Tech Jargons Words

HTTP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Protocol → Set of rules [ Protocol used to transfer Hypertext ]
Hypertext → Text docs → Hyperlink [ These hyperlinks connect one document to
other documents, resources, or information. ]

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a communication protocol used for data

transfer between web browsers and servers.

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 Human Readable
All the data sent via HTTP is human-readable.

Network tab visibility

Inspect element

Page Source

Stateless Protocol

Every time you visit a page, you are a new user.

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is a stateless protocol. Each HTTP request

is independent, and the server does not have any knowledge of the client's
previous requests. If the client sends a request again, the server treats it as a
new request.

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 Stateless Protocol Does not maintain state or cookies

Session

Stored state between frontend & backend.

A session refers to a period or time frame during which communication is
happening between a user and the server, and the server stores some temporary
data or state about the user, such as their login status, preferences, or items in the
shopping cart.

Example: If you log in to a website, your session starts. The server stores your
login details so that as long as you stay on the website, you don't have to log in
again. When you log out from the website, the session ends.

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 When a user starts a session, the server stores some specific information to track
the user's activity during the session and provide a seamless experience. Some
important aspects of this process are:

1. Cookies: Cookies are small files that the server stores in the user's browser.
These cookies can store the user's state (like login status, preferences) or
session ID. When the user returns to the website, the server identifies their
session using the cookies.

2. Session ID: The server generates a unique session ID when the user logs in or
starts a session. This session ID is sent with each user request to the server. It
helps the server know which request is part of which session.

3. Session Data: The server also stores temporary data like the user's login
status, shopping cart, or preferences. This data is stored as long as the
session remains active.

Cookie
Cookies are small files stored in web browsers that are sent by the server to the
user's browser.

State Maintenance

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 Storing Login Details

Personalized Experience

Types of cookies

1. Session Cookies: These are temporary cookies that are automatically deleted
when the browser is closed. They are used to store session data.

2. Persistent Cookies: These cookies remain in the browser until a specific

expiration date. They are used to store long-term data, such as maintaining
login status for the next visit.

Example: If you are on an online shopping website and fill your shopping cart, the
server stores the cart information using cookies. When you visit the website again
the next day, your cart remains the same as it was last time.

HTTP Headers

When the browser (client) sends a request to the server, various types of
information are sent along with that request, which is in the form of headers.

HTTP headers provide additional information about the request or response.

Headers contain metadata that provides extra information about the request or
response, such as content type, authentication, cookies, etc.

HTTP headers send information of these types

Client Information

Browser Info

Date Time

Cookie to store

Request - Response Model

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 Types of HTTP Requests

1. GET: Retrieve data from the server.

2. POST: Submit data to the server to create or update a resource.

3. PUT: Update or replace an existing resource on the server.

4. PATCH: Updating specific fields of a resource.

5. DELETE: Remove a resource from the server.

Response code

HTTP response codes are status codes sent by the server to inform the client
about the result of the request.

Category Range Description

1xx 100-199 Informational responses

2xx 200-299 Successful responses

3xx 300-399 Redirection messages

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 4xx 400-499 Client-side errors

5xx 500-599 Server-side errors

What action to perform : [ GET, POST ] Verb

Where to perform: URL, URI http://api.sandeep.ai/auth

Was it done: 200, 404…..

HTTP/2
http/1.1 is a fallback & is still used
HTTP/2 is the second major version of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP),
designed to improve the performance and efficiency of web communication.

It was standardized in 2015 as a replacement for HTTP/1.1, focusing on speed,

reduced latency, and better use of network resources.

Key Features of HTTP/2

Use Compression: HTTP/2 uses HPACK for compressing headers

Use Muptiplexing [ many files at same time ]

Use encryption [ https ]

Binary Protocol: 0s and 1s

Feature HTTP/1.1 HTTP/2

Protocol Type Text-based Binary-based

Connection Multiple connections Single connection

Multiplexing No Yes

Header Compression No Yes (HPACK)

Server Push No Yes

Latency Higher Lower

TLS → Transport Layer Security → TLS certificate

http + TLS = https

User Agent

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 User-Agent is a part of the HTTP header, which the client (browser, app, etc.)
sends to the server when making a request.

TCP

Transmission Control Protocol

Transmission → Sending

1. Connection-Oriented Protocol

This means that before sending data, a connection must be established

between the sender and the receiver. This connection is established through
handshaking.

2. Data Division into Packets:

When you send data (like a file or message), TCP divides that data into smaller
packets. These packets are of a particular size, and each packet has its own
address and sequence number.

3. Reliable Data Transfer:

Reliability is the most important feature of TCP. When data packets are sent,
TCP ensures that all packets reach the receiver in the correct order and in
complete form. If any packet is lost or damaged, TCP requests to resend it.

4. Sequencing:

TCP assigns a sequence number to each packet. When the receiver receives
the packets, it arranges the data in the correct order based on these numbers
to ensure that no data is missed.

5. Acknowledgment (ACKs):

When the receiver successfully receives a packet, it sends an

acknowledgment (ACK) to the sender, letting the sender know that the packet
has been delivered successfully.

If the receiver doesn't receive the packet or something goes wrong, it sends a
negative acknowledgment (NAK) to the sender, and the sender retransmits

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 that packet

6. Flow Control:

TCP uses a flow control mechanism. This comes into play when the sender is
sending data too quickly, and the receiver needs time to process that data.
This mechanism informs the sender when to stop sending data, preventing the
receiver from being overloaded.

7. Congestion Control:

Congestion → traffic

TCP uses congestion control when there is congestion on the network (e.g.,
when many devices are sending data simultaneously). It detects congestion
and slows down the data transmission to ensure that the network's resources
are properly managed.

8. Three-Way Handshake:

To establish a connection, TCP uses a three-way handshake:

SYN: The sender sends a synchronization (SYN) packet to the receiver,

requesting a connection.

SYN-ACK: The receiver responds with a synchronization acknowledgment

(SYN-ACK) packet, confirming the request and agreeing to the connection.

ACK: The sender sends an acknowledgment (ACK) packet back to the

receiver, completing the connection setup.

9. Termination:

When the data transfer is complete, the connection is gracefully terminated.

This is also done through a protocol, in which both the sender and receiver
close their connection.

10. Error Checking:

TCP includes a checksum in its packets, which ensures that the packets are
transferred without any errors. If a packet is corrupted, the receiver will discard it
and request a resend.

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 FTP

File Transfer Protocol

IP

Internet Protocol
It is a network protocol that defines the method of transferring data between
devices.

URL

Uniform Resource Locator

URL → Link → URI → Endpoint

DNS
Domain Name System

Points URL to IP
It is a system that converts human-readable domain names into machine-readable
IP addresses on the internet.

Header

Pass additional information

Payload

Actual data → email, password etc.

Cache
Store [temp] the Data

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