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BERT 2333 Lecture 2 - Amplitude Modulation Part 1

Chapter 2 covers Amplitude Modulation (AM), explaining its principles, including the modulation index, AM voltage analysis, and power distribution. It details the process of modulating a carrier signal with an information signal, the resulting sidebands, and the importance of maintaining an appropriate modulation index to avoid distortion. The chapter also includes examples and exercises to reinforce understanding of these concepts.

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Mohd Azlishah Othman
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12 views

BERT 2333 Lecture 2 - Amplitude Modulation Part 1

Chapter 2 covers Amplitude Modulation (AM), explaining its principles, including the modulation index, AM voltage analysis, and power distribution. It details the process of modulating a carrier signal with an information signal, the resulting sidebands, and the importance of maintaining an appropriate modulation index to avoid distortion. The chapter also includes examples and exercises to reinforce understanding of these concepts.

Uploaded by

Mohd Azlishah Othman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2:

Amplitude Modulation
Part 1
By the end of this session,
students should be able to:

1. Explain the principle of AM, and


Learning AM envelope.
Outcomes
2. Understand AM frequency
spectrum and bandwidth.
3. Define modulation index.
4. Explain AM voltage analysis.
5. Calculate AM power distribution.
Modulation is required to carry
information signal on radio frequency.
What Is
Modulation?
Carrier frequency (higher frequency) is
more suitable for transmission – i.e.,
Radio frequency (RF).
Modulation is
Further, we can use smaller antenna
a process of since the wavelength of higher
converting frequency signal is smaller.
data into radio
There are a few types of modulation
waves. with their own purposes and
applications, such as AM, FM, PM, ASK,
FSK, PCM, PWM, etc….
Amplitude
Modulation
Fundamental
•Amplitude modulation is
the process of changing
the amplitude of a
relatively high frequency
carrier signal in proportion
with the instantaneous
value of the modulating
signal (information signal)

•In AM, the information


signal varies the amplitude
of the carrier
sine wave.
Amplitude Modulation Fundamental
• There are 2 inputs to the modulation device
(often called modulator):

– A single, high-frequency RF carrier signal of


constant amplitude

– Low-frequency information signals that maybe a single frequency


or a complex waveform made up of many frequencies
• In the modulator, the information modulates the RF carrier
producing a modulated waveform.
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
FUNDAMENTAL
The circuit used for producing AM is called a modulator.
• Several types of AM. The AM Envelope
• Conventional AM (Double–Sideband Full Carrier)

• Signal representations:
o Modulating signal

Vm sin 2f mt 
o Carrier signal

Vc sin 2f c t 
o Modulated wave

Vam t 
• Output wave amplitude varies accordance
to modulating signal

Figure courtesy of Wayne Tomasi


Modulation Index / Coefficient of
Modulation
• For undistorted AM to occur, the modulating signal voltage Vm must
be less than the carrier voltage Vc.
• Therefore, the relationship between the amplitude of the modulating
signal and the amplitude of the carrier signal is important.
• This relationship, known as the modulation index m (also called the
modulating factor or coefficient, or the degree of modulation), is
expressed as:
𝑽𝒎
𝒎=
𝑽𝒄
• Multiplying the modulation index by 100 gives the percentage of
modulation.
Example 1

If the carrier voltage is 9 V, and the modulating signal voltage is


7.5 V. Calculate the percentage of modulation.

𝑉𝑚 7.5
The modulation index, m, is = = 0.8333
𝑉𝑐 9

So, the percentage of modulation is 0.8333 × 100 = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟑𝟑%.


Modulation Index
• The modulation index should be a number between 0 and 1. If the
amplitude of the modulating voltage is higher than the carrier voltage, m
will be greater than 1, causing distortion of the modulated waveform.

• Example of distortion can be illustrated in the following figure:

• The ideal condition for AM is 100 percent modulation. This results in the
greatest output power at the transmitter and the greatest output voltage at
the receiver, with no distortion.
Modulation Index
• It is more common to compute the modulation index from measurements taken on
the composite modulated wave itself.

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑚 =
2

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑐 =
2

The modulation index is

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑚=
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
Example 2
Sideband and the Frequency Domain
• Whenever a carrier is modulated by an information signal, new signals at
different frequencies are generated as part of the process.
• These new frequencies, which are called side frequencies, or sidebands,
occur in the frequency spectrum directly above and directly below the
carrier frequency.
• If a modulating signal is more complex than a simple sine wave (e.g. voice
signal), a spectrum of sidebands are produced.
Type of Amplitude Modulation
Example 3
A carrier frequency of 2.8 MHz is modulated with a voice signal.
Find the minimum and maximum sideband frequencies. Then,
calculate the bandwidth of the modulated signal.

Solution:
Voice signal occur in the 300 – 3000 Hz range. Therefore, the
maximum frequency of modulating signal is 3000 Hz or 3 kHz.
Example 4
Exercise 2.1
AM VOLTAGE ANALYSIS
Unmodulated carrier and a modulating signal are expressed as:
𝑣𝑐 = 𝑉𝑐 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
𝑣𝑚 = 𝑉𝑚 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)

The modulated wave can be expressed as:


𝑣𝐴𝑀 = 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑚 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡) sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
where,
𝑉𝑐 is the peak carrier amplitude
𝑉𝑚 is the peak modulating amplitude
𝑓𝑐 is the carrier frequency
𝑓𝑚 is the modulating frequency

The AM wave varies proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal,


and the maximum amplitude of the AM wave is 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑚 .
AM POWER DISTRIBUTION
The average power dissipated in a load by an unmodulated carrier is
equal to the square of rms carrier voltage divided by the load
resistance as:
𝑽𝒄 2
ൗ 𝟐 0.707𝑉𝑐 2 𝑉𝑐 2
𝑃𝑐 = = =
𝑅 𝑅 2𝑅

The upper and lower sideband powers are given as:


𝑚𝑉𝑐 2 2 𝑉2
2 𝑚 𝑐 𝑚2 𝑃𝑐
𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏 = 𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏 = = =
2𝑅 4 2𝑅 4
The total power of DSBFC:
𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝑐 + 𝑃𝑢𝑠𝑏 + 𝑃𝑙𝑠𝑏
𝑚2
𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝑐 1 +
2
Exercise 2.2
For an AM DSBFC wave with a peak unmodulated carrier
voltage Vc = 10 Vp, a load resistance RL = 10Ω, and a modulation
coefficient m =1, determine

a)Powers of the carrier and the upper and lower sidebands.


b)Total sideband power
c)Total power of the modulated wave
d)Draw the power spectrum
Summary
1. Introduction to Amplitude modulation.
2. AM envelope.
3. Coefficient of modulation (modulation
index).
4. Sideband and frequency spectrum.
5. AM voltage analysis and power
distribution.
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR
ATTENTION

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