DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (ISM) DHANBAD

Session: 2024-2025 (Winter)

Tutorial 4
THERMAL RADIATION

1. Consider an opaque horizontal plate that is well insulated on its back side. The irradiation
on the plate is 2500 W/m2, of which 500 W/m2 is reflected. The plate is at 2270C and has
an emissive power of 1200 W/m2. Air at 1270C flows over the plate with a heat transfer
convection coefficient of 15 W/m2K. Determine the emissivity, absorptivity, and
radiosity of the plate. What is the net heat transfer rate per unit area? Ans: 0.34, 0.8, 1700
W/m2, -700 W/m2.
2. A small radiant source A1 emits diffusely with an intensity I1 = 1.2 × 105 W/m2 _ sr. The
radiation detector A2 is aligned normal to the source at a distance of Lo = 0.2 m. An
opaque screen is positioned midway between A1 and A2 to prevent radiation from the
source reaching the detector. The small surface Am is a perfectly diffuse mirror that
permits radiation emitted from the source to be reflected into the detector.
A. Calculate the radiant power incident on Am due to emission from the source A1,
q1→m(W). Ans: 60 mW
B. Assuming that the radiant power, q1→m, is perfectly and diffusely reflected, calculate
the intensity leaving Am, Im (W/m2 sr). Ans: 95.5 W/m2 sr
C. Calculate the radiant power incident on A2 due to the reflected radiation leaving Am,
qm→2 (µW). Ans: 47.8 µW

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3. A small circular disk of diameter d is placed centrally at the base of a hemisphere of
diameter D, as illustrated in the accompanying figure. Determine the view factors F3-1
𝒅𝟐 𝑫𝟐 −𝒅𝟐
and F3-2 by view factor algebra. Ans: 𝑭𝟑−𝟏 = 𝟐
, 𝑭𝟑−𝟐 =
𝟐𝑫 𝟐𝑫𝟐

Fig. 1

4. Determine F12 and F21 for the following configurations using the reciprocity theorem and
other basic shape factor relations. Do not use tables or charts. Ans: a: 𝑭𝟏𝟐 = 𝟏, 𝑭𝟐𝟏 =
𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟒 b. 𝑭𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝑭𝟐𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕 c. 𝑭𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝑭𝟐𝟏 = 𝟎

(a) Long Duct (b) Long inclined plates (point (c) Sphere lying on infinite plane
B is directly above the center
of A1)
5. Fig. 5
6. The “crossed-strings” method of Hottel provides a simple means to calculate view factors
between surfaces that are of infinite extent in one direction. Use this method to evaluate
the view factors F12 for given figures. Ans: a: 𝑭𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖𝟏 b. 𝑭𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟎 c. 𝑭𝟏𝟐 =
𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟑 d. 𝑭𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟒𝟏

(a) (b)

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 (c) (d)
7. Fig. 6
8. Consider the arrangement of the three black surfaces shown, where A1 is small compared
to A2 or A3. Determine the value of F13. Calculate the net radiation heat transfer from A1
to A3 if A1 = 0.05m2, T1 = 1000 K, and T3 = 500 K. Ans: 0.64, 1700W

9. Consider a double-pane window. The glass surface may be treated with a low-emissivity
coating to reduce its emissivity from ε = 0.95 to ε = 0.05. Determine the radiation heat
flux between two glass sheets for case 1: ε1 = ε2 = 0.95, case 2: ε1 = ε2 = 0.05, and case 3:
ε1 = 0.05, ε2 = 0.95. The glass temperatures are T1 = 200C and T2 = 00C, respectively.
Ans: 133 W/m2, 3.76 W/m2, 7.31 W/m2.
10. Heat treatment of metals is commonly done using electrically heated draw batch
furnaces. Consider a furnace that is situated in a room with surrounding air temperature
of 30°C and an average convection heat transfer coefficient of 10 W/m2∙K, as shown in
Fig. 13–33. Convection and radiation heat transfer occur between the furnace outer
surface and the surroundings. The furnace front is made of two parallel plates, where the
inner plate has a temperature of 600°C. To ensure safety and prevent thermal burn on
people working around the furnace, the outer surface of the furnace should be kept below
45°C. Based on the given information, determine the number of radiation shields that
should be placed parallel in the furnace front. Assume all the surfaces have the same
emissivity of 0.1. Ans: 10 shields
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