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Wa0003.

The study investigates the correlation between foot length and stature in a North Indian population, measuring 293 individuals aged 18 to 25. Results indicate a significant correlation, particularly with left foot length, and the mean values for males were higher than for females. The study concludes that foot length can be reliably used to estimate stature, emphasizing the need for population-specific regression equations.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
6 views4 pages

Wa0003.

The study investigates the correlation between foot length and stature in a North Indian population, measuring 293 individuals aged 18 to 25. Results indicate a significant correlation, particularly with left foot length, and the mean values for males were higher than for females. The study concludes that foot length can be reliably used to estimate stature, emphasizing the need for population-specific regression equations.

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joannasvafc
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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J Indian Acad Forensic Med. April - June 2017, Vol. 39, No.

2 ISSN 0971-0973

Original Research Paper

Estimation of Stature from Foot Length in North Indian


Population
1 2 3
DK Atal, R Singh, S Das

Abstract
Body part measurements and estimation of stature of the individual from these measurements is
of utmost relevance in cases where dismembered bodies are found. The aim of the present study was to
find the relation between stature and foot length and to generate population-specific equations. The
stature and bilateral foot lengths of 293 individuals (178 Females and 115 Males) of the age group 18 to
25 years were measured using standard measuring technique. An effort was made to establish
statistically significant correlation between foot lengths and stature of the individual. Statistical analysis
was done to establish population specific equation for identification. An analysis of data was conducted
with SPSS version 2.0. The mean values of all the parameters in case of males were higher than in
females and the sex differences were statistically highly significant (p< 0.001). A significant correlation of
stature was observed in the foot lengths of both feet and in both males and females. Linear regression
equations were also derived to calculate stature from foot length of an individual.

Key Words: Stature, Foot length, Identification.

Introduction: However, several researchers observed


Various parameters are used to difficulty in accurately measuring long bones.
establish individuality. Stature is one of the Ossification and maturation of bones of the foot
commonest parameters for identification. Stature occurs earlier than other long bones and
is estimated from bony remains, especially in therefore, stature of an individual could be more
cases of dismembered and mutilated bodies. accurately predicted from foot measurements.1-4
Many researchers have used various In addition, variation in determining stature from
techniques to estimate stature from body various parameters among people of different
measurements, including percutaneous body race and demographic region was also
measurements, isolated long bones and observed. So, it is desirable to derive population
radiography. Estimation of stature from specific equations by conducting group specific
measurements of upper limb and lower limb studies. In the past, various studies have been
bones has been studied by many researchers. conducted on estimation of stature from foot
measurements. The present study was carried
Corresponding Author: out with the objective of finding an association
1
Associate Professor, between foot length and Stature of North Indian
Department of Forensic Medicine, Government population.
Medical College, Haldwani, Uttrakhand
2
Assistant Professor , Materials and Methods:
3
Professor, The study was conducted in Dehradun,
Department of Forensic Medicine, HIMS, SRH Uttarakhand, from Jan 2015 to June 2016 to
University, Jolly Grant, Dehradun.
determine the correlation between stature and
Email: drdevinderatal_fmt@rediffmail.com foot length of North Indian population. The study
L.M. No: LM/ IAFM/ 664 /2008 sample consisted of 293 individuals (178
DOR: 14/10/2016 DOA: 29/05/2017 Females and 115 Males), in the age group of 18
DOI: 10.5958/0974-0848.2017.00030.6 to 25 years. Informed consent was taken from

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J Indian Acad Forensic Med. April - June 2017, Vol. 39, No. 2 ISSN 0971-0973

the subjects. Subjects having any skeletal skeleton has been studied by many researchers
deformity were excluded. for the purpose of identification. Nowadays, the
Stature of the individual was measured most reliable and widely used method for
in standing erect anatomical position in estimation of stature from various parameters is
centimetres with the help of a Stadiometer with the regression equation.4,5 However, due to
subject standing barefoot. Foot length was racial and demographic variation, it is desirable
measured by using Vernier Callipers. The to derive population specific equations by
maximum length of the foot was measured as conducting group specific studies.
direct distance from the most prominent part of Ozden, et al studied both foot and shoe
the back of the heel to the tip of the first toe lengths for estimation of sex and stature. They
(Great toe or Hallux), or to the tip of the second found that use of shoe measurements rather
toe, whichever was longer. than bare foot measurements are better to
3
obtain meaningful results. However, it is not
Observations and Results: easy to find out the shoe size of a person in
The data of 293 individuals (178 cases of mass disasters. Nowadays,
Females and 115 Males) was collected and researchers prefer foot measurements better
statistically analyzed using SPSS version 20. than the shoe size for estimation of stature and
Table 1 illustrates the mean, standard gender.
deviation, Pearson correlation (r, correlation Many researchers found that there is no
coefficients), Coefficient of determination (r significant bilateral difference in foot length.4-7
square) and p-value between stature and However, Krishan, et al studied 2080 footprints
dimensions of feet on left and right sides in both obtained from 1040 Gujjars of North India and
the sexes. The means values of all the observed that T-1, T-4 lengths and breadth at
measurements of parameter in case of males ball indicate statistically significant bilateral
are higher than in females and these sex asymmetry and the values are larger on the left
differences are statistically highly significant (p< side.8 In the present study, no significant
0.001). All the measurements exhibit statistically bilateral difference in foot length was observed.
significant correlation with stature (p < 0.01). It It might be attributed to small sample size.
suggest that if either stature or foot length is Various Indian researchers observed
known, the other parameter can be calculated. highly significant sex difference in all the
Correlation coefficients(r) of the foot length measurements and found that mean values are
measurements are higher in females bilaterally greater in males then female.4,6,9,10 In the present
and the highest correlation is exhibited by left study, the mean values of all the parameters in
foot (r = 0.650). However, no significant bilateral case of males were higher than in females and
difference in foot length was observed. these sex differences were statistically highly
Regression Equations: significant (p< 0.001). This can be due to the
fact that in females the epiphyseal fusion of the
Multiplication factor method was used
bones occurs earlier than males.
earlier for estimation of stature from various
Estimation of height from foot length
anthropometric measurements of body parts but
measurement was used accurately rather than
today regression formula is the most acceptable
4 width measurements and it was also observed
and widely used method.
by many researchers that bare foot
Stature (Y) = Value of constant (a) + Regression
measurements gave better results than shoe
coefficient (b) x Foot Length.
Table 2 shows linear regression equations for measurements.11-14 However, Patel, et al
concluded that both foot length and foot breadth
foot length in male and female subjects and
shows highly significant correlation with stature
standard error of estimate (SEE).
and could be used for estimation of stature.15 In
the present study, only foot lengths of the
Discussion:
individuals were measured to find out the
Estimation of stature from
correlation with stature.
anthropometric measurements of human

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J Indian Acad Forensic Med. April - June 2017, Vol. 39, No. 2 ISSN 0971-0973

The mean values of foot length and Acknowledgements


height, observed by Jakhar, et al in Haryana The authors thank Mr Shubham
region of both gender together, were 24.279cm (Statistician) and MBBS students Akshay Sinha,
and 166.335cm respectively.4 Similarly, Parekh, Alia Yamin, (2011 Batch), Abhinav Kumar Singh,
et al observed mean foot length and height of Afza Nomaan Masood, Akriti Bansal, Aman
25.42cm and 161.73cm in males of Gujarat Kalra, Anisa Garg (2013 Batch) for their valuable
respectively.6 However, Karaddi, et al observed help in collection of data and precious advice
mean foot length and height 25.13cm and without which the present work would not have
7
172.34cm in males. In the present study, the been possible.
mean foot length and height were 26.53cm and
172.85cm respectively in males (Table 3). The Conflict of Interest: None.
mean value of height in present study was Financial Assistance: None
4 6
higher than Jakhar, et al and Parekh, et al and
this may be attributed to the fact that mixed References:
North Indian population was studied. The 1. Basu RS, Deepika V, Potturi BR. Estimation of
disparity in foot length and height may be due to stature from foot length. Int J Pharmacy Bio Sci.
geographical distribution and therefore it is 2013;3(3):266-70.
important to conduct more population specific 2. Rutihauser IH. Prediction of height from foot
researches in relation with different geographical length: use of measurement in field surveys. Arch
regions. Dis Childh.1968;43:310-2.
The correlation coefficients between 3. Ozden H, Balci Y, Demirustu C, Turgut A,
stature and foot lengths were found to be Ertugrul M. Stature and sex estimate using foot
positive and statistically significant and the left and shoe dimensions. For Sci Intt. 2005;147:181-
foot length of both the gender together exhibits 4.
overall the highest value of correlation (0.808). 4. Jakhar JK, Pal V, Paliwal PK. Estimation of
Similar findings were observed by Jakhar, et al4 height from measurements of foot length in
in Haryana region. They found overall highest haryana region. J Ind Acad Fore Med.
value of correlation between left foot length of 2010;32(3):231-3.
both the gender together and stature (0.969). In 5. Krishan K, Sharma A. Estimation of stature from
the present study, the correlation coefficient (r) dimensions of hands and feet in a north indian
was observed to be more in females than male, population. J Fore Leg Med. 2007;14(6):327-32.
This is also in concordance with Jakhar, et al.4
6. Parekh U, Patel R, Patel P. A Study of relation of
stature with foot length in natives of gujarat state.
In the present study, the standard error of NHL J Med Sci. 2014;3(1): 22-5.
estimate (SEE) for estimation of height from foot
7. Karaddi S, Suntnoore, Garampalli SS ,
length is lower in female subjects. It suggests
Mugadlimath A, Hiremath R. Estimation of stature
that estimation of stature from foot length of
by foot length in males. Int J Biomed Advance
female subjects can be more accurately Res. 2013;4(7):443-7.
calculated than the male subjects (Table 2).
8. Krishan K. Estimation of stature from footprint
and foot outline dimensions in gujjars of north
Conclusions: india. Fore Sci Int. 2008;175:93-101.
It was concluded that foot length shows
9. Dayananda R, Umesh B, Kiran J. Estimation of
highest correlation with stature. So, stature
stature from dimensions of foot. Int J Med Toxicol
estimation can be carried out using foot length.
Fore Med. 2014;4(1):1-5.
The mean values of all the measurements were
higher in males and no significant bilateral 10. Kanchan T, Menezes RG, Moudgil R, Kaur
difference in foot length was observed. However, R, Kotian MS, Garg RK. Stature estimation from
foot dimensions. Fore Sci Int. 2008;179(2-3):241-
it is felt desirable to conduct population specific
5.
studies and to derive population specific
regression equations.

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J Indian Acad Forensic Med. April - June 2017, Vol. 39, No. 2 ISSN 0971-0973

11. Jasuja O P, Singh J, Jain M. Estimation of stature 14. Mohanty BB, Agarwal D, Mishra K,
from foot and shoe measurements by Samantsinghar P, Chinara PK. Estimation of
multiplication factors: a revised attempt. Fore Sci height of an individual from foot length: A study
Int. 1991;50;203-15. on the population of Odisha. Int J Review Life
Sci. 2012;2(2):69-74.
12. Singh J P, Meena MC, Rani Y, Sharma GK.
Stature estimation from the dimensions of foot in 15. Patel SM, Doshi V, Ruparelia S, Zalawadia A,
females. Antrocom Online J Anthropol. Parekh D, Rathod SP, Parmar A. Anthropological
2013;9(2):237-41. study of the foot and it’s relationship between
different parameters and stature in an adult
13. Rani M, Tyagi AK, Ranga VK, Rani Y, Murari A.
population of different areas of Gujarat. Natl J
Stature estimates from foot dimensions. J Punjab
Integr Res Med.. 2011; 2(3):67-70.
Acad. Fore Med Toxicol. 2011;11(1):26-30.

Table 1: Statistical Values for Stature vs. Foot Length


Pearson Coefficient of
Mean +/- S.D. p-Value
Correlation (r) determination (r2)
Male Right Foot length (MRF) 26.53 +/- 1.50 .512 .262 0.000
Male Left Foot Length (MLF) 26.51 +/- 1.47 .525 .276 0.000
Female Right Foot Length (FRF) 23.80 +/- 1.21 .641 .411 0.000
Female Left Foot Length (FLF) 23.83 +/- 1.23 .650 .422 0.000
Right Foot Length (Both Gender) 24.87 +/- 1.89 .805 .648 0.000
Left Foot Length(Both Gender) 24.88 +/- 1.86 .808 .653 0.000
Male Height 172.85 +/- 6.72
Female Height 158.20 +/- 5.50
Height (Both Gender Combined) 163.95 +/- 9.34
* Foot Length and Height were measured in cm.

Table 2: Regression Equations & Standard error of estimates.

Regression Equation SEE


Male Right Foot length (MRF) Y= 111.928 + 2.296 x (MRF) 5.80317
Male Left Foot Length (MLF) Y = 109.214 + 2.401 x (MLF) 5.74979
Female Right Foot Length (FRF) Y= 89.332 + 2.894 x (FRF) 4.22509
Female Left Foot Length (FLF) Y = 88.925 + 2.907 x (FLF) 4.18641
Right Foot Length (Both Gender) Y = 64.888 + 3.984 x (RF) 5.55279
Left Foot Length(Both Gender ) Y = 63. 178 + 4.050 x (LF) 5.51407

152

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