates through a -
sequence of tuples.
An object that can iterate through a
Iterator sequence, but which does not provide
68. - -
list operators and methods.
Data Structure A collection of related values, often
69.
- organized in lists, dictionaries, tuples. -
Dictionary A mapping from keys to their
70.
- corresponding values. -

Key-Value pair
71. - The representation of the mapping -
from a key to a value.

72. - The algorithm used to implement -

Hash table
Python dictionaries.
Hash Function A function used by a hash table to
73. - compute the location for a key. -
Lookup A dictionary operation that takes a key
74.
- and finds the corresponding value. -
A dictionary operation that takes a
Reverse Lookup value and finds one or more keys that
75.
- -
map to it.
Unit-IV : Files, Modules, Packages
Text File A sequence of characters stored in
76. - permanent storage like a hard drive.
Directory A named collection of files, also called
77. - -
a folder.
Path A string that identifies a file.
78. - -
A file whose contents are organized
Database like a dictionary with keys that
79.
- -
correspond to values.
A program that allows users to type
Shell
80. commands and then executes them by
- -
starting other programs.
 An object that represents a running
Pipe Object program, allowing a Python program to
81. -
-
run commands and read the results.
Module A file that contains a collection of
82. - -
related functions and other definitions.
Import Statement A statement that reads a module file
83. - -
and creates a module object.
A value created by an import statement
Module Object
84. - that provides access to the values -
defined in a module.
The syntax for calling a function in
Dot Notation another module by specifying the
85.
- module name followed by a dot -
(period) and the function name.
Module A module is a file containing Python
86. -
- definitions and statements.

Packages Packages are a way of structuring

87. - Python’s module namespace by using -
“dotted module names”.
The built-in function dir() is used to
Dir( )
88. - find out which names a module -
defines.
OS.path The os.path module has functions to
89. - access the file system. -
Shutil.os shutil.os module can be used to copy or
90.
- delete files. -
File related File related modules can be used to
91. module create text or binary files, update their -
-
content, copy, delete etc.
 sys module
 OS module
Built in modules  random module
92. in Python - -
 collection module
 JSON
 Math module
The Pickle module in Python allows
accepting any object and then
converting it into a string
Pickling representation. It then dumps the same
93. - -
into a file by means of the dump
function. This process is known as
pickling.
The reverse process of pickling is
Unpickling known as unpickling i.e. retrieving
94. original Python objects from a stored
- -
string representation.
 Open a File for reading. It is the
Read-only mode
95. default mode.
- -
Open a file for writing. If the file
Write-only mode contains data, data would be lost. Other
96. -
-
a new file is created.
Read-Write mode Open a file for reading, write mode. It
97. - -
means updating mode.
Open for writing, append to the end of
98. Append mode - -
the file, if the file exists.
 Networking
 Mathematics
Modules in
99. -  Cryptographic services
Python -
 Internet data handling
 Multi threading
The Python documentation string is the
docstring - means of documenting Python
100.
-
functions, modules and classes.
Unit-V : Tensorflow, Keras
Tensorflow provides a collection of
Tensorflow workflows to develop and train models
101. - -
using Python.
The Keras Functional API and Model
102. Features Subclassing API for creation of
- -
complex topologies.
Easy prototyping and fast debugging,
103. Prototype - use eager execution. -

Keras is a powerful and easy-to-use

Evaluating free open source Python library
104. -
for developing and evaluating deep -
learning models.
TensorFlow is Google's open source
Framework AI framework for machine learning
105. -
and high performance numerical -
computation.
It supports many classification and
Classification regression algorithms, and more
106. -
generally, deep learning and neural -
networks.
TensorFlow is a Python library that
Languages
107. - invokes C++ to construct and execute -
dataflow graphs.
108. Modules in  random module
- -
Python  collection module
  JSON&Math module
109. Tensor Flow a TensorFlow is a free and open-source
- -
language softwareConstants.
library for machine learning
Elements Variables.
110. - -
Placeholders.
Tensor Flow a Tensor Flow is a free and open-source
111. language - software library for machine learning
-
and artificial intelligence.
Platform Linux, macOS, Windows, Android,
112. - -
JavaScript
Object-Oriented style or technique of programming that
113. - -
encapsulates code within objects.
Sockets are the endpoints of a
bidirectional communications channel.
Sockets
114. - Sockets may communicate within a -
process, between processes on the
same machine.
The profile module is the standard
115. Profile Module Python profiler. You can run the
- -
profiler from the command line −
Keras runs on top of open source
Keras machine libraries like TensorFlow,
116. - -
Theano or Cognitive Toolkit (CNTK).
 Model

Categories  Layer
117. - -
 Core Modules

Links on Keras Keras, its history and various other

118. - terms has been explained in simple -
language.
 Shape of the input data

 Number of neurons / units in

Layer the layer
119. - -
 Initializers

 Regularizers
Input numbers may be single
Input shape dimensional array, two dimensional
120. - array (matrix) or multi-dimensional -
array.
Sequence Sequence Analysis is used frequently
121. Analysis - in natural language processing to find
-
the sentiment analysis.
122. Date A date in Python is not a data type of
- -
its own, but we can import a module
 An iterator is an object that contains a
123. Iterators - -
countable number of values.
Inheritance Inheritance allows us to define a class
124. - that inherits all the methods and -
properties from another class.

A lambda function is a small

Lambda
anonymous function.A lambda
125. - -
function can take any number of
arguments, but can only have one
expression.
Placement Questions
Comments Comments in Python start with a #
126. - -
character.
Generators Functions that return an iterable set of
127. - items are called generators. -
The term monkey patch only refers to
Monkey Patching
128. - dynamic modifications of a class or -
module at run-time.
Numerical Python is used for efficient
NumPy and general numeric computations on
129. - -
numerical data saved in arrays. E.g.,
sorting, indexing, reshaping, and more.
Scientific Python is a collection of
SciPy tools in Python used to perform
130.
- operations such as integration, -
differentiation, and more.
It is an in-built Python module that is
131. used to create GUI application.
- -
Tkinter
Object-Oriented A style of programming in which data
132. Programming - and the operations that manipulate it -
are organized into classes and methods.
An object in Python is defined as an
Object instance that has both state and
133. - -
behaviour.
Class is defined as a logical entity that
Class is a huge collection of objects and it
134.
- also contains both methods and -
attributes.
Attribute One of the named values associated with
135.
- an object. -
Polymorphism Polymorphism means the ability to
136.
- take multiple forms. -
Encapsulation Encapsulation means binding the code
137. - -
and the data together.
 Data Abstraction is providing only the
Data Abstraction required details and hiding the
138. - -
implementation from the world.

The ability to define a new class that is

Inheritance a modified version of a previously
139. - -
defined class.

Pandas is a Python library that

Pandas provides highly flexible and powerful
140.
- -
tools and high-level data structures.
Flask is a Python micro web
Flask framework and it does not require
141.
- -
particular tools or libraries.
Matplotlib is a plotting library for
Matplotlib embedding plots into applications
142. - using general-purpose GUI toolkits -
like Tkinter, wxPython, Qt, or GTK+.
SymPy SymPy is a Python library for symbolic
143. - -
mathematics.
Python Set It is an unordered collection of unique
144. - -
elements.
Python decorator is a function that
Python decorator helps to add some additional
145.
- functionalities to an already defined -
function.
An iterator is an object which is used
Python Iterator to iterate through an iterable element.
146.
- Python String, Python List, Python -
Dictionary etc are iterable.
Slicing is a mechanism used to select a
Slicing range of items from sequence type like
147. - -
list, tuple, and string.
A namespace in Python ensures that
Namespace object names in a program are unique
148. - -
and can be used without any conflict.
Python PEP 8 documents the style guidelines
149. Enhancement for Python Code.
- -
Proposal
Lambda is an anonymous function in
Lambda Python, that can accept any number of
150.
- -
arguments.

Faculty Team Prepared Signatures

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