CE-205 SURVEYING – I

DR. KHAN SHAHZADA

Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering UET Peshawar
 Course Aims

• To provide basic knowledge on theory and practices of land surveying.

• To introduce students to the basic surveying instruments for field

applications, and preparation of surveying maps.
 Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CLOs)

1. To define and explain the basic surveying techniques used for surveying
and leveling.

2. To make use of various survey equipment’s for measurements with

required accuracy.

3. To utilize the basic knowledge of mathematics in performing the necessary

calculations and computations in land surveying.

4. To develop maps and plans, contour maps, profiles, cross-sections, etc.

using surveying
 Topics to be Covered

1. Introduction to land surveying

2. Definitions of basic surveying terms branches and their application,

3. Instruments used
 Introduction to land surveying
1. Introduction to land surveying

Surveying is the technique for

determining the relative positions of
different features on, above or beneath
the surface of the earth by means of
direct or indirect measurements and
finally representing them on a sheet of
paper called Plan or Map.
 Surveying (Definition)

According to the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping (ACSM),

“Surveying is the science and art of making all essential measurements to

determine the relative position of points or physical and cultural details above,
on, or beneath the surface of the Earth, and to show them in a usable form, or
to establish the position of points or details.”
 Uses of Surveying

1. To prepare a
topographical map ( ‫نقشہ‬
‫سازی‬, ‫ )جغرافیائی مطالعہ‬which
shows hills, valleys, rivers,
forests, villages, towns etc.
 Uses of Surveying

2. To prepare a cadastral
( ‫ )زمین کی پیمائش‬map
which shows the
boundaries of fields,
plots, houses and other
properties.
 Uses of Surveying
3. To prepare an engineering map which shows the position of engineering
works such as buildings, roads, railways, dams, canals.
4. To prepare a contour map to know the topography of the area to find out the
best possible site for roads, railways, bridges, reservoirs, canals, etc.
 Uses of Surveying

5. Surveying is also used to prepare military map, geological map,

archaeological (‫ )آثار قدیمہ‬map etc.

6. For setting out work and transferring details from the map on the ground.
 Topics to be Covered

2. Definitions of basic surveying terms branches and their application

 Primary Divisions of Surveying

We know that the shape of the earth is spheroidal (‫) کرہ نما‬. Thus the surface is
obviously curved. Surveying is primarily divided into two types considering the
curvature (‫ )گوالئی‬of the earth’s surface.
1. Plane Surveying
2. Geodetic Surveying
 Primary Divisions of Surveying

1. Plane Surveying
The plane surveying is that type of surveying in which earth surface is
considered as a plane and the curvature of the earth is ignored. In such
surveying a line joining any two stations is considered to be straight. The
triangle formed by any three points is considered as a plane triangle, and the
angles of the triangle are considered as plain angles.
Plane Surveying is carried out for a small area of less than 250 km2. The degree
of accuracy required in this type of surveying is comparatively low.
 Primary Divisions of Surveying

2. Geodetic Surveying
The geodetic Surveying (‫ )علم پیمائش ارض‬is that type of surveying in which the
curvature of the earth is taken into account. It is generally extended over larger
areas.
The line joining any two stations is considered as curved line. The triangle
formed by any three points is considered to be spherical and the angles of the
triangle are considered to be spherical angles. Geodetic surveying is conducted
for a larger area exceeding 250 km2
 Difference between Plane & Geodetic Surveying

S. No. Plane Surveying Geodetic Surveying

1 The earth surface is considered as The earth surface is considered as
plain Surface Curved Surface
2 The Curvature of the earth is The curvature of the earth is taken
ignored into account
3 Line joining any two stations is The line joining any two stations is
considered to be straight considered as spherical
4 The triangle formed by any three The Triangle formed by any three
points is considered as plane points is considered as spherical
5 The angles of triangle are The angles of the triangle are
considered as plane angles considered as spherical angles
6 Carried out for a small area < 250 Carried out for a larger area > 250
km2 km2
 Fundamental Principles of Surveying

The two basic fundamental principles of surveying are;

1. Always work from whole to part

According to the first principle, the whole survey area is first enclosed by main
stations (i.e.. Control stations) and main survey lines. The area is then divided
into a number of divisions by forming well conditioned triangles.
 Fundamental Principles of Surveying

2. To Work from part to the whole

To locate a new station by at least two measurements ( Linear or angular) from
fixed reference points
 Classification of Surveying

Classification Based on Methods

a. Triangulation
Triangulation is basic method of surveying, when the area to be surveyed is
large, triangulation is adopted. The entire area is divided into network of
triangles.
b. Traversing
A Traversing is a circuit of survey lines. It may be open or closed. When the
linear measurements are done with a chain and a tape and the directions or
horizontal angles are measured with a compass or a theodolite respectively the
survey is called traversing.
 Classification of Surveying

Fig: Triangulation
Fig: Traversing
 Classification of Surveying Based on Purpose

a. Geological Survey
b. Mine Survey
c. Archeological Survey
d. Military Survey
 Classification of Surveying

Classification Based on Nature of Field

a. Land Survey
b. Hydrological Surveying
c. Astronomical Survey
d. Aerial Survey
 Topics to be Covered

3. Instruments used
 Classification of Surveying Based on Instruments

a. Chain Survey
b. Compass Survey
c. Chain and Compass Survey
d. Plane Table Survey
e. Theodolite Survey
f. Tachometry Survey
g. Levelling Survey
h. Photogrammetric Survey
i. EDM (Electronic Distance Measurement) Survey
 Classification of Surveying Based on Instruments

Chain Survey Instrument

 Classification of Surveying Based on Instruments

Compass Survey
 Classification of Surveying Based on Instruments
Plane Table Surveying
 Classification of Surveying Based on Instruments

Theodolite Survey
 Classification of Surveying Based on Instruments
Tachometry Survey; is a method of angular surveying in which the horizontal
distance from the instrument to the staff stations are determined from
instrumental observations only.
 Classification of Surveying Based on Instruments

Levelling Survey
 Classification of Surveying Based on Instruments
Photogrammetric or Aerial Survey
 Classification of Surveying Based on Instruments

Electronic Distance Measurement Survey

Homework#1
Question No. 1: Define the Following;
• Surveying
• Triangulation
• Traversing

Question No. 2: Differentiate between Plane and Geodetic Surveying?

Question No. 3: Write different uses of Surveying?