4. Consider the IVP (x2 − 2x)y 0 = 2(x − 1)y, y(x0 ) = y0 .

(a) For which values of (x0 , y0 ), Picard’s theorem implies a unique solution of the IVP?
(b) Determine all values of (x0 , y0 ) such that the IVP has no solution.
(c) Determine all values of (x0 , y0 ) such that the IVP has more than one solution. [2+2+2]
Answer:
Solution:
(a) Here f (x, y) = 2(x − 1)y/(x2 − 2x) and ∂f /∂y = 2(x − 1)/(x2 − 2x). The existence and uniqueness
theorem guarantees the existence of unique solution in the vicinity of (x0 , y0 ) where f and ∂f /∂y
are continuous and bounded. Thus, existence of unique solution is guaranteed at all x0 for which
x0 (x0 − 2) 6= 0. Hence, unique solution exists when x0 6= 0, 2.
[2]
When x0 = 0 or x0 = 2, nothing can be said using the existence and uniqueness theorem. However,
since the equation is separable, we can find the general solution to be y = Cx(x − 2).
[2]
Using initial condition we get y0 = Cx0 (x0 − 2). Clearly the IVP has no solution if x0 (x0 − 2) = 0 and
y0 6= 0.
[1]
If x0 (x0 − 2) = 0 and y0 = 0 then y = αx(x − 2) is a solution to the IVP for any real α.
[1]
Hence, in summary
(i) No solution for x0 = 0 or x0 = 2 and y0 6= 0;
(ii) Infinite number of solutions for x0 = 0 or x0 = 2 and y0 = 0;
(iii) Unique solution for x0 6= 0, 2.
 ODE : MTH 114M : QUIZ

Name: Roll No:

• Write your name (in capital letters) and roll number in the boxes.
• Write answers in the space provided only. Total marks 20 Time: 6:45 pm - 7:30 pm.

e4x
1. Find a suitable integrating factor and solve the equation xy 0 + (2 − 4x)y = x
, x > 0. [2+2]
Answer:
Solution:
R
For y 0 + p(x)y = r(x), a integrating factor is µ(x) = e pdx
.
Here
2 e4x
p(x) = − 4, r(x) = 2 .
x x
[1]
So
µ(x) = x2 e−4x .
[1]
R
Hence the solution is yµ(x) = r(x)µ(x) = x + c. So

e4x e4x
y=c + .
x2 x
[2]
 dy
2. Consider the IVP dx = −y, y(0) = 1. Calculate the first three Picard iterates y1 (x), y2 (x), y3 (x). Find
the solution by Picard iteration method. [3+2]
Answer:
Solution:
Rx
General Picard iterates yn (x) = y0 + x0 f (t, yn−1 (t))dt.
Rx Rx Rx
y1 (x) = y0 + x0 f (t, y0 (t))dt = 1 + 0 f (t, 1)dt = 1 + 0 −1dt = 1 − x
[1]
Rx Rx Rx 2
y2 (x) = 1 + 0
f (t, y1 (t))dt = 1 + 0
f (t, 1 − t)dt = 1 + 0
(t − 1)dt = 1 − x + x /2
[1]
Rx Rx Rx
y3 (x) = 1 + 0
f (t, y2 (t))dt = 1 + 0
−y2 (t)dt = 1 + 0
(−1 + t − t2 )dt = 1 − x + x2 /2 − x3 /3!
[1]
So yn (x) = 1 − x + x2 /2 − x3 /3! + · · · (−1)n xn /n!
[1]
−x
solution y(x) = lim yn (x) = e .
[1]
 Name: Roll No:

3. Consider the family of curves y 2 = cx3 where c is an arbitrary constant. Find a family of curves
orthogonal to it (orthogonal trajectory). [5]
Answer:
Solution: Differentiating 2yy 0 = 3cx2
[1]
Eliminating c we get 2yy 0 = 3x2 .y 2 /x3 = 3y 2 /x.
[1]
So the differential equation of the given family of curves is y 0 = 3y/2x.
[1]
So the differential equation of the orthogonal family of curves is y 0 = −2x/3y.
[1]
2 2
Solving 3y + 2x = c.
[1]