1. List out the random sampling techniques. > The random sampling techniques are as follows; a. Lottery method. b. Number order method. Random number test method. d. Computerized lottery method. 2. Difference between dependent and independent variables. > _The difference between dependent and independent variables are as follows; Basie [ Dependent Variables Independent Variables Meaning | A dependent variable is a variable ‘An Independent variable is a variable whose whose value depends on another value never depends on another variable but variable. the researcher. Presumed | The dependent variable is the The Independent variable is the presumed presumed effect. cause. ‘Affected _ | Dependent variable changes, then the | Any change in the independent variable also independent variable will not be affects the dependent variable. affected Graph Dependent variables are positioned | independent variables are positioned 3, Likert Scale of Measurement. > Its also known as Summated Rating Scale. This scale of measurement was developed by Rensis Likert. > This scale of measurement is widely used rating scale that requires the respondents to, indicate a degree of agreement or disagreement with each of a series of statements. > Thus, a researcher uses Likert scale to know the view of the people regarding any subject, event or any problem. > Examples of Likert Scale of Measurement; 1 2 3 4a 5 Fully Disagree | Disagree Undecided [Agree Fully Agree All the employees are asked to give their view within 5 options. All the views of the respondents are added and average of itis calculated. If the average value is less than three then employees like the participated approach and if the average value is more than three then employees like to do the work in autocratic system.4. Reliability; > Reliability refers to the act of generating the stable and consistent results when the Instruments are used in different sample and situation, > Highly reliable data provides more accurate results. Stable and consistent results are possible with the help of reliable data. > The qualities of the reliability are as follows; a. Stability b. Equivalence. Internal Consistency. > Methods of the Reliability; a. Test Retest Method, b. Alternative or Parallel form method. ©. Split-half method. d._Inter-rater method, 5. Validity: > Validity refers to the ability of a measuring tool to measure what it indents to measure. > Validity measures the right concept. > Validity s more difficult to achieve because the constructs are abstract. >» Methods/Types/ Instruments of Validity; ‘a. Content Validity: -It ensures that the measure includes an adequate and representative set of items that covers the concept. Its also known as face validity. b. Criterion-related validity: - It refers to the ability or success of measure to predict or estimate the relationship or result. It includes some qualities; (Relevance. Freedom from biasness. Reliability. (iv) Availability. Construct validity: - It tests how well the results obtained from the use of measure fit theories around which the test is designed. Itis also classified into two groups; (Convergent Validity: - It refers to the agreement among ratings gathered independently. riminated Validity: - It refers to the degree to which scores on a scale do not correlate with scores from scales designed to measure different constructs. i)1. How do you collect data from observation method? > We can collect data from observation method because under observation methods, we collect data by inspecting, supervising, observing and experiencing the activities or set up of the desired event, person or any things as per research respondents directly in the field 2. Why data collection is important in research? > Data collection is important in research because the information is collected from every unit of population in census method and information is collected from the selected representative units of population is sample method. 3. Difference between structured and unstructured questionnaire. > The difference between structured and unstructured questionnaire are as follows; Basic Structured Questionnaire Unstructured Questionnaire Respondents | Same set of questions are asked _| Different questions may be asked to to all the respondents. different respondents. Prepared | Questions are prepared Questions are prepared according to the according to the research situation at time of interview or keeping framework. records, Information | Collects uniform information | Inconsistent information may be easy for presentation and collected so it will be difficult to present analysis and analyze. 4, Importance of Pilot Testing. > Pilot testing covers multiple activities that allow you to evaluate the different aspects of your project ahead of time. The importance of pilot testing is as follows; > Pilot testing helps you to score the feasibility of your research process. > Itprovides insights on how best to allocate different resources during your systematic investigation. > Data from pilot experiments help you define your primary research question. > Pilot testing can serve as some form of baseline survey. > Pilot experiments enable researchers to tailor their systematic investigation to the specific needs of their research population.> You can discover new research techniques. 5. Interview method of data collection; > Interview is method of collecting data through conservation between researcher and respondent. Such conversation is focused on specific purpose of obtaining research-relevant information and focused on content specified by research objectives of systematic description, prediction or explanation, > tis the method where interviewer and interviewee personally asks the questions and gives the answer. > “The interview is conversation with a purpose and therefore is more than oral exchange of information.” > The features of Interview method are; Purposive, Adequate time. Appropriate words. Capacity of respondents. Listening. No direction. . Knowledge of taking interview. > Types of interview methods are; a. Face to Face Interview. b. Telephone interview. Computer Assisted Interview. d. Focus Group Interview. e. Depth Interview. 6. Discuss different methods of data analysis techniques. > Data analysis is the process of collecting, modeling, and analyzing data using various statistical and logical methods and techniques. Businesses rely on analytics processes and tools to extract insights that support strategic and operational decision-making. > The purpose of Data Analysis is to extract useful information from data and taking the decision based upon the data analysis. > The different methods of data analysis techniques are as follows; A. Techniques For Quantitative Data; (i) Descriptive Statistics: - It includes the central tendency, percentage analysis etc. to describe the general nature of data.(ii) Chi-square Analysis: - It is conducted when the both variables are measured as attributes. There are certain assumptions in chi-square model that have to be maintained. (ii) Analysis of Variance (ANOVA); - It is conducted to compare averages of two or more groups. As such, the dependent variables are measured as a numeric and the independent variable is an attribute. iminant Analysis: - It is a special case where the dependent variable is classified into two or more categories. Discriminant analysis attempts to find which variables are the best discriminators tiv) or separators among the others members of a group. (v) Correlation Analysis: - It shows the nature, direction and significance of bivariate relationship between two variables. (vi) Regression Analysis: - It estimates the changes in the dependent variables due to the change in independent variables. (vil) Time Series Analysis: - A statistical technique that is used to study the variation in the variables on the basis of time is known as time series analysis. 8. Techniques For Quantitative Data; (i) Content Analysis: - Content Analysis is a research technique for the systematic, objective and quantitative descriptions of the content of data collected through interviews, questionnaires, schedules and other expression in written or verbal form. (ii) Narrative Analysis: - A technique of recording and analyzing the information and subject based on the story of the respondents or people related to an event or subject matter is known as narrative analysis. ‘Thematic Analysis: - A technique of qualitative data analyses that is used to identify the major points of data, analyses them and prepare report is known as thematic analysis. ii 7. In an examination of BBS conducted by Tribhuwan University, there is low rate of pass percentage especially in rural areas. Prepare a sample design and data collection technique to conduct a research for findings the causes of low pass percentage rate. > Each year about one lakhs students appear in different examinations of BBS. But, very few number of students get pass in al four years in regular basis. The scenario is more painful in rural areas. in this regard, TU is conducting a research to explore the reasons for such a low pass percentage in BBS especially in rural areas.> Here is sample design and data collection techniques suggested to the research work. Sample Design: - While doing the sample design of TU, we can use the Purposive sampling because purposive sampling should be choose to collect the data as we need to find out the reason for higher fail percentage. Under purposive sampling, researcher selects those colleges/campuses in which the fail percentage is maximum. After selecting the sample colleges, we should choose the respondents i.e. students, teachers and college administrative. It is wise to choose the failed students to get their perception why they were failed. For verification of their information, teachers and administrative staffs need to be selected. So, sampling process will be as follows; (i) Area of data collection: - Rural Colleges/ Campuses. (ii) Respondents Area: - Students, Teachers, Administrative Staffs. (iii) Respondents: - 500 students from 50 different colleges/campuses failed in all more than two subjects. 50 teachers of the subjects in which maximum students are failed and examination head and program head from each college. Data Collection Techniques: > Data is most essential to conclude the research objectives. Here, the information should be collected from each respondent. Both quantitative ‘and qualitative data are required to collect. For sampling purpose, secondary data is essential which can be obtained from college/campus administrative. For the reason both qualitative and quantitative data will be used. For the information like infrastructure and facilities; secondary data will be used which can be obtained from college administrative. To understand the views of students and teachers, primary data will be Used. So, a set of questionnaire will be used to collect the information regarding students’ perceptions. Questions from each segment of teaching pedagogy, supporting behavior of teacher and administration, family background and support, career path of students, availability of resources like text books and other reading materials, etc. will be prepared and distributed to the students. Questionnaire regarding students’ attitude, regularity, faculty facilities, etc. will be prepared and distributed to the teachers8. “Majority of the researches makes use of primary sources of data and secondary data sources do not really contribute to a scientific inquiry.” Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Explait >