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Histogram based Features

A histogram in digital image processing is a graphical representation of the tonal distribution of pixel intensities in an image, with separate representations for grayscale and color images. Various features can be derived from histograms, such as mean, median, mode, variance, skewness, kurtosis, and entropy, which provide insights into the image's characteristics. Applications of histogram-based features include image enhancement, segmentation, classification, content-based image retrieval, and medical image analysis, though they have limitations such as lack of spatial information and sensitivity to illumination changes.

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78 views3 pages

Histogram based Features

A histogram in digital image processing is a graphical representation of the tonal distribution of pixel intensities in an image, with separate representations for grayscale and color images. Various features can be derived from histograms, such as mean, median, mode, variance, skewness, kurtosis, and entropy, which provide insights into the image's characteristics. Applications of histogram-based features include image enhancement, segmentation, classification, content-based image retrieval, and medical image analysis, though they have limitations such as lack of spatial information and sensitivity to illumination changes.

Uploaded by

THIRUNEELAKANDAN
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What is a Histogram?

In digital image processing, a histogram is a graphical representation of the tonal distribution in a


digital image. It plots the number of pixels for each tonal value.

 For grayscale images: The histogram shows the distribution of pixel intensities, typically
ranging from 0 (black) to 255 (white). The x-axis represents the intensity values, and the y-
axis represents the number of pixels at each intensity.

 For color images: Histograms can be created for each color channel (Red, Green, Blue)
separately, or a multi-dimensional histogram can represent the joint distribution of color
values.

Histogram-Based Features

Histograms themselves are not features. However, we can derive various features from the
histogram that provide useful information about the image's characteristics. Here are some key
histogram-based features:

1. Mean (Average Intensity):

o Calculated as the average of all pixel intensity values.

o Represents the overall brightness of the image.

o Formula:

o mean = (1/N) * Σ (i * h(i))

where:

 N is the total number of pixels.

 i is the intensity value.

 h(i) is the number of pixels at intensity i.

2. Median Intensity:

o The middle intensity value when all pixel intensities are sorted.

o More robust to outliers (very bright or very dark pixels) compared to the mean.

3. Mode Intensity:

o The most frequently occurring intensity value (the peak of the histogram).

o Indicates the dominant intensity in the image.

4. Variance (or Standard Deviation):

o Measures the spread or dispersion of intensity values around the mean.

o Indicates the contrast of the image.

o Formula for variance:

o variance = (1/N) * Σ ((i - mean)^2 * h(i))


where:

 N is the total number of pixels.

 i is the intensity value.

 h(i) is the number of pixels at intensity i.

5. Skewness:

o Measures the asymmetry of the histogram.

o Indicates whether the intensity distribution is skewed towards brighter or darker


values.

6. Kurtosis:

o Measures the "peakedness" of the histogram.

o Indicates the concentration of intensity values around the mean.

7. Entropy:

o Measures the randomness or disorder of the intensity distribution.

o High entropy indicates a more uniform distribution of intensities.

o Formula:

o entropy = - Σ (p(i) * log2(p(i)))

where:

 p(i) is the probability of intensity i (h(i) / N).

8. Histogram Bins:

o The number of bins used to create the histogram can itself be a feature.

o A higher number of bins provides finer detail but can be more sensitive to noise.

9. Percentiles:

o Specific percentiles of the intensity distribution (e.g., 25th percentile, 75th


percentile) can be used as features.

Applications of Histogram-Based Features

 Image Enhancement: Histogram equalization and histogram stretching techniques use


histogram information to improve image contrast.

 Image Segmentation: Histograms can help identify thresholds for separating objects from
the background based on intensity differences.

 Image Classification: Histogram features can be used as input to machine learning models
for classifying images based on their content.

 Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR): Histograms can be used to compare images based on
their color or intensity distributions.
 Medical Image Analysis: Histograms can help identify abnormalities in medical images based
on the distribution of tissue densities.

Advantages of Histogram-Based Features

 Computational Efficiency: Histograms are relatively easy and fast to compute.

 Robustness to Rotation and Translation: Histograms are generally invariant to rotation and
translation of objects in the image.

 Simplicity: They provide a simple yet effective way to represent the global intensity
distribution of an image.

Limitations

 Lack of Spatial Information: Histograms only represent the global distribution of intensities
and do not capture spatial relationships between pixels.

 Sensitivity to Illumination Changes: Histograms can be affected by changes in illumination


conditions.

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