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37. Element kept in water Phosphorus

38. Elements kept in kerosene IA group element (except Li)
39. Element sublime on heating I2
40. Noble metals Au, Pt etc.
41. Amphoteric metal Be, Zn, Al, Sn, Pb

1 Periodic Table 42. Amphoteric non metal Si

43. Metalloids elements Si, As, Te, At, Ge, Sb, Po
44. Non metals having metallic lusture Graphite, Iodine
For NSEC 11th 2025 45. Heaviest naturally occurring element Uranium
46. Poorest conductor of electricity Diamond
47. Hardest naturally occurring element Diamond
IMPORTANT FACTS TO REMEMBER:
48. Lightest solid metal Li
1. Lowest electronegativity Cs 49. 90% of Sun mass Hydrogen
2. Highest electronegativity F 50. Amphoteric oxides BeO, Al2O3, ZnO, PbO2,
3. Highest ionisation potential He SnO, SnO2, Sb2O3, As2O3 etc...
4. Lowest ionisation potential Cs 51. Neutral oxides of non metals NO, CO, H2O, N2O
5. Lowest electron affinity Noble gases 52. Dry bleacher O3 (ozone)
6. Highest electron affinity Chlorine
53. Dry ice Solid CO2
7. Least electropositive element F
54. Artificial explosive TNT, RDX (Research Developed Explosive etc.)
8. Lowest m. pt. metal Hg
55. Oldest known organic acid CH3COOH
9. Highest m. pt. and b. pt. metal W (Tungsten)
10. Lowest m. pt. and b. pt. non metal He 56. First noble prize of chemistry was given to Vant Hoff
11. Notorious element Hydrogen 57. Some isomorphism substances FeSO4.7H2O (Green Vitriol),
12. Lightest element Hydrogen MgSO4.7H2O (Epsom Salt),
13. Smallest atomic radius H ZnSO4.7H2O (White Vitriol)
14. Largest atomic size Cs 58. Some efflorescent substances Na2CO3.10H2O, MgSO4.7H2O etc.
15. Largest monovalent anionic size I 59. First man made element Tc (Technicium)
16. Smallest cation H 60. Smallest period 1st (2 elements)
17. Most electopositive element Cs 61. Largest period in periodic table 6th (32 elements)
18. Element with electronegativity after F Oxygen next to Fluorine 62. Largest group in periodic table 3rd/III B (32 elements)
19. Group containing maximum no. of gases Zero group of gaseous elements in periodic table 63. Most abundant d-block metal Fe
20. Liquid element of radioactive nature Fr 64. Most abundant s-block metal Ca
21. Volatile d-block elements Zn, Cd, Hg, Uub 65. Element having maximum isotopes Sn(10)
22. Element containing no neutron H 66. Highest density (Metals) Ir  Os
23. Most abundant element on earth Oxygen
67. Highest density (Non Metals) Boron
24. Rarest element on earth At (Astatine)
25. Most abundant metal on earth Al
26. Element having maximum tendency Carbon for catenation Common and IUPAC names of some recently discovered elements:
27. Non metal having highest m. pt., b.pt. Carbon (Diamond) Atomic No. Common names IUPAC names
28. Metal showing highest oxidation number Os (+8) 104 Rutherordium (Rf)/Kurchatovium (Ku) Unnilquadium (Unq)
29. Most electrovalent compound CsF 105 Dubnium (Db)/Hahnium (Ha) Unnilpentium (Unp)
30. Most stable carbonate Cs2CO3 106 Seaborgium (Sg) Unnilhexium (Unh)
31. Strongest alkali (Hydroxide) CsOH 107 Bohrium (Bh) Unnilseptium (Uns)
32. Strongest basic oxide Cs2O
108 Hassium (Hs) Unniloctium (Uno)
33. Best electricity conductor among metals Ag
109 Meitnerium (Mt) Unnilennium (Une)
34. Best electricity conductor among non metals graphite
35. Most poisonous element Pu (Plutonium)
36. Liquid non metal Br
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PERIODIC TABLE (C) Dobereiner triad rule [1817]:

Introduction: (i) He made groups of three elements having similar chemical properties called TRIAD.
The arrangement of all the known elements according to their properties in such a way that the elements (ii) In Dobereiner triad, atomic weight of middle element is nearly equal to the average atomic
of similar properties are grouped together in a tabular form is called periodic table. Scientists from the weight of first and third element.
very beginning have attempted to systematize the knowledge they gained through their observations and Ex. Cl Br I Ca Sr Ba Li Na K
experiments. Development of the periodic law and the periodic table of the elements is one such attempt. 35.5 80.0 127 40 87.6 137 7 23 39
This has brought order in the study of the vast chemistry of more than a hundred elements known now.  35.5  127  40  137  7  39 
Therefore, it is quite natural to begin your study of inorganic chemistry with the study of the periodic x  2
 81.2   x 
2
 88.5   x 
2
 23 
   
table in this unit.
Where x = average atomic weight
(iii) Other examples- (K, Rb, Cs), (P, As, Sb), (S, Se, Te), (H, F, Cl), (Sc, Y, La)
By the mid-nineteenth century, more than 60 elements were known and many more were being
Drawbacks or Limitations: All the known elements could not be arranged as triads. It is not
discovered. During this period, it was also realized that certain groups of elements exhibited similar
applicable for d and f-block elements.
physical and chemical properties. Was it a mere coincidence or did a relationship exist among the
properties of the elements? Attempts to reply such probing questions ultimately resulted in the (D) Newland's octave· rule [1865]:
development of the periodic law. (i) He arranged the elements in the increasing order of their atomic masses and observe that properties
of every 8th element was similar to the 1st element (like in the case of musical vowels notation).
Periodic table helps us to undergo a systematic study of the various elements found in nature, without
Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni Sa
which it would have been impossible for us to study all the elements. By classifying the elements into
Li Be B C N O F Na
various groups and periods a comparative study of the elements and their compounds can be done.
Several attempts were made to classify the elements which are as follows. Na Mg Al Si P S CI K
 K Ca
Development of periodic table: (ii) At that time inert gases were not known.
(A) Lavoisier classification: (iii) The properties of Li are similar to 8th element i.e. Na and properties of Be are
(i) Lavoisier classified the elements simply in metals and non-metals. similar to Mg and so on.
Metals are the one which have the tendency of losing the electrons.
Na  Na+ + e– and K  K+ + e– Drawbacks or Limitations:
Non-metals are the one which have the tendency of gaining the electrons. (a) This rule is valid only up to Ca, because after Ca due to presence of d-block elements there is
F + e–  F– and Cl + e–  Cl– difference of 18 elements instead of 8 elements.
(b) After the discovery of Inert gases and including them into the periodic table it becomes the 8 th
element from Alkali metal so this law had to be dropped out.
(ii) Drawbacks or Limitations:
(a) As the number of elements increased, this classification became insufficient for the study of
(E) Lother meyer's curve [1869]:
elements.
(i) He plotted a curve between atomic weight and atomic volume of different elements.
(b) There are few elements which have the properties of both metals as well as non-metals and they are
(ii)The following observations can be made from the curve –
called metalloids. Lavoisier could not decide where to place the metalloids.
(a) Most electropositive elements i.e. alkali metals (Li, Na, K Rb, Cs etc.) occupy the peak positions on
the curve.
(B) Prout's hypothesis (unitary theory):
(b) Less electropositive i.e. alkaline earth metal (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) occupy the descending positions
He simply assumed that all the elements are made up of hydrogen, so we can say that
on the curve.
Atomic weight of element = n x (Atomic weight of one hydrogen atom) (c) Metalloids (Si, As, Te, etc.) and transition metals occupy bottom part of the curve.
Atomic weight of H = 1 (d) Most electronegative i.e. halogens (F, CI, Br, I) occupy the ascending positions on the curve.
where n = number of hydrogen atom = 1, 2, 3, ....
Note: Elements having similar properties occupy similar positions on the curve.

Drawbacks or Limitations:
Conclusion:
(i) Every element cannot be formed by Hydrogen.
On the basis of this curve Lother Meyer proposed that the physical properties of the elements are periodic
(ii) Atomic weight of all elements were not found as the whole numbers.
function of their atomic weight and this became the base of Mendeleev's periodic table.
Ex. Chlorine (atomic weight 35.5) and Strontium (atomic weight 87 .6)

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Periodic function: (c) Correction of doubtful atomic weights: Correction were done in atomic weight of some
When the elements are arranged in the increasing order of their atomic weight, elements having similar elements.
properties gets repeated after a regular interval. Atomic weight = Valency x Equivalent weight.
Initially, it was found that equivalent weight of Be is 4.5 and it is trivalent (V = 3), so the weight of Be
was 13.5 and there is no space in Mendeleev's periodic table for this element. So, after correction, it was
found that Be is actually bivalent (V = 2). So, the weight of Be became 2 x 4.5 = 9 and there was a
space between Li and B for this element in Mendeleev's table.
Note: Corrections done in atomic weight of elements were - U, Be, In, Au, Pt.

Demerits of Mendeleev's periodic table:

(a) Position of hydrogen: Hydrogen resembles both, the alkali metals (IA) and the halogens (VIIA) in
properties so Mendeleev could not decide where to place it.
(b) Position of isotopes: As atomic weight of isotopes differs, they should have been placed at different
position in Mendeleev's periodic table but there were no such places for isotopes in Mendeleev's
(F) Mendeleev's periodic table [1869]: periodic table.
(i) Mendeleev's periodic law: The physical and chemical properties of elements are the periodic (c) Anomalous pairs of elements: There were some pairs of elements which did not follow the
function of their atomic weight. increasing order of atomic weights.
(ii) Characteristics of Mendeleev’s periodic table: Ex. Ar and Co were placed before K and Ni respectively in the periodic table, both having higher
(a) It was based on atomic weight. atomic weights.

(b) 63 elements were known; noble gases were not discovered.  Ar K   Te I 

   
(c) He was the first scientist to classify the elements in a systematic manner i.e. in horizontal rows and  39.9 39.1   127.5 127 

in vertical columns.  Co Ni   Th Pa 
   
(d) Horizontal rows were called periods and there were 7 periods in Mendeleev's Periodic table.  58.9 58.6   232 231 
(e) Vertical columns are called groups and there were 8 groups in Mendeleev's Periodic table. (d) Like elements were placed in different groups:
(f) Each group upto VII was divided into A & B sub groups 'A' sub group element were called normal There were some elements like Platinum (Pt) and Gold (Au) which have similar properties but were
elements and 'B' sub group elements were called transition elements. placed in different groups in Mendeleev’s table.
(g) The VIII group was consisted of 9 elements in three rows (Transition metal group). Pt Au
(h) The elements belonging to same group exhibit similar properties. VIII IB
(e) Unlike elements were placed in same group:
(iii) Merits or advantages of Mendeleev's periodic table: Group-I
(a) Study of elements: First time all known elements were classified in groups according to their similar
properties. So, study of the properties of elements become easier. IA IB
(b) Prediction of new elements: It gave encouragement to the discovery of new elements as some gaps Li
were left in it. Na (Bridge element)
Sc (Scandium), Ga (Gallium), Ge (Germanium), Tc (Technetium)
These were the elements for whom position and properties were well defined by Mendeleev even More reactive K Cu Less reactive
before their discoveries and he left the blank spaces for them in his table. Alkai metal Rb Ag Coinage metal
Normal elements Cs Au Transition elements
Ex. Blank space at atomic weight 72 in silicon group was called Eka silicon (means properties like Fr
silicon) and element discovered later was named Germanium. Similarly, other elements discovered
Cu, Ag and Au placed in Ist group along with Na, K etc. while they differ in their properties
after mendeleev periodic table were.
(Only similar in having ns1 electronic configuration)
Eka aluminium - Gallium(Ga) Eka Boron - Scandium (Sc)
(f) It was not clear that 'lanthanides and Actinides' are related with IIIA group or IIIB group.
Eka Silicon - Germanium(Ge) Eka Manganese - Technitium (Tc)
(g) Cause of periodicity: Why physical and chemical properties repeated in a group.

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Moseley's Discovery-The modern Concept of Atomic Number.

Groups of Elements
Moseley's Experiment
0 1 II III IV V VI VII VIII
Mosley in his discharge tube experiment observed
H that nature of x-ray produced by striking of cathode
ray on anode metal depends on the nature of metal
1.008
taken as anode. He observed that wave length of x-
He Li Be B C N O F ray decreases (or frequency increases) in the regular
way on moving from lighter to heavier element.
4.0 7.03 9.1 11.0 12.0 14.04 16.00 19.0
Property of x-ray depends on charge in nucleus
Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl (positive charge, proton). From this observation he
established a mathematical expression. Henry GJ. Moseley 1887-1915.
19.9 23.5 24.5 27.0 28.4 31.0 32.03 35.45 A brilliant English physicist discovered
  a(z  b) tha concept of atomic number in 1913.
Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni (Cu) He had to go to battlefield during
Where,  is the frequency of x-ray a is the World War I and got Killed in 1915
38 39.1 40.1 44.1 48.1 51.4 52.1 55.0 55.9 59 59 proportionality constant b is constant (series
Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br constant), Z is integer (Atomic number).
63.6 65.4 70.0 72.3 75 79 79.95 (i) It was proposed by Moseley.
Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd (ii) Modern periodic table is based on atomic number.
----
8I.8 85.4 87.6 89.0 90.6 94.0 96.0 101.7 103.0 106.5 (iii) Moseley did an experiment in which he bombarded high speed electron on different metal surfaces
(Ag) and obtained X-rays.
Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I He found out that v  Z where
107.9 112.4 114.0 119.0 120.0 127.6 126.9  = frequency of X-rays
Xe Cs Ba La Ce Z = atomic number.
--- --- --- From this experiment, Moseley concluded that the physical and chemical properties of the elements
128 132.9 137.4 139 140
are periodic function of their atomic number. It means that when the elements are arranged in the
increasing order of their atomic number elements having similar properties gets repeated after a
regular interval. This is also known as 'Modern Periodic Law'.
Yb Ta W Os Ir Pt (iv) Modern periodic law: The physical & chemical properties of elements are the periodic
--- (Au) function of their atomic number.
173 183 184 191 193 194.9
Au Hg Tl Pb Bi (v) Characteristics of modern periodic table:
(a) 9 vertical columns called groups.
197.2 200.0 204.I 206.9 208
(b) I to VIII group + zero group of inert gases.
Ra Th U (c) Inert gases was discovered by Ramsay.
---
224 232 239 (d) 7 horizontal rows called periods.
HIGHER SALINE
Rn R2O RO R2O3 (H) Long form / present form of modern periodic table:
OXIDES
(It is also called as 'Bohr, Bury, Rang and Werner Periodic Table)
RO2 R2O5 RO3 R2O7 (i) It is based on the Bohr-Bury electronic configuration concept and atomic number.
(ii) This model is proposed by Rang & Werner
HIGHER GASEOUS (iii) 7 periods and 18 groups
HYDROGEN (iv) According to I. U. P. A. C. 18 vertical columns are named as 1st to 18th group.
COMPOUNDS RO4 * Modern periodic law: The physical & chemical properties of elements are the periodic
function of their atomic number.
RH4 RH3 RH2 RH * The co-relation between the groups in long form of periodic table and in modern form of periodic
table are given below-

(G) Modern periodic table (Modified Mendeleev Periodic Table): IA IIA IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII IB IIB IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8, 9, 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

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(vi) Elements belonging to same group have same number of electrons in the outermost shell so their (vii) Nomenclature of elements:
properties are similar. (a) IUPAC gave names to elements above atomic number 100 as follows-
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Description of periods: Nil Un Bi Tri Quad Pent Hex Sept Oct enn
Period No. Period Sub shell No. of elements Element Name of Period
1. 1 1s 2 1H – 2He Shortest (b) In all the elements suffix is - ium.
2. 2 2s, 2p 8 3Li – l0Ne Short Ex. Atomic No. IUPAC Name Symbol Elemental Name Symbol
3. 3 3s, 3p 8 11Na – 18Ar Short 101 Unnilunium Unu Mendelevium Md
4. 4 4s, 3d, 4p 18 19K – 36Kr Long 102 Unnilbium Unb Nobelium No
5. 5 5s, 4d, 5p 18 37Rb – 54Xe Long 103 Unniltrium Unt Lawrencium Lr
6. 6 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p 32 55Cs – 86Rn Longest 104 Unnilquadium Unq Rutherfordium Rf
7. 7 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p 32 87Fr –118Og Longest* 105 Unnilpentium Unp Dubnium Db
106 Unnilhexium Unh Seaborgium Sg
107 Unnilseptium Uns Bohrium Bh
Conclusion:
1. Period number = outermost shell 108 Unniloctium Uno Hassnium Hs
2. Number of elements in a period = Number of electrons in a period subshell 109 Unnilennium Une Meitnerium Mt
110 Ununnilium Uun Darmstadtium Ds
1st/IA/ Alkali metals 2nd/IIA/Alkaline earth metals
H = 1s1 Be = 1s2, 2s2 Some Important Points:
Li = 1s2, 2s1 Mg = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2 (1) 2nd period elements (Li, Be, B) shows diagonal relationship with 3rd period elements (Mg, Al, Si).
Na = 1s2, 2s2 ,2p6, 3s1 Ca = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2 Because of same ionic potential value they show similarity in properties.
K = ls2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6,4s1 General electronic configuration = ns2 (Ionic potential) () = Charge/Radius
General electronic configuration = ns1 (n = Outermost shell)
2nd period Li Be B
Number of valence shell electron = 1 Number of valence shell electron = 2
13th/ IIIA/Boron Family 14th/IVA/Carbon Family
3rd period Na Mg Al Si
B = 1s2, 2s2, 2p1 C = 1s2, 2s2, 2p2
A1 = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p1 Si = 1s2,2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p2 (2) 3rd period elements are called typical elements because they represent the properties of other element
Ga = 1s2. 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d10,4s2 ,4p1 Ge = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d10, 4s2, 4p2 of their respective group.
General electronic configuration = ns2 np1 General electronic configuration = ns2 np2 (3) s-and p-block elements are called representative elements.
Number of valence shell electron = 3 Number of valence shell electron = 4
th th
(4) Elements having atomic number more than 92 are known as transuranic element. All transuranic
15 /VA/Nitrogen family/Pnicogen 16 /VIA/Oxygen family/Chalcogen
elements are radioactive & artificial.
(Used in fertilizer as urea) (Ore forming)
N = 1s2, 2s2, 2p3 O = 1s2, 2s2, 2p4 f  block d  block
Th Pa U  Np —— Lr   Unq
RCf n —— Cn 
Uub
P = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p3 S = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p4   
90 91 92  93 103   104 112 
As = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d10, 4s2, 4p3 Se = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d10, 4s2, 4p4
General electronic configuration = ns2 np3 General electronic configuration: ns2 np4
First man made element is - Tc
Number of valence shell electron = 5 Number of valence shell electron = 6
First man made lanthanoid is - Pm
17th/VIIA/Fluorine family/Halogens 18th /Zero group/Inert gases / Noble gases
All actinoids are radioactive but all lanthanoids are not artificial / man made (except Pm)
(Salt forming) (Less reactive)
(5) The group containing most electropositive elements - GROUP 1A.
F = 1s2,2s2, 2p5 Ne = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6
(6) The group containing most electronegative elements - GROUP VIIA
Cl = ls2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p5 Kr = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d10, 4s2, 4p6
(7) The group containing maximum number of gaseous elements- GROUP ZERO
Br = 1s2,2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 3d10, 4s2, 4p5 General electronic configuration = ns2 np6
(8) The group in which elements have generally ZERO valency - GROUP ZERO (18th)
General electronic configuration = ns2 np5 (except He)
(9) Bridge elements have similar electronic configuration and group nomenclature e.g.
Number of valence shell electron = 7 Number of valence shell electron = 8

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Na Mg A Si P S C (4) f-Block elements:

; ; ; ; ; ; (a) The elements in which the last electron enters into (n-2) f-orbital are called f-block elements.
K Cu Ca Zn Ga Sc Ge Ti As V Se Cr Br Mn (b) The f-block elements are from atomic number 58 to 71 and from 90 to 103. The general
electronic configuration of these elements is (n–2) s2, p6, d10 (n-1) s2, p6, d0-1, ns2 where
(10) 0/18th group have all the elements in gaseous form. n = 6 to 7.
(11) 2nd period contains maximum number of gaseous elements –N, O, F, Ne (c) The elements from atomic number 58 to 71 are called lanthanides because they come after
(12) IIIB/3rd group is called longest group having 32 elements including 14 Lanthanides and Actinides lanthanum (57). The elements from 90 to 103 are called actinides because they come after actinium
Sc (89).
(d) The lanthanides occur in nature in low abundance and therefore, these are called rare earth elements.
Y
(e) All the actinide elements are radioactive.
La................Lanthanides (14)
(f) All the elements after atomic number 92 (i.e. U92) are transuranic elements.
Ac................Actinides (14) 
Metals, non-metals & metalloids:
Electronic classification of elements: Despite of classifying elements into s, p, d and f-blocks another broad classification of elements based on
The electronic configuration plays great roles in the properties of the elements, On this basis the elements their properties. The elements can be broadly classified into
can be divided into four groups. (a) Metals: Majority of the elements in periodic table are metals and appears on the left side of the
periodic table.
Properties:
(1) s-Block elements:
(i) These are usually solid at room temperature [exception - mercury]
(a) The elements of the periodic table in which the last electron enters in s-orbital, are called s-block (ii) They have high melting and boiling point [exception Gallium & Cesium have very low melting
elements. point (303 K and 302 K respectively)]
(b) s-orbital can accommodate a maximum of two electrons. (iii) They are good conductor of heat and electricity.
(c) Their general electronic configuration is ns1–2, where n = (1 to 7) (iv) They are malleable (can be flattened into thin sheets by hammering) and
(d) IA group elements are known as alkali metals because they react with water to form alkali. IIA group ductile (can be drawn into wires)
elements are known as alkaline earth metals because their oxides react with water to form alkali and
(b) Non-Metals: These are placed at the top right-hand side of periodic table. As we move horizontally
these are found in the soil or earth crust.
along a period, the property of elements changes from metallic (on left) to non-metallic (on the
(e) Fr87 and Ra88 are radioactive elements while H and He are gaseous elements. right).
Properties:
(2) p-Block elements: (i) These are usually solids or gases at room temperature.
(a) The elements of the periodic table in which the last electron gets filled up in the p-orbital, called (ii) They have low melting point and boiling point (exception: Boron, Carbon).
p-block elements. (iii) Most Non-metallic solids are brittle and are neither malleable nor ductile.
(c) Metalloids (Semi-metals): Properties of these elements shows the characteristics of both metals and
(b) The general electronic configuration of p-block elements is ns2, np1–6 (where n = 2 to 6)
non-metals. Germanium(Ge), Arsenic(As), Antimony(Sb) and Selenium (Se), Tellurium(Te) are
(c) p-subshell can accommodate a maximum of six electrons. Therefore, p-block elements are divided
metalloids.
into six groups which are IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA and zero group.
(d) The zero group elements having general electronic configuration ns2 np6 are inert, because their Periodicity:
octets are complete. (A) The regular gradation in properties from top to bottom in a group and from left to right in a period is
called periodicity in properties.
(3) d-Block elements: (a) In a period, the ultimate orbit remains same, but the number of electron gradually increases.
(b) In a group, the number of electron in the ultimate orbit remains same, but the values of n increases.
(a) The elements, in which the last electron enters into (n–1) d-orbital are called d-block elements.
(n = principal quantum number)
(b) The general electronic configuration of these elements is (n-l) s2, p6, d1-10, ns1-2 [except Pd4d10,5s0]
(B) Causes of periodicity:
where n = 4 to 7. [except Th = (Rn) 5f0, 6d2, 7s2] (a) The cause of periodicity in properties is due to the same outermost shell electronic configuration
(c) The d-block elements are placed in the groups named IIIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VIII, IB and IIB. coming at regular intervals.
(d) All of these elements are metals. (b) In the periodic table, elements with similar properties occur at intervals of 2,8,8,18,18 and 32. These
(e) d-block elements lies between s & p block elements. numbers are called as magic numbers.

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Screening effect () and effective nuclear charge (zeff): (A) Covalent Radius:
(i) Valence shell electron suffer force of attraction due to nucleus and force of repulsion due to inner (SBCR -Single Bonded Covalent Radius)
shell electrons. (a) Covalent bonds are formed by overlapping of atomic orbitals.
(ii) The decrease in force of attraction on valence electron due to inner shell is called screening effect or (b) Internuclear distance is minimum in this case.
shielding effect, i.e. total repulsive force is called shielding effect. (c) Covalent radius is the half of the internuclear distance between two singly bonded homo atoms.
(iii) Due to screening effect valence shell electron experiences less force of attraction exerted by nucleus.
Ex. If internuclear distance of A2 molecule is (A–A) and covalent radius is r then
(i.e. total attraction force experienced by valence electron is called Zeff).
dA–A = rA + rA or 2rA
(iv) There is a reduction in nuclear charge due to screening effect. Reduced nuclear charge is called
d AA
effective nuclear charge. rA 
2
* From top to bottom in a group Zeff remain constant 1.98
Ex. In Cl2 molecule, internuclear distance is 1.98 Å so rCl = = 0.99 Å.
Group Element Li Na K Rb Cs 2
zeff 1.30 2.20 2.20 2.20 2.20 Note: In a heterodiatomic molecule AB where the electronegativity of atoms A and B are different, the
Period Element Be B C N O F experimental values of internuclear distance dA–B is less than the theoretical values (rA + rB).
zeff 1.95 2.6 3.25 3.90 4.55 5.20
For same shell, According to Schomaker and Stevenson:
The order of shielding effect s > p > d > f (due to penetration effect) B
A
Zeff for different ions of an element:
positive charge (i) Z eff for different ions of an element
Z eff 
negative charge (ii) Z eff for iso electronic species dA–B
[dA-B = rA + rB – 0.09 x] Hetrodiatomic
(i) Zeff for different ions of an element Molecule AB type
Order of Zeff
Ex. N+ > N > N– Where x is the difference of electronegativities of the atoms A and B. rA and rB are in Å.
(ii) Zeff of isoelectronic species
Ex. H– < Li+ < Be+2 < Be+3 (2 electrons species) Example:
N–3 < O–2 < F– < Na+ < Mg+2 (10 electron species) X – X bond length is 1.00 Å and C – C bond length is 1.54 Å. If electronegativities of X and C are 3.0
(iii) Element B Al Ga In and 2.0 respectively, then C – X bond length is likely to be? (using Stevenson & schomaker formula).
Valence e– Zeff 2.6 3.5 5.0 5.0 Sol. rC  X  rC  rX  0.09Δx
(iv) Element Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
1.00 1.54
–
Valence e Zeff 3.0 3.15 3.30 2.90 3.60 3.75 3.90 4.05 3.70 4.35    0.09  Δx  1 = 1.27 – 0.09;
2 2
(v) For 4s and 3d electron of Sc, Y, La, Zeff is same, i.e. 3.0.
Ans. C – X bond length = 1.18 Å

Atomic radius: (B) Ionic Radius:
The average distance of valence shell electron from nucleus is called atomic radius. It is very difficult to (i) Cationic Radius:
measure the atomic radius because -
(a) When a neutral atom loses electrons it converts into a cation (positive charged ion)
(i) The isolation of single atom is very difficult.
(b) Cationic radius is always smaller than atomic radius because after losing electron number of electron
(ii) There is no well-defined boundary for the atom. (The probability of finding the electron is 0 only at reduces, but number of protons remains same, due to this Zeff increases, hence electrons get pulled
infinity). towards nucleus and atomic radius decreases, moreover after losing all the electrons from the outer
So, the more accurate definition of atomic radius is - most shell, penultimate shell becomes ultimate shell which is nearer to nucleus so size decreases.
• Half the inter-nuclear distance(d) between two atoms in a homoatomic molecule is known as atomic 1
radius. (c) Size of cation 
Magnitude of the charge of Z eff
• This inter-nuclear distance is also known as bond length. Inter-nuclear distance depends upon the type of +2 +3
Ex. (i) Fe > Fe > Fe
bond by which two atoms has combined.
(ii) Pb+2 > Pb+4
• Based on the chemical bonds, atomic radius is divided into four categories -
(iii) Mn > Mn+2 > Mn+3 > Mn+4 > Mn+5 > Mn+6 > Mn+7
(A) Covalent radius (B) Ionic radius (C) Metallic radius (D) Vander Waal's radius

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 La (57). Due to the increase of +32 units in the nuclear charge there is a sizeable decrease in the
Cl2
atomic radius which balances the increase in size due to the increase in number of shells.
Cl2 molecules
Covalent radius = 0.99 Å
So, in a group moving from 5th period to 6th period in transition series, the atomic radii of the
Cl2
elements remain almost the same except IIIB. The difference is about 0.02Å.
Vander Waal radius = 1.80 Å
(iii) For inner transition elements:
As we move along the lanthanide series, there is a decrease in atomic as well as ionic radius. The
decrease in size is regular in ions but not so regular in atoms. This is called lanthanide contraction*.
Covalent radius
Vander Waal distance
Lanthanide Contraction:
van der Waal's radius = 2x covalent radius (a) Outermost electronic configuration of inner transition elements is
van der Waal's radius > Metallic radius > Covalent radius (n–2) f1–14, (n–l)s2 p6 d0–1, ns2 (n = 6 or 7)
Factors affecting atomic size are: (b) Electron enters in (n–2)f orbitals
(a) Zeff increases, atomic radius decreases Because of complicated structure of f-orbital and due to poor shielding of f & d electrons, the
Ex. Li > Be > B > C > N > O > F outermost shell electrons get highly attracted towards nucleus.
(b) Screening effect increases, atomic radius increases. (c) But in lanthanides and actinides, with each electron, nuclear charge increase by +1 so size decreases
slowly, this decrement in size is known as lanthanide contraction.
(c) Magnitude of negative charge increases, atomic radius increases
Nuclear charge > Screening effect
Ex. O < O– < O–2
So, order of radius for transition series
(d) Magnitude of positive charge increases, atomic radius decreases
(d) In 1st, 2nd and 3rd transition series
Ex. Mn > Mn+2 > Mn+3 > Mn+4
3d < 4d  5d (except IIIrd B)
(e) Bond order increases, atomic radius decreases
IIIB IVB
Ex.  N— N > —N = N— >N  N
size Sc Ti  Size increases on moving from 3d to 4d series
increases Y Zr but the size of 4d and 5d series element almost
Periodic variation of atomic size: La Hf equal due to lanthanide contraction
(i) Across a period: It decreases from left to right in a period as effective nuclear charge (Zeff)increases
Ex. Li > Be > B > C > N > O > F
Scandide/Transition contraction:
(ii) In a group: It increases from top to bottom in a group as number of shell increases
Note:
Ex. Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs
While atomic size should increase down the group.
Exceptions: Transition elements
IIIB - Atomic size of Ga < Al. size of Al is greater than Ga due to scandide contraction.
(Due to poor shielding of d electrons)
From left to right in a period:
In the first transition series the atomic radii slightly decreases from Sc to Mn because effect of effective Example:
nuclear charge is more prominent than the shielding effect. After that it remains almost the same because Select from each group the species which has the smallest radius stating appropriate reason.
both the effects balance each other. The atomic size from Cu to Zn slightly increases because shielding (a) O, O–, O2– (b) P3+, P4+, P5+
effect is more prominent than effective nuclear charge due to d10 configuration of Cu and Zn. Solution:

(a) O is having smallest radius. Anion is larger than its parent atom. Also, the anion of the same atom
  In a group:
with higher negative charge is bigger in size as compared to anion with smaller negative charge as
(i) The atomic radius of elements increases on moving down the first transition series (3d) to second proton to electron ratio decreases thus attraction between valence shell electrons and nucleus
transition series (4d). This is due to the increases in number of shells with the increase in atomic decreases. Hence electron cloud expands.
number. (b) The ionic radius decreases as more electrons are removed successively. So, the correct order is
(ii) The atomic radii of second (4d) and third (5d) transition series in a group is almost same except p5+ < p4+ < p3+
Y(39) and La(57)
  In third transition series, there are fourteen lanthanides in between La(57) of IIIB and Hf (72) of IVB Example:
groups, so the atomic radius of Hf (72) decreases much due to lanthanide contraction* in Mg2+ is smaller than O2– in size, though both have same electronic configuration. Explain?
lanthanides. The difference in the nuclear charge in the elements of a group in first and second Solution:
transition series is +18 units while this difference in second and third transition series is +32 units Mg2+ and O2– both are isoelectronic i.e., have same number of electrons. But Zeff in Mg2+ is greater than
except Y(39) that in O2– ion.

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Ionisation potential/ionisation energy/ionisation enthalpy(IP/IE): (vi) Stability of half filled and fully filled orbitals:
(i) Minimum energy required to remove most loosely bonded outer most shell electron in ground state Half filled p3, d5, f7 or fully filled s2, p6, d10, f14 are more stable than others so it requires more
from an isolated gaseous atom is known as ionization energy. energy.
(ii) Successive Ionisation Energy IE1 N > O
(a) For an atom M(g) successive ionisation energies are as follows - 1s2, 2s2 2p3 1s2, 2s2 ,2p4
–
After losing one e , O attains electronic configuration of N, so IInd ionisation energy of O is more
M(g)   M+(g) + e–
E
1
E1 = Ist Ionisation energy
than N.
M+(g)   M+2(g) + e–
E
2
E2 = IInd Ionisation energy IE2 N < O
1s2, 2s2,2p2 1s2,2s2,2p3
M+2(g)   M+3(g) +e–
E
3
E3 = IIIrd ionisation energy
E1 < E2 < E3......... (Always for an element) Comparison of ionisation energy:
(b) Electron cannot be removed from solid state of an atom, it has to be convert into gaseous form. (i) In a period:
Energy required for conversion from solid state to gaseous state is called Sublimation energy. Zeff increases so removal of electron becomes difficult and ionisation energy increases.
(c) It is always an endothermic process (H = +ve) Order of IE of IInd period elements
(d) It is measured in eV/atom (electron volt/atom) or Kcal/mole or KJ/mole Li < B < Be < C < O < N < F < Ne
(ii) In a group:
NOTE: I.P, I.E, HIE are different definition wise. I.P is expressed in volts while I.E. in eV. Size increases so ionisation energy decreases.
Li Na K Rb Cs
Factors affecting ionisation energy:
In a period:
Exception:
(i) Atomic size: with increasing size ionisation potential decreases. Ionisation Energy Ga > Al (due to Transition contraction)
(ii) Effective nuclear charge (Zeff) Ionisation Energy of 5d > 4d (due to lanthanide contraction)
positive charge Ex. Hf > Zr
Ionisation Energy  Z eff 
negative charge

Ion with higher oxidation state will have more ionisation energy. Exception:
(a) In a period, the ionization energy of IIA group elements is more than the element of IIIA because the
Ex. Fe+3 > Fe+2 > Fe
penetration power of s-orbital is more. The value of ionization energy of Be (1s22s2) is more than B
(iii) Screening effect: Higher is the screening effect on the outermost electrons causes less attraction
(ls22s22p1) because the penetration power of 2s-electrons of Be is more than the 2p electron of B
from the nucleus and can be easily removed, which leads to the lower value of ionisation potential.
 In a group Atomic Size: (b) In a period, the ionization energy of VA group elements is more than the elements of VIA because
Note: the half-filled p3 configuration of VA elements is comparatively of higher stability. VIA group
1 elements (p4) have the tendency to acquire comparatively more stable (p3) configuration by the loss
Ionisation energy 
atomic size of one electron.
Ionization energy order
(iv) Principal quantum number(n): As n increases ionisation potential decreases.
2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1
(v) Penetration power of sub shells N( 1s 2s 2p x p y p z ) > O ( 1s 2s 2p x p y p z )
(a) Order of attraction of subshells towards nucleus (Penetration power) is s > p > d > f P > S; As > Se
(b) 's' subshell is more closer to nucleus, so more energy will be required to remove e – from s-subshell IE1 increasing order of Li Be B N O F Ne
as comparison to p, d & f-subshells. Order: Li < B < Be < O < N < F < Ne
Ex. Be B
1s2, 2s2 1s2, 2s2 2p1 (c) In group IIIA the ionization potential of Al(13) is nearly equal to the ionization potential of Ga(31)
IE1 Be > B due to transition contraction.
After loosing one electron, B attains electronic configuration of Be, so IInd ionisation energy of B is
more than Be. (d) In group IVA the values of I.P. of Tl(81) and Pb(82) of sixth period is more than that I.P. values of
IE2 Be < B 'In' (49) and Sn(50) of same groups in period fifth. This is because of the electrons are filled in
1s2, 2s1 1s2,2s2 4f-orbitals for Tl(81) and Pb(82) which do not completely shield the outer electrons. Thus, increase
in +32 units in nuclear charge results in the increase of ionization potential values.

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(e) On moving from second to third transition series the value of I.P. somewhat increases except IIIB * In Group:
group [Y(39)  La(57)]. This is because of 14 electrons are filled in 4f-orbitals of lanthanides Electron affinity of 3rd period element is greater than electron affinity of 2nd period elements of
which do not shield the 5d electrons effectively. Thus, the increase in +32 units in nuclear charge the respective group.
results in the increase of I.P., on moving from left to right this effect decreases and becomes F < Cl
negligible in the later part. [He] 2s22p5 [Ne] 3s23p5
Due to small size of fluorine, electron density around the nucleus increases. The incoming electron
Note: suffers more repulsion. In case of chlorine, electron density decreases due to large size.
(a) Helium (He) has the highest ionisation energy (IE) among all the elements and Cesium (Cs) has the
least (IE) value.
Note from NCERT:
(b) Ionisation potential of inert gases is very high due to most stable ns 2np6 electronic configuration. If energy is released when an electron is added to an atom, the electron affinity is taken as positive,
(1s2 in He) contrary to thermodynamic convention. If energy has to be supplied to add an electron to an atom, then
Element He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn the electron affinity of the atom is assigned a negative sign. However, electron affinity is defined at
IEII (eV) 24.5 21.6 15.8 14.0 12.1 10.7 absolute zero, and therefore, at any other temperature (T), it is given by the equation:
5
H eg   E.A.  RT
(c) For isoelectronic species I.P. increases with positive charge and decreases with negative charge, e.g. 2
Al+3 > Mg+2 > Na+ > F– > O–2 > N–3
Electronegativity (EN)
Electron affinity/electron gain enthalpy (EA/Heg) (i) The tendency of a covalently bonded atom to attract shared pair of electrons towards itself is called
(1) The amount of energy released when an electron is added to the valence shell of an isolated gaseous electronegativity.
atom known as Electron affinity. (ii) A polar covalent or ionic bond of A - B may be broken as
X(g) + e–  X–(g) + Electron Affinity (a) A – B  :A– + B+ (Electronegativity A > Electronegativity B)
(2) Generally, first electron addition in an isolated gaseous atom is an exothermic process
(b) A – B  A+ + :B– (Electronegativity A < Electronegativity B)
(except stable electronic configuration)
Depending on their tendency to attract bonded electron.
X(g) + e–  X–(g) + Electron Affinity
Heg (first electron gain enthalpy) = (–) negative
(3) Second electron addition in an isolated gaseous atom is always an endothermic process due to inter
Difference between electronegativity and Electron Affinity:
electronic repulsion. Electronegativity Electron Affinity
x–(g) + e–  x–2 (g)  Tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract  Energy released when an electron is added
Heg (second electron gain enthalpy) = (+) positive the bonded electrons to neutral isolated gaseous atom
 It is not an energetic term.  It is an energetic term.
 Successive Electron affinities: Electron affinity just defined is actually first electron affinity since it  It regularly increases in a period because it  It does not increase regularly in a period
corresponds to the addition of one electron only. In the process of adding further electron, the second does not depends on stable electronic because it depends on stable electronic
electron will be added to gaseous anion against the electrostatic repulsion between the electron being
configuration configuration.
added and the gaseous anion. Energy instead of being released is supplied for the addition of an electron
 It has no unit  It is measured in eV/atom or KJ/mol or K
to an anion. The sum of EA1 and EA2 is positive (energy required).
 It is a relative term cal mole–1
A(g) + e–  A–(g) + EA1
 It is an absolute term
A– (g) + e–  A2–(g) + EA2
EA1 is energy released (generally)   H EG1 = –Ve (generally)
Note:
EA2 is energy required (always)  H EG 2 = +Ve (always) Small atoms normally have more electronegativity than large atoms.
(iv) Factors Affecting electronegativity:
(EA1 + EA2) is energy required (always)   H EG1 +  H EG 2 > 0
(a) Charge on atom: The cation will be more electronegative than parent atom. As the positive charge
Note: on the cation increases electronegativity increases.
For isolated gaseous atom. Order of E.N.
(i) Except  H EG1 other electron gain enthalpies i.e.  H EG 2 ,  H EG 3 ........  H EG n are positive Ex. Fe+3 > Fe+2
(ii) H EG1  H EG 2 The anion will be less electronegative than atom. As the negative charge on the anion Increases
electronegativity decreases.
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Ex. O2– < O– < O  If ionisation potential and electron affinity are given in eV, then electronegativity by Mulliken on Pauling
scale will be
(b) Ionization energy and electron affinity: Higher the ionization energy and electron affinity of an Ionisation Potential  ElectronAffinity
Xp =
atom, greater will be the its electronegativity. 5.6
 If ionisation potential and electron affinity are given in K.cal/mole then
(c) Effect of Substitution: The electronegativity of an atom depends upon the nature of substituent Ionisation Potential  ElectronAffinity
attached to that atom. For example - Carbon atom in CF3I acquires greater positive charge than in Xp =
2×64.5
CF3I. Hence, C atom in CF3I is more electronegative than in CH3I.
Allred Rochow's Electronegativity:
The electronegativity of an element is the electrostatic force of attraction between the electron present on
(d) Hybridisation state: s-electrons are more penetrated (on attracted) than p-electron towards the the circumference of outermost shell of this atoms and the atomic nucleus. If the distance between the
nucleus. So, as the s-character in hybrid orbital increases, electronegativity increases. circumference of outermost shell & the nucleus is r and the effective nuclear charge Zeff then -

(e) Atomic size Z eff e 2 0.359Z eff

 AR   and Z eff  Z  
r2 r2
(f) Effective nuclear charge (Zeff) Z = The actual number of charge present in the nucleus i.e. number of protons and  = shielding constant.
Note:
(1) Zeff to be calculated for (x + l)th valence e–.
(2) XP = XAR + 0.744

Applications of electronegativity
(a) Bond strength: If the electronegativity difference of covalently bonded atoms (X) increases, the
bond energy of the covalent bond also increases.
For example, the order of the H - X bond strength is:
(v) Variation in Electronegativity: H – F > H –Cl > H – Br > H –I
(a) Electronegativity decreases down the group. As the bond strength decreases, the acidic strength increases.
(b) In period on moving from left to right electronegativity increases. Order of increasing acidic strength is:
(c) Electronegativity of Cs and Fr are equal, it is because from 55Cs to 87Fr only one shell increases but HF < HC1 < HBr < H –I
nuclear charge (No. of proton) increases by +32, so effect of nuclear charge balance the effect of
increase in number of shell. (b) Metallic and non metallic properties of elements:
Note: (i) The metallic character decreases as the electronegativity of the element increases.
(ii) On moving from left to right in a period, the electronegativity of the elements increases. So the
Electronegativity of F > Cl but Electron affinity of Cl > F
metallic character decreases.
(iii) On moving down a group, the electronegativity of the elements decreases, so the metallic character
(d) In IIIA group, value of electronegativity is irregular when going down the group, because of increases.
transition contraction
Note: (c) Schomaker and Stevenson law
Electronegativity of Ga > Electronegativity of Al If in a diatomic molecule electronegativities difference of A–B is more then actual bond length will
be reduced. As per Schomaker and Stevenson- The reduction in bond length depends on the
difference in electronegativities of atoms in following manner -
Other scales of electronegativity:
dA–B = rA + rB –0.09 (XA-XB)
Mulliken scale: According to Mulliken electronegativity is average value of ionisation potential and
(Here XA is E.N. of A & XB is E.N. of B)
electron affinity of an element,
lonisation Potential+Electron Affinity (iii) Nature of oxides:
Xm =
2  Along a period acidic nature increases.
 Down the group basic nature increases
Xm
Xp = Li Be B C N O F
2.8
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
Xp = Pauling's EN where (EN = electronegativity)
Xm = Mulliken's EN Basic Amphoteric Acidic

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When in periodic table the distance between the element and oxygen increases, basic character increases.
EXERCISE #1
eg. NO2 > ZnO > K2O
 PERIODIC TABLE
acidic character decreases
Note: 1. The element with Atomic number 112 belongs to?
BeO, Al2O3 ZnO, SnO, PbO, SnO2, PbO2, Sb2O3 etc. are amphoteric oxides. (A) 12th group, 6th period (B) 6th group, 7th period
CO, H2O, NO, N2O etc. are neutral oxides. (C) 12th group, 7th period (D) 6th group, 5th period
Acidic strength of oxide and oxyacid  electronegativity
2. Atomic number of the recently discovered element Nihonium (Nh) is?
B2O3 CO2 N2O5
(A) 118 (B) 114 (C) 113 (D) 104
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

3. Name of the recently discovered noble gas (atomic number 118) is?
Note from NCERT:
(A) Octauium (Ov) (B) Oganesson (Og)
Basic character oxides increases down the group and decreases in period from left to right. Where as
(C) Moscovium (Me) (D) Tennesine (Ts)
acidic character decreases down the group and from left to right it increases. With increase in oxidation
number acidic character increases and basic character decreases. The oxides formed by element on
4. Which of the following relation is CORRECT for Boron element
extreme left is most basic (eg: Na2O) where as on extreme right is the most acidic (eg. C12O) oxides of
Here, P = Period number of Boron
elements in the centre are amphoteric (eg. A12O3, As2O3) or neutral (eg. CO, NO, N2O).
N = Number of valence electrons in Boron
Increasing Acidic order - A12 O3 < Si O2 < P2O5 < SO3 < C12O7. (left to right)
(A) (P + l) > N (B) (P + l) < N (C) (P + l) = N (D) P = N
Oxide of Al, Ga, Zn, Sn, As (III), Sb (III), Cr (III), Mn (IV), Pb, Be are amphoteric.
MnO < Mn2O3 < MnO2 < MnO3 < Mn2O7
5. Unniltrium belongs to which block and group of the periodic table?
(Basic Basic) (Amphoteric) (Acidic Most acidic)
(A) d-block, group-10 (B) f-block, group-3
Non-metal form acidic oxide and metal form basic oxides.
(C) p-block, group-13 (D) d-block, group-11
Neutral oxide: Oxides having no acidic or basic properties, e.g.: CO, N2O, NO, H2O.
Metal oxides in their higher oxidation state like CrO3, Mn2O7 are acidic.
6. In the Lother Meyer curve, which of the following option is incorrect:
Amphoteric oxides: Oxides which have both acidic and basic nature, e.g.: A12O3, As2O3, ZnO, V2 O5 etc.
(A) Alkali metals occupied peak position at curve.
(B) Halogens occupied ascending position at curve.
(e) Nature of bonds:
(C) Alkaline earth elements occupy descending position at curve.
 According to Hanny & Smith formula
(D) Alkali metals are in the lower curve of graph.
% ionic charactcr = 16 (XA – XB) + 3.5 (XA – XB)2
Here XA = Electronegativity of A 7. Total number of elements which should be theoretically present in 8th period of the modern long form of
XB = Electronegativity of B periodic table, is:
If XA – XB > 2.1 = Ionic % > 50% i.e. Ionic bond (A) 32 (B) 40 (C) 50 (D) 48
If XA – XB < 2.1 = Ionic % < 50% i.e. covalent bond
 According to Gallis 8. The period number in the long form of the periodic table is equal to:
XA – XB > 1.7 Ionic (A) magnetic quantum number of any element of the period.
XA – XB < 1.7 Covalent (B) atomic number of any element of the period.
If XA = XB; then A – B will be non-polar. (C) maximum Principal quantum number of any element of the period.
Ex. H—H, F—F (D) maximum Azimuthal quantum number of any element of the period.
If XA > XB and difference of electronegativities is small then
A– –––– B+ bond will be polar covalent 9. Observe the following statements:
Ex. H2O (H+ ––––––– O – ––––– H+) (I) Mendelev predicted about Sc and Mn before these elements were discovered.
If XA >> XB and XA – XB difference of electronegativities is high then (II) Lother meyer mainly concentrated on the physical properties & mendeleev concentrated on physical
A– + B+ bond will be polar or ionic & chemical properties both.
(III) Both Lother Meyer and mendelev's periodic table were based on atomic mass.
(IV) Metalloids were placed at the bottom in Lother Meyer's curve.
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Select the correct code: 21. The correct order of first IE is:
(A) I & II (B) II, III & IV (C) I only (D) II & IV (A) He > O > F > N (B) N > F > O > He (C) He > F > N > O (D) F > O > N > He

Atomic & ionic radii: 22. Which of the following statement is incorrect?
10. Which of the following ion has smallest size? (A) The second ionization energy of sulphur is greater than that of chlorine
(A) Be+2 (B) Ba+2 (C) O–2 (D) Cl– (B) The second ionization energy of silicon is greater than that of aluminium
(C) The first ionization energy of aluminium is lower than galium
(D) The second ionization energy of boron is greater than that of carbon
11. The correct order of atomic radii is:
(A) F > Cl > O > S (B) Li < Na < K< Rb (C) Be < B < N < C (D) Both (A) and (B)
23. Which of the following is the correct order of ionisation enthalpy?
(A) Te2– < I– < Cs+ < Ba2+ (B) I– < Te2– < Cs+ < Ba2+
12. When the following four anions are arranged in order of decreasing ionic radius, the correct sequence is:
(C) Te2– < Cs+ < I– < Ba2+ (D) Ba2+ < Cs+ < I– < Te2–
(A) C1–, F–, I–, Br– (B) Cl–, Br–, I–, F– (C) F–, I–, Br–, Cl– (D) I–, Br–, Cl–, F–
24. Which of the following statement is correct regarding following process?
13. Choose incorrect option regarding atomic size. E.A. I.E. I.E. I.E.
(i) Cl   Cl– (ii) Cl–  Cl (iii) Cl  Cl+ (iv) Cl+  Cl2+
(A) Zr Hf (B) Fe Co Ni (C) Y La (D) All of these
(A) |I.E. of process (ii)| = | E.A. of process (i)|
(B) |I.E. of process (iii)| = |I.E. of process (ii)|
14. Choose the incorrect option (C) |I.E. of process (iv)| = |E.A. of process (i)|
(A) Na+ > Li+ > Mg+2 > Be+2 (ionic radius) (B) F– < Cl– < Br– < I (ionic radius) (D) |I.E. of process (iv)| = |I.E. of process (iii)|
(C) Sn4+ > In+ > Sn > In (Zeff) (D) Na+ > F– > O2– (atomic radius)
Electron affinity or electron gain enthalpy:
15. If the ionic radii of K+ and F– are nearly the same (i.e., 1.34 Å), then the atomic radii of K and F 25. Which of the following represent the correct order of electron affinity:
respectively are: (1) Cl > Br > F > I (2) Cl > S > O > P (3) F > O > C > N (4) Cl > P > S > Si
(A) 1.34 Å, 1.34 Å (B) 0.72 Å, 1.96 Å (C) 1.96 Å, 0.72 Å (D) 1.96 Å, 1.34 Å (A) 1, 3, 4 (B) 2, 3, 4 (C) 2, 4 (D) 2, 3

Ionisation energy or potential: 26. Arrange N, O and S in order of increasing electron affinity:
16. The third ionization energy is least for (A) S < O < N (B) N < S < O (C) N < O < S (D) O < N < S
(A) Nitrogen (B) Phosphorus (C) Aluminum (D) Boron
27. Which of the following element has lowest value ofHeg :
17. Ionisation energy is highest for: (A) O (B) S (C) Se (D) Te
(A) F– (B) C1– (C) Be– (D) S–
28. Electron addition would be easier in:
(A) O (B) O+ (C) O– (D) O+2
18. From the given information of element M
M M+3 + 3e– H = xkJ/mole
29. Which of the following statement is correct?
IE1 (M) = ykJ/mole (A) Electron gain enthalpy must be positive for all elements.
+2
IE1 (M ) = zkJ/mole (B) Second electron gain enthalpy always remains negative for all the elements.
The value of IE2 (M) will be: (C) egH(K+) = –IE (Ar)
(A) (x + y + z) kJ/mole (B) (x – y – z) kJ/mole (D) None of these
(C) (x – y + z) kJ/mole (D) z – (x + y) kJ /mole
30. The increasing order of electron affinity is:
19. Which of the following species has lowest value of Ionization energy: (A) N < O < Cl < Al (B) O < N < Al < Cl (C) Al < P < Si < Cl (D) Cl < N < O < Al
(A) F (B) Cl (C) F– (D) Cl –
31. The least stable anion is:
(A) Li– (B) Be– (C) B– (D) C–
20. Which of the following relation is correct with respect to first (I) and second (II) ionization enthalpies of
potassium and calcium? 32. The order of electron gain enthalpy (magnitude) of O, S, Se and Te is:
(A) ICa > IIK (B) IK > ICa (C) IICa > IIK (D) IIK > IICa (A) O > S > Se > Te (B) S > Se > Te > O (C) Se > S > Te > O (D) S > O > Se > Te

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NSEC 11th 2025 NSEC 11th 2025

33. The element which have highest magnitude of I.E. and electron gain enthalpy both amongst the 45. Select the CORRECT statement?
following: (Consider only one electronic change) (A) Effective nuclear charge for nitrogen is 3.9 (B) Be+2 & Al+3 have same size.
(A) Br (B) O (C) F (D) I (C) Order of Acidic nature HF > HI (D) Order of Electronegativity sp3 > sp2 > sp

34. Which of following is most unstable species: 46. Which of the following order is INCORRECT?
(A) Li– (B) N– (C) C– (D) O– (A) Mg2+ < Ca+2 < K+ < Cl– (Ionic Radius) (B) C+4 < Si+4 < Ge+4 < Sn+4 (Stability)
(C) HNO2 < HNO3 (Acidic order) (D) All are correct
35. Addition of an electron will be endothermic process for:
(A) Sr (B) Be (C) N (D) All of these 47. Observe the following processes?
1
Electronegativity: (i) Al(g)  Al(g) ...................E1
36. Which of the following is most electronegative element among the following? 1
(ii) Al(g) 2
 Al(g) ...................E2
(A) H (B) Hg (C) Cr (D) Li
2 3
(iii) Al(g)  Al(g) ...................E3
37. According to theory of electronegativity, most suitable name for OF2 molecule will be: where, E1, E2 & E3 are energies associated with the process (i) (ii) & (iii) respectively, then the correct
(A) Oxygen fluoride (B) Difluorine oxide (C) Oxygen difluoride (D) Both (B) and (C) statement regarding these process will be?
(A) stability of oxidation state of A1 will be in order A1+1 < Al+2 < Al+3
38. Which of the following is correct order of electronegativity: (B) E3 is equal to the algebric sum of E1 & E2.
(A) Cs > Rb > Na (B) Li < B < Be (C) C < N < O (D) Cl > F > Br (C) Increasing order of energy will be E1 < E2 > E3
(D) All are Incorrect
39. Correct electronegativity value of Silicon using Allred-Rochow's scale is:
[where radius of silicon is 1.175 Å]
48. Which of the following order is correct for the property given below?
(A) 1.82 (B) 2.20 (C) 1.50 (D) 2.00  2 3
(A) Li (aq ) < Be (aq ) < Al (aq ) [Mobility in aqueous solution]
Miscellaneous:
41. Which of the following option is correct? [State T for True and F for False] (B) Br– > Se–2 > Cl– > S–2 [Ionic Radius]
(I) On moving from left to right in a period Zeff value is increase (C) T1 > Ga > A1 > In [Ionisation energy]
(II) In s, p, d, f orbitals the order of screening effect is s > p > d > f in a given shell (D) N > S > P > O [Heg (e“ gain enthalpy)]
(III) In any period from left to right effective nuclear charge increases so electronegativity is also
increase 49. Which of the following order is/are CORRECT?
(IV) When a increases Zeff, radius increases (A) Li+ < Na+ < K+ : Hydrated radius
(A) TTTF (B) FFFT (C) FFTT (D) TTFF (B) Na+ < Mg+2 < Al+3 : Ionic radius
(C) F < Cl > Br : Electron affinity
42. Which of the following property decreases down the group? (D) Cl–OH < Br–OH < I–OH : Acidic character
(A) Acidic nature of H – X (X = halogen) (B) Basic nature of IIA oxides.
(C) Acidic nature of H – O –X (X = halogen) (D) Boiling point of H – X (X = Cl, Br, I) 50. Select the correct option:
(A) Order of Ionisation energy: Ag > Au < Cu
43. In which process energy is released: (B) Order of eletronegativity: Li < Na = K
(1) Mg+2(g) + O–2(g)  MgO(s) (2) Mg(s)  Mg(g) (C) Order of Acidic strength: N2O5 > CO2 > As2O5
(3) O(g)  O–2(g) (4) O(g)  O–(g) (D) All are correct
(5) O2(g)  2O(g)
(A) 1, 3, 4 (B) 2, 4, 5 (C) 2, 3, 4 (D) 1, 4 51. Which of the following is affected by the stable electronic configuration of an atom?
(i) Electronegativity (ii) Ionisation enthalpy
44. Which of the following property do not show same trend on moving down the group for both Alkali (iii) Electron gain enthalpy
metals & halogens.
Correct answer is:
(A) Electropositive character.
(A) only electronegativity
(B) Reactivity
(B) only ionisation enthalpy
(C) Electronegativity
(C) both electron gain enthalpy and ionisation enthalpy
(D) Acidic or basic nature of hydroxides.
(D) all of the above
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 NSEC 11th 2025 NSEC 11th 2025

52. Which of the following statement is incorrect? Hydration/latice energy:

(A) Metallic radius of sodium is higher than the covalent radius 62. Order of energy released during hydration of K+, Rb+ and Cs+ is?
(B) Atomic and ionic radii of Niobium and Tantalum are almost same (A) K+ < Rb+ < Cs+ (B) Rb+ < K+ < Cs+ (C) Cs+ > Rb+ > K+ (D) K+ > Rb+ > Cs+
(C) Ionisation energy is proportional to screening effect
(D) The first ionisation energy of 'F' is greater than 'N' 63. Which of the following has highest lattice energy?
(A) LiCl (B) LiF (C) BeO (D) Be3N2
53. Choose the incorrect option
(A) N > O (Ionisation energy)
64. Hydration energy will be maximum for which of the following ion?
(B) Au > Cu (Ionisation energy)
(C) F > Cl > Br (Electronegativity value) (A) Be+2 (B) Li+ (C) I– (D) Mg+2
(D) O > S > Se > Te (Electron affinity)
65. Which of the following compound has highest lattice energy?
54. Choose the correct statement: (A) LiF (B) AlN (C) Na2O2 (D) Al2O3
(A) In general more the ionisation energy more will be electronegativity
(B) Electronegativity increases means metallic character increases 66. Maximum hydrated radius from the ions given below will be?
(C) In general lower will be the ionisation energy, lower will be reducing property (A) Mg+2 (B) Al+3 (C) S–2 (D) F–
(D) Electron affinity order is Se > S < Cl
67. Correct electrical conductivity order in aquoes solution will be:
55. Select the correct order:     2 2 2 2
(A) K+ > Rb+ > Cs+ : order of size (A) F(aq ) > Cl (aq ) > Br(aq ) > I (aq ) (B) Be (aq ) < Mg (aq ) < Ca (aq ) < Sr(aq )

(B) Mg >Al > Si : Order of I.E. 

(C) Li (aq   
) > Na (aq ) > K (aq ) > Rb (aq ) (D) All are correct
(C) K+ < Ca+2 < Sc+3 : order of ionic mobility
(D) S > Se > Te : order of Heg.
Born haber’s cycle:
Nature of oxides: 68. In the given cycle, if P and Q are the magnitude of hydration energies (H.E.) per mole for A +3 (g) and
56. Correct order of decreasing acidic strength is:  3 
B–2 (g) ions respectively than the value of  P  Q  will be:
(1) HCIO > HBrO > HIO (2) HF > HC1 > HBr > HI  2 
(3) CO2 > NO2 > SO2 > SiO2 (4) C12O7 > SO3 > P4O10 (Consider only magnitude of H.E.) = (L.E. = Lattice energy of Ionic compound)
(A) 1, 3, 4 (B) 2, 4 (C) 2, 3 (D) l, 4

57. Which of the following represent the correct order of basic strength?
(A) Li2O < Na2O < K2O < Rb2O (B) BeO < MgO < CaO < SrO
(C) K2O > CaO > Ga2O3 (D) All are correct

58. Which of the following oxide will give the amphoteric

(A) N2O (B) CO (C) As2O3 (D) BaO
 H sol  L.E . 3
(A) (B) (  H sol  I.E .) (C) H sol  L.E. (D) H sol  L.E.
59. Choose the correct order for acidic strength: 2 2
(A) Na2O < MgO (B) NO < N2O (C) SiO2 > P2O5 (D) HClO2 > HClO3

60. The weakest base among NaOH, Ca(OH)2, KOH and Be(OH)2 is:
(A) NaOH (B) Ca(OH)2 (C) KOH (D) Be(OH)2

61. Identify the correct order of acidic strength of CO2 CuO, CaO :
(A) CaO < CuO < CO2 (B) CuO < CaO < CO2
(C) CaO > CuO > CO2 (D) CO2 < CaO < CuO

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NSEC 11th 2025 NSEC 11th 2025

11. Find the total number of correct orders among the following
EXERCISE #2
(1) Order of electron affinity : S > O–
(2) Order of ionic radius : Al+3 < Mg+2 < O2–
Integer Answer Type (0 to 9):
1. The element with the lowest atomic number that has a ground state electronic configuration of (n–l)d5 ns2 (3) Order of Electronegativity : Si < P < C < N

is located in_________ period. (4) Order of atomic radius : O < C < S < Se
(5) Order of second ionization energy : C<N<F<O
2. Period number of Sc = x (6) Order of ionic radii : S2– < Cl– < K+ < Ca2+

Modern periodic table group number of T = y (according to 1 to 18 convention)

12. How many of the following reactions proceed with the absorption of energy
Find the value of y–x
Cl (g)  Cl– (g) O–2 (g)O– (g) N(g)N–(g) Mg (g)Mg+2(g)
Cl– (g)  Cl–2 (g) Be(g)Be– (g)
3. Among the following total no. of species which have lower ionisation energy than carbon is:
(Li, Be, B, N, F, Ne, C– C+2)
13. In the given molecules total number of oxide & hydroxide which is amphoteric in nature is:

4. Element ‘X' has maximum electron affinity in periodic table then find the number of elements which Pb(OH)2, V2O5, As2O3 , N2O, Al2O3 , Cr2O3, Be(OH)2, ZnO, Si(OH)4, P4O10, Cl2O7 BiOH, CO
have low first ionisation energy as compared to element 'X'?
F, Na, S, Si, P, Ar 14. Total no. of cations among the following which have higher electrical conductance (in aqueous solution)
than Al+3 is:
  2 2 2   2
5. Total number of elements which have more ionization energy as compare to their next higher atomic (Li aq , Na aq , Be aq , Mg aq , Ca aq , K aq , Cs aq , Ba aq )
number elements.
Li, Be, C, N, O, F, Ne
15. Determine the lattice energy released due to formation of MgS lattice in kcal/mol in nearest possible
integers from the following data.
6. How many pairs are, in which first species has lower ionisation energy than second species:
–
 Hf (MgS) = –82.2 kcal/mol.
(i) N and O (ii) Br and K (iii) Be and B (iv) I and I
 sub (Mg) = 36.5 kcal/mol.
(v) Li and Li+ (vi) O and S (vii) Ba and Sr
for Mg, IEI + IEII = 520.6 kcal/mol.

7. According to Haney-Smith formula, if E.N. difference between A & B is 2.1, then A-B molecule is for S atom H = 1065.6 kcal/mol.

x For S, eg H1 + eg H = –72.5 kcal/mol.

expected to have x% ionic character, find value.
10
16. Calculate the lattice enthalpy of magnesium bromide from the, data shown in the Table.
8. How many of the following elements are more electronegative than Boron. Processes H (kJ/mol)
H, Li, Be, C, N, O, F Sublimation of Mg (s) + 148
Iionization of mg (g) to Mg+2 (g) + 2187

9. A (g)  A(g); H = –2eV + 31
Vaporization of Br2 ()

2A(g)  A (g) ; H = x + 193
Dissociation of Br2 (g)
– 331
Find the value of x. Electron gain by Br (g)
– 524
Formation of Mg Br2 (g)
10. How many of the following energy terms are involved in the transformation of

Na(s)  Na (aq ) [Write your answer as sum of digits till you get the single digit answer]

IE, Hsub, Hdiss, HHE, HLE

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 NSEC 11th 2025 NSEC 11th 2025

17. Consider the following Born-Haber’s cycle for formation of MX3 (s)
EXERCISE #3
PERIODIC TABLE
1. Which of the following element(s) is/are representative element?
(A) Cf (B) Cs (C) Zn (D) Te

2. Which of the following pair of elements shows diagonal relationship:

(A) Li, Mg (B) B, Al (C) B, Si (D) Be, Al

q1 3. Which of the following is/are bridging elements:

Then calculate value , here q1 is electron affinity of X (g) in kJ/mol.
50 (A) P (B) Ar (C) Al (D) Cl

4. Consider the following representation based on long form of periodic table.

 x
18. Sum of the oxidation number of oxygen in peroxides, superoxides and ozonides is    Calculate the
 y
value of (x + y)?
[Write your answer as sum of digits till you get the single digit answer]

19. Total number of element(s) which have only single oxidation state (other than zero) in their Here, P, Q, R and S are up, right, down and left elements with respect to the central element ‘X’
corresponding stable compounds:
respectively. According to above representation the correct match is/are:
Cs, Ba, F, Zn, Be, Al, Sr, Pb
X P Q R S
(A) Ge Si As Sn Ga
(B) Te Se I Po Sb
(C) Sb As Te Bi Sn
(D) In Ga Sn Tl Cd

Atomic & ionic radii:

5. In which of the following pairs, the first atom is larger than the second?
(A) Br, Cl (B) Na, Mg (C) Sr, Ca (D) N, P

Ionisation energy or potential:

6. Find the correct order of 2nd ionisation energy?
(A) Al > Mg (B) Cr > Cr+ (C) P > S (D) S > Cl

7. The sum of IE1 and IE2, IE3 and IE4 for element P and Q are given below:
IE1 + IE2 IE3 + IE4
(P) 2.45 8.82
(Q) 2.85 6.11
Then according to the given information the correct statement(s) is/are:
2+ 2+
(A) p is more stable than Q
(B) p2+ is less stable than Q2+
(C) p4+ is more stable than Q4+
(D) p4+ is less stable than Q4+

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NSEC 11th 2025 NSEC 11th 2025

Electron affinity or electron gain enthalpy: 17. Which of the following order is CORRECT for the property indicated against it
8. Electron affinity of the elements or ions shown correctly? (A) O < S > Cl > Br (Atomic size) (B) S < N < O < F (Electronegativity)
(A) S > O– (B) P > N– (C) O– > S– (D) N– > P
(C) Pb < Sn < Si < C (I.E1) (D) O < S < Cl (EA1)

Electronegativity:
9. Select the endothermic step(s): 18. Which of the following statement(s) are correct?
(A) S–(g) + e–  S2–(g) (B) Ne(g) + e–  Ne–(g) (A) The electron affinity of Si is greater than that of C.
(C) N(g) + e–  N–(g) (D) AI2+(g)  AI3+(g) + e– (B) BeO is amphoteric while B2O3 is acidic.

(C) The ionization energy of T is less than that of A.

Miscellaneous:
10. Which of the following statement is/are CORRECT? (D) The ionization energy of elements of Group-11 (Cu-group) is less than that of the respective element
(A) Elements Ce to Lu are called lanthanides
of Group-12 (Zn-group).
(B) P < Si < Be < Mg < Na in the increasing order of metallic character
(C) Mg has the largest size and Al3+ has smallest size among Mg, Mg+2, Al, Al+3 19. Select equations having endothermic step:
(D) Among P, S, Cl, F phosphorus has least negative electron gain enthalpy
(A) S–(g)  S2– (g) (B) Na+ (g) + Cl– (g)  NaCl(s)

11. The statement that is/are CORRECT for the periodic classification of elements is: (C) N(g)  N–(g) (D) Al2+(g)  Al+3(g)
(A) The 2nd ionisation energies of electrons along a period vary regularly with increases in atomic
number always
20. In which of the following statements is the correct order with respect to the given property?
(B) The properties of elements are periodic function of their atomic number
(A) Fe3+ (aq) > Fe2+ (aq): Ionic mobility order.
(C) Non-metallic elements are lesser in number than metallic elements
(D) Electron affinity of elements decreases regularly in a group in p-block elements (B) Br– (aq) < Cl– (aq) < F– (aq): Hydrated radius order.
(C) SbH3 > AsH3 > PH3: M – H bond polarity order.
12. Choose the incorrect statement option from given below: (D) Br > C > H > B: Electronegativity order.
   
(A) Li (aq) > Na (aq) (Hydrated size) (B) Li (aq) < Na (aq) (Ionic mobility)
+2 +3
(C) Be < Al (Ionic potential) (D) KF > KC1 (lattice energy) Nature of oxides:

2– + + +2
21. If electronegativity of P, Q, R, S elements are respectively 0.8,1.2,1.0 and 2.5 then choose the hydroxides
13. Consider the order O < F < Na < Mg . Then correct statement(s) is/are:
which are basic in nature:
(A) Increasing order of Zeff (B) Increasing order of size
(C) Increasing order of I.E. (D) Increasing order of E.A. (A) POH (B) QOH (C) ROH (D) SOH

14. Select the correct order of periodic properties of species 22. In which of the following arrangements, the order is according to the property indicated against it?
(A) Fe2+ < Fe3+ : Ionic radii (B) N < O : Second ionisation energy
(A) Acidic strength SbH3 < AsH3 < PH3 < NH3
(C) Cu < Zn: atomic radius (D) In < T: First ionisation energy
(B) IE1 N > O > B > C
15. Which of the following process is endothennic? (C) Basic strength LiOH < NaOH < KOH < RbOH < CsOH
 2 
(A) N (g )  N(g) (B) Mg (g )  Mg (g ) (D) Acid strength HI > HBr > HC1 > HF
2
(C) P(g )  P(g) (D) Cl(g)  Cl (g )

23. Which of the following oxides is/ are amphoteric?

16. Which of the following order is correct for the property mentioned in brackets? (A) Na2O (B) CaO (C) A12O3 (D) SnO
(A) S 2– > Cl– > K+ > Ca2+ (Ionisation energy)
(B) C < N < F < O (2nd ionisation energy)
24. Which of the following order of acidic strength is /are true?
(C) B > T > Ga > A > In (Ionization energy)
(A) SO2 < SO3 (B) P4O6 < P4O10 (C) HOCl < HOI (D) Na2O < MgO
(D) Na+ > Li+ > Mg+2 > Be2+ > Al+3 (Ionic radius)
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 NSEC 11th 2025 NSEC 11th 2025

Paragraph for Question 25 to 26: 29. Select the incorrect statement?

Ionisation energies of unknown elements are given below: (A) P is more likely to form covalent bond with H.
Element IE (in kcal/mol) (B) According to Pauling, oxygen is the second most electronegative element in periodic table
I II III (C) Electronegativity is independent to the electronic configuration
(D) All the statements given above are incorrect
M 209 548 919
N 100 735 1101
30. Bond formed between given elements will be least covalent in:
O 119 1092 1653
(A) Li & Cl (B) Cs & Cl (C) Be & I (D) F&I
P 1500 2017 2320
Paragraph for question no. 31 to 33:
25. Which pair of elements represent same group? The electron affinity is an inherent property of the atom and it depends upon several factors.
(A) M, N (B) N, O (C) O, P (D) M, P
31. The correct electron affinity order is:
26. Which amongst them is expected to be a noble gas? (A) F > Cl (B) Cl > F (C) S < P (D) N > O
(A) M (B) N (C) O (D) P
32. Which of the following is an incorrect statement?
(A) The first ionization energy of A– is equal to the electron affinity of A.
Paragraph for question no. 27 to 28:
(B) The second electron affinity is always greater than the first electron affinity for an element.
The minimum energy required to break a  bond completely is called its bond energy. If the bonding
(C) The process O  O2– is endothennic
partners are not identical then bond energy is also dependent on the square of the difference in the
(D) The process Li  Li+ is endothennic
electronegativity of the two partners and increases linearly with this squared. The proportionality constant
is 23.06 K.Cal/mole this contribution towards bond energy is called ionic resonating energy. Other
33. Which of the following reactions would not proceed in the forward direction spontaneously?
contribution is due to covalent exchange of electron between the bonding partners and equal to the
(A) Xe + He+ Xe+ + He (B) Si + Cl+  Si+ + Cl
geometric mean of the two bonds energies for homonuclear molecules.
(C) F– +1  F +I– (D) Be– + B  B– + Be

27. If the bond energy of HCl bond is 136 K.Cal/mole & H-H is 104 K.Cal/mole and F-F is 38 K.Cal/mole Paragraph for Question No. 34 to 35:
and electronegativity of H is 2.1, electronegativity of F should be: Consider the following elements with their electronegativity value.
(A) 2.0 (B) 4.0 (C) 3.0 (D) 2.5 Elements A B C D
Electronegativity (Pauling scale) 3.77 1.12 2.25 3.10
28. If the bond energy of HC is 103 K.Cal/mole and electronegativity of Cl is 3.0 while that for H is 2.1
34. Incorrect statements is:
what is the contribution of ionic resonating term towards HC1 bond energy is:
(A) AOH is more acidic than DOH
(A) 18% (B) 100% (C) 50% (D) 25%
(B) BOH is more basic than COH
(C) 'AB' molecule is predominantly ionic
Paragraph for question nos. 29 to 30: (D) 'D–OH' bond is more weaker than 'B – OH' bond in polar solvent
In 1931, Pauling defined electronegativity of an atom as the tendency of the atom to attract shared
electron (bond pair) towards itself when combined in compound. It is a unit less & dimensionsless 35. Select correct statement:
quantity. If two atoms have similar electronegativities, the bond between them is largely covalent. But (A) Oxide of element D is more acidic than that of A
when difference between the electronegativity is large, the bond has high degree of polar character. (B) Oxide of elements C and D are basic in nature
Pauling’s approach for obtaining values of electronegativity is explained as pauling scale and given as: (C) Oxide of element B is acidic in nature
X A – X B  0.208  A  B (when energies are expressed in kcal mol–1) (D) BOH is more basic than H2O

Where, XA = E.N. of A
Paragraph for Question 36 to 37:
XB = E.N. of B Born Haber cycle is used to calculate enthalpy of formation of ionic compounds. This is based on Hess's
AB = Resonance energy of bond law which states that enthalpy of reaction does not depend upon the path followed by the reaction.

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37 37 38 38

NSEC 11th 2025 NSEC 11th 2025

Energy of some systems are given below (hypothetical data): 42. Column-I Column-II
(Configuration) (Ionisation energy in kJ/mol)
(A) ns2 (P) 2100
(B) ns2 np1 (Q) 1400
(C) ns2 np3 (R) 800
(D) ns2 np6 (S) 900

43. Column-I Column-II

(A) Na+ > K+ > Rb+ (P) Ionic mobility in aqueous solvent
36. The enthalpy of formation (in kJ/mole) of MgCl2(s) is: (B) B < C < O < N (Q) Electronegativity of respective
(A) 510 (B) 320 (C) 180 (D) 240 (C) Mg2+ < Li+ < K+ Cs+ (R) Hydration energy
(D) S > Se > O (S) 1st Electron affinity
37. Electron affinity (in kJ / mole) of chlorine is: (T) 1st Ionisation energy
(A) 170 (B) 115 (C) 230 (D) 105
44. Column-I Column-II
Paragraph for Question 38 to 39: (A) Li+ Na+ K+ Rb+ (P) Have decreasing order of released hydration energy
Electron affinity and electronegativity are very closely related, yet they are very different. (B) F– Cl– Br– I– (Q) Have decreasing order of hydrated radius
(C) Li+ Be+2 (R) Have decreasing order of electrical conductivity in aqueous solution
38. Identify the only INCORRECT statement (D) Na+ Mg+2 Al+3 (S) Have decreasing order of released lattice energy while forming lattice
(A) Be has almost zero electron affinity with common anion
(B) Between F and Cl, formation of Cl– is more exothermic than formation of F– (T) Have decreasing order of their gaseous ionic radius
(C) IE1 of Cl– = electron affinity of Cl
(D) Electronegativity depends only on electron affinity 45. Column-I Column-II
(A) Increasing order of I.E. (P) F < O < S < Se
39. Which of the following processes is exothermic? (B) Increasing order of electronegativity (Q) O < N < F < Ne
(A) O O– (B) O– O2– (C) S– S2– (D) Mg+ Mg+2 (C) Increasing order of atomic size (R) Na < Mg < Al < Si
(D) Increasing order of valence shell electron (S) O–2 < O– < O < O+
40. List–I List – II
(P) (n + 2)s2 nf14 (n + 1)d10 (n + 2)p6 (where n > 4) (1) s-block
(Q) (n +1)s2 nd0 ns2 np6 (2) p-block
(R) (n + 1)s2 (n – 1)f14 ndl (n + 1)p0 (3) d-block
(S) (n + 2)s2 (n + 1)d10 (n + 2)p0 (4) f-block
Codes:
P Q R S
(A) 1 2 4 3
(B) 1 4 2 3
(C) 2 1 4 3
(D) 4 2 3 1

41. Column-I Column-II

(A) 52 (P) p-block
(B) 30 (Q) Transition elements
(C) 57 (R) d-block element
(D) 91 (S) Representative element
(T) Inner transition element

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39 39 40 40
 NSEC 11th 2025 NSEC 11th 2025

9. The set representing the correct order of ionic radius is: [AIEEE-2009]
JEE MAINS PYQ
(A) Li+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > Be2+ (B) Mg2+ > Be2+ > Li+ > Na+
1. According to the Periodic law of elements, the variation in properties of elements is related to their: (C) Li+ > Be2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ (D) Na+ > Li+ > Mg2+ > Be2+
[AIEEE-2003]
(A) Nuclear masses (B) Atomic numbers 10. The correct order of electron gain enthalpy with negative sign of F. Cl, Br and I, having atomic number 9,
(C) Nuclear neutron-proton number ratio (D) Atomic masses 17, 35 and 53 respectively, is: [AIEEE-2011]
(A) I > Br > Cl > F (B) F > Cl > Br > I (C) Cl > F > Br > I (D) Br > Cl > I > F
2. The atomic numbers of vanadium, (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) are respectively
23,24,25 and 26. Which one of these may be expected to have the highest second ionization enthalpy? 11. The increasing order of the ionic radii of the given isoelectronic species is: [AIEEE-2012]
[AIEEE-2003]
(A) K+, S2–, Ca2+, Cl– (B) Cl–, Ca2+ K+, S2– (C) S2–, Cl–, Ca2+, K+ (D) Ca2+, K+, Cl–, S2–
(A) Cr (B) Mn (C) Fe (D) V

12. In which of the following arrangements, the sequence is not strictly according to the property written
3. Among Al2O3, SiO2, P2O5 and SO3, the correct order of acid strength is: [AIEEE-2004]
against it? [JEE-MAIN 2012](On-Line)
(A) Al2O3 < SiO2 < SO3 < P2O5 (B) SiO2 < SO3 < Al2O3 < P2O5
(A) CO2 < SiO2 < SnO2 < PbO2 : increasing oxidising power
(C) SO3 < P2O5 < SiO2 < Al2O3 (D) Al2O3 < SiO2 < P2O5 < SO3
(B) B < C < O < N : increasing first ionisation enthalpy
4. The formation of the oxide ion O2–(g) requires first an exothermic and then an endothennic step as shown (C) NH3 < PH3 < AsH3 < SbH3 : increasing basic strength
below [AIEEE-2004] (D) HF < HC1 < HBr < HI : increasing acid strength
O(g) + e– = O–(g), Hº = – 142 kJ mol–1
O (g) + e = O (g), Hº = 844 kJ mol
– – 2– -1 13. Which of the following represents the correct order of increasing first ionization enthalpy for Ca, Ba, S,
This is because: Se and Ar? [JEE-MAIN-2013]
(A) O–ion will tend to resist the addition of another electron (A) Ca < S < Ba < Se < Ar (B) S < Se < Ca < Ba < Ar
(B) Oxygen has high electron affinity (C) Ba < Ca < Se < S < Ar (D) Ca < Ba < S < Se < Ar
(C) Oxygen is more electronegative
(D) O–ion has comparatively larger size than oxygen atom 14. The first ionisation potential of Na is 5.1 eV. The value of electron gain enthalpy of Na+ will be:
[JEE-M AIN-2013]
5. In which of the following arrangements, the order is NOT according to the property indicated below? (A) – 2.55 eV (B) – 5.1 eV (C) – 10.2 eV (D) + 2.55 eV
[AIEEE-2005]
(A) Al3+ < Mg2+ < Na+ < F– - increasing ionic size
15. Electron gain enthalpy with negative sign of fluorine is less than that of chlorine due to:
(B) B < C < N < O - increasing first ionization enthalpy
[JEE-MAIN 2013 (On-Line)]
(C) I < Br < F < Cl - increasing electron gain enthalpy (with negative sign)
(A) Smaller size of chlorine atom (B) Bigger size of 2p orbital of fluorine
(D) Li < Na < K < Rb - increasing metallic radius
(C) High ionization enthalpy of fluorine (D) Smaller size of fluorine atom
6. Which of the following oxides is amphoteric in character? [AIEEE-2005]
(A) SnO2 (B) SiO2 (C) CO2 (D) CaO 16. Given, [JEE-MAIN-2013 (On-Line)]
Reaction Energy Change (in kJ/mol)
7. Which of the following factors may be regarded as the main cause of lanthanide contraction? Li(s)  Li(g) 161
[AIEEE-2005] Li(g)  Li+(g) 520
(A) poor shielding of one of 4f electron by another in the subshell 1
F2(g)  F(g) 77
(B) effective shielding of one of 4f electrons by another in the subshell 2
(C) poorer shielding of 5d electrons by 4f electrons F(g) + e–  F–(g) (Electron gain enthalpy)
(D) greater shielding of 5d electrons by 4f electrons
Li(g) + F–(g)  LiF(s) –1047
1
8. The increasing order of the first ionization enthalpies of the elements B, P, S and F (lowest first) is: Li(s) + F2(g)  LiF(s) –617
2
[AIEEE-2006]
(A) F < S < P < B (B) P < S < B < F (C) B < P < S < F (D) B < S < P < F Based on data provided, the value of electron gain enthalpy of fluorine would be:
(A) –300 kJ mol–1 (B) –328 kJ mol–1 (C) –350 kJ mol–1 (D) –228 kJ mol–1

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41 41 42 42

NSEC 11th 2025 NSEC 11th 2025

17. The order of increasing sizes of atomic radii among the elements O, S, Se and As is: 28. In general, the properties that decrease and increase down a group in the periodic table, respectively, are:
[JEE-MAIN 2013 (On-Line)] [JEE MAIN 2019-Online]
(A) As < S < O < Se (B) O < S < As < Se (C) Se < S < As < O (D) O < S < Se < As (A) electronegativity and electron gain enthalpy. (B) electronegativity and atomic radius.
(C) atomic radius and electronegativity. (D) electron gain enthalpy and electronegativity.
18. Which of the following is the correct order of second ionization potential of C, N, O and F:
[JEE-MAIN 2013 (On-Line)] 29. When the first electron gain enthalpy (egH) of oxygen is –141 kJ/mol, its second electron gain enthalpy
(A) O > F > N > C (B) O > N > F > C (C) C > N > O > F (D) F > O > N > C is: [JEE MAIN 2019-Online]
(A) almost the same as that of the first (B) a positive value
19. Which of the following series correctly represents relations between the elements from X to Y? (C) a more negative value than the first (D) negative but less negative than the first
[JEE-MAIN 2014 (On-Line)]
X  Y 30. The electronegativity of aluminium is similar to : [JEE MAIN 2019-Online]
(A)  54Xe (A) Carbon (B) Beryllium (C) Boron (D) Lithium
18Ar Noble character increases
(B) 3Li  19K Ionization increases
31. The effect of lanthanoid contraction in the lanthanoid series of elements by and large means:
(C) 6C  32Ge Atomic radii increases
(A) decrease in atomic radii and increase in ionic radii [JEE MAIN 2019-Online]
(D) 18F  35Br Electron gain enthalpy with negative sign increases
(B) increase in both atomic and ionic radii
(C) increase in atomic radii and decrease in ionic radii
20. The ionic radii (in Å) of N3–, O2– and F– are respectively [JEE-MAIN 2015 (Off-Line)]
(D) decrease in both atomic and ionic radii
(A) 1.71, 1.40 and 1.36 (B) 1.71, 1.36 and 1.40
(C) 1.36, 1.40 and 1.71 (D) 1.36, 1.71 and 1.40 32. The correct order of the atomic radii of C, Cs, Al and S is: [JEE MAIN 2019-Online]
(A) S < C < Cs < Al (B) C < S < Al < Cs (C) C < S < Cs < Al (D) S < C < Al < Cs
21. In the long form of the periodic table, the valence shell electronic configuration of 5s 2 5p4 corresponds to
the element present in: [JEE-MAIN 2015 (On-Line)] 33. The correct option with respect to the Pauling electronegativity values of the elements is:
(A) Group 16 and period 5 (B) Group 17 and period 6 [JEE MAIN 2019-Online]
(C) Group 17 and period 5 (D) Group 16 and period 6 (A) Te > Se (B) P > S (C) Si < Al (D) Ga < Ge

22. Which of the following atoms has the highest first ionization energy? [JEE-MAIN 2016 (Off-Line)] 34. The element with Z = 120 (not yet discovered) will be an/a: [JEE MAIN 2019-Online]
(A) Sc (B) Rb (C) Na (D) K (A) transition metal (B) inner-transition metal
(C) alkaline earth metal (D) alkali metal
23. The non-metal that does not exhibit positive oxidation state is: [JEE-MAIN 2016 (On-Line)]
(A) Oxygen (B) Fluorine (C) Iodine (D) Chlorine 35. The correct order of the ionic radii of O 2 , N 3 , F , Mg 2 , Na  and Al3 is: [JEE MAIN 2020-Online]
(A) N 3  O 2  F  Na   Mg 2  Al3 (B) N 3  F  O 2  Mg 2  Na   Al3
24. The group having isoelectronic species is: [JEE MAIN 2017-Offline]
(A) O2–, F–, Na, Mg2+ (B) O–, F–, Na+, Mg2+ (C) O2–, F–, Na+, Mg2+ (D) O–, F–, Na+, Mg+2 (C) Al3  Na   Mg 2  O 2  F  N 3 (D) Al3  Mg 2   Na   F  O 2  N 3

25. The electronic configuration with the highest ionization enthalpy is: 36. The ionic radii of O 2  , F  , Na  and Mg 2 are in the order: [JEE MAIN 2020-Online]
[JEE MAIN 2017 - Online]
2 1 2 2 2 3
(A) F  O 2  Na   Mg 2 (B) Mg 2  Na   F  O 2
(A) [Ne]3s 3p (B) [Ne]3s 3p (C) [Ne]3s 3p (D) [Ar]3d104s24p3
(C) O 2  F  Mg 2  Na  (D) O 2  F  Na   Mg 2
26. Which of the following is an oxide? [JEE MAIN 2017 - Online]
(A) KO2 (B) BaO2 (C) SiO2 (D) CsO2 37. Among the statements (I - IV), the correct ones are: [JEE MAIN 2020-Online]
(I) Be has smaller atomic radius compared to Mg.
27. + 2+ – 2–
For Na , Mg , F & O , the correct order of increasing ionic radii is : (II) Be has higher ionization enthalpy than Al.
[JEE MAIN 2018-Online] (III) Charge/radius ratio of Be is greater than that of Al.
(A) Na+ < Mg2+ < F– < O2– (B) Mg2+ < Na+ < F– < O2– (IV) Both Be and Al form mainly covalent compounds.
(C) Mg+2 < O2– < Na+ < F– (D) O2– < F– < Na+ < Mg2+ (A) (I), (II) and (IV) (B) (II), (III) and (IV) (C) (I), (III) and (IV) (D) (I), (II) and (III)

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43 43 44 44
 NSEC 11th 2025 NSEC 11th 2025

38. The five successive ionization enthalpies of an element are 800, 2427, 3658, 25024 and 32824 kJ mol–1. 47. The third ionization enthalpy is minimum for: [JEE MAIN 2020-Online]
The number of valence electrons in the element is: [JEE MAIN 2020-Online] (A) Ni (B) Co (C) Mn (D) Fe
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
48. The first ionization energy (in kJ/mol) of Na, Mg, Al and Si respectively, are:[JEE MAIN 2020-Online]
39. The atomic number of the element unnilennium is: [JEE MAIN 2020-Online] (A) 496, 577, 786, 737 (B) 496, 737, 577, 786
(A) 109 (B) 102 (C) 119 (D) 108 (C) 786, 737, 577, 496 (D) 496, 577, 737, 786

40. Three elements X, Y and Z are in the 3rd period of the periodic table. The oxides of X, Y and Z, 49. Within each pair of elements F & Cl, S & Se, and Li & Na, respectively, the elements that release more
respectively, are basic, amphoteric and acidic. The correct order of the atomic numbers of X, Y and Z is:
energy upon and electron gain are: [JEE MAIN 2020-Online]
[JEE MAIN 2020-Online]
(A) F, S and Li (B) Cl, Se and Na (C) Cl, S and Li (D) F, Se and Na
(A) X  Z  Y (B) Y  X  Z (C) Z  Y  X (D) X  Y  Z

50. The electron gain enthalpy (in KJ/mol) of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, respectively are:
41. In general the property (magnitudes only) that show an opposite trend in comparison to other properties
[JEE MAIN 2020-Online]
across a period is: [JEE MAIN 2020-Online]
(A) Electron gain enthalpy (B) Electronegativity (A) –296, –325, –333 and –349 (B) 349, –333, –325 and –296
(C) Ionization enthalpy (D) Atomic radius (C) –333, –349, –325 and –296 (D) –333, –325, –349 and –296

[Previous Year Question (JEE MAIN 2021-22-Online)]

42. The first and second ionisation enthalpies of a metal are 496 and 4560 kJ mol 1 , respectively. How many
moles of HCl and H 2SO 4 , respectively, will be needed to react completely with 1 mole of the metal 51. Given below are the oxides:
Na2O, As2O3, N2O, NO and Cl2O7
hydroxide? [JEE MAIN 2020-Online]
(A) 1 and 2 (B) 1 and 0.5 (C) 1 and 1 (D) 2 and 0.5 Number of amphoteric oxides is:
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
43. B has a smaller first ionization enthalpy than Be. Consider the following statements:
(I) It is easier to remove 2p electron than 2s electron 52. The correct order of electron gain enthalpies of l, F, Te and Po is:
(II) 2p electron of B is more shielded from the nucleus by the inner core of electrons than the 2s (A) F < Cl < Te < Po (B) Po < Te < F < Cl (C) Te < Po < Cl < F (D) Cl < F < Te < Po
electrons of Be.
(III) 2s electron has more penetration power than 2p electron. 53. The pair, in which ions are isoelectronic with Al3+ is:
(IV) Atomic radius of B is more than Be (Atomic number B = 5, Be = 4) (A) Br– and Be2+ (B) Cl– and Li+ (C) S2– and K+ (D) O2– and Mg2+
The correct statements are: [JEE MAIN 2020-Online]
(A) (I), (III) and (IV) (B) (II), (III) and (IV) (C) (I), (II) and (IV) (D) (I), (II) and (III) 54. Match List-I with List-II.
List-I (Oxide) List-II (Nature)
44. The acidic, basic and amphoteric oxides, respectively, are: [JEE MAIN 2020-Online] (A) Cl2O7 (I) Amphoteric
(A) Cl 2 O, CaO, P4 O10 (B) N 2 O 3 , Li 2 O, Al2 O 3 (B) Na2O (II) Basic
(C) MgO, Cl 2 O, Al 2 O 3 (D) Na 2 O,SO 3 , Al 2 O 3 (C) Al2O3 (III) Neutral
(D) N2O (IV) Acidic
45. The electronic configurations of bivalent europium and trivalent cerium are (atomic number: Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
Xe  54, Ce  58, Eu  63 ) [JEE MAIN 2020-Online] (A) (A) – (IV), (B) – (III), (C) – (I), (D) – (II) (B) (A) – (IV), (B) – (II), (C) – (I), (D) – (III)
(A) [Xe]4f 7 6 s 2 and [Xe]4f 2 6 s 2 (B) [Xe]4f 2 and [Xe]4f 7 (C) (A) – (II), (B) – (IV), (C) – (III), (D) – (I) (D) (A) – (I), (B) – (II), (C) – (IIII), (D) – (IV)
(C) [Xe]4f 4 and [Xe]4f 9 (D) [Xe]4f 7 and [Xe]4f 1
55. Among the following basic oxide is:
46. The increasing order of the atomic radii of the following elements is: [JEE MAIN 2020-Online] (A) SO3 (B) SiO2 (C) CaO (D) Al2O3
(a) C (b) O (c) F
(d) Cl (e) Br 56. Element "E" belongs to the period 4 and group 16 of the periodic table. The valence shell electron
(A) (a) < (b) < (c) < (d) < (e) (B) (c) < (b) < (a) < (d) < (e) configuration of the element, which is just above ‘E’ in the group is:
(C) (b) < (c) < (d) < (a) < (e) (D) (d) < (c) < (b) < (a) < (e) (A) 3s2.3p4 (B) 3d10. 4s2, 4p4 (C) 4d10.5s2, 5p4 (D) 2s2, 2p4

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57. Given below are two statements. One is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R). 66. The correct decreasing order for metallic character is:
Assertion (A): The first ionization enthalpy for oxygen is lower than that of nitrogen. (A) Na > Mg > Be > Si > P (B) P > Si > Be > Mg > Na
Reason (R): The four electrons in 2p orbitals of oxygen experience more electron-electron repulsion. In (C) Si > P > Be > Na > Mg (D) Be > Na > Mg > Si > P
the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below.
(A) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). 67. The first ionization enthalpy of Na, Mg and Si, respectively, are: 496, 737 and 786 kJ mo1–1. The
(B) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A). first ionization enthalpy (kJ mol–1) of Al is:
(C) (A) is correct but (R) is not correct. (A) 487 (B) 768 (C) 577 (D) 856
(D) (A) is not correct but (R) is correct
68. Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason(R)
58. The electronic configuration of Pt (atomic number 78) is: Assertion (A): The ionic radii of O2– and Mg2+ are same.
(A) [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1 (B) [Kr] 4f14 5d10 (C) [Xe] 4f14 5d10 (D) [Xe] 4f14 5d8 6s2 Reason (R): Both O2– and Mg2+ are isoelectronic species
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below
59. The total number of acidic oxides from the following list is: (A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
NO, N2O, B2O3, N2O5, CO, SO3, P4O10 (B) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6 (C) (A) is true but (R) is false
(D) (A) is false but (R) is true
60. The first ionization enthalpies of Be, B, N and O follow the order
(A) O < N < B < Be (B) Be < B < N < O (C) B < Be < N < O (D) B < Be < O < N 69. The correct order of increasing ionic radii is
(A) Mg2+ < Na+ < F– < O2– < N3– (B) N3– < O2– < F– < Na+ < Mg2+
61. The IUPAC nomenclature of an element with electronic configuration [Rn]5f146d17s2 is:
(C) F– < Na+ < O2– < Mg2+ < N3– (D) Na+ < F– < Mg2+ < O2– < N3–

(A) Unnilbium (B) Unnilunium (C) Unnilquadium (D) Unniltrium

70. Consider the elements Mg. Al, S, P and Si, the correct increasing order of their first ionization enthalpy
is:
62. Given two statements below:
(A) Mg < Al < Si < S < P (B) Al < Mg < Si < S < P
Statement I: In Cl2 molecule the covalent radius is double of the atomic radius of chlorine.
(C) Mg < Al < Si < P < S (D) Al < Mg < S < Si < P
Statement II: Radius of anionic species is always greater than their parent atomic radius.
Choose the most appropriate answer from options given below:
71. Number of amphoteric compound among the following is __________.
(A) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct.
BeO, BaO, Be(OH)2, Sr(OH)2
(B) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect.
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
(C) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.
(D) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct.
72. The correct order of electron gain enthalpy is
(A) S > Se > Te > O (B) Te > Se > S > O (C) O > S > Se > Te (D) S > O > Se > Te
63. Outermost electronic configurations of four elements A, B, C, D are given below:
(A) 3s2 (B) 3s2 3p1 (C) 3s23p3 (D) 3s2 3p4
73. Which pair of oxides is acidic in nature?
The correct order of first ionization enthalpy for them is:
(A) B2O3, CaO (B) B2O3, SiO2 (C) N2O, BaO (D) CaO, SiO2
(A) (A) < (B) < (C) < (D) (B) (B) < (A) < (D) < (C)
(C) (B) < (D) < (A) < (C) (D) (B) < (A) < (C) < (D)
74. Match List -I with List - II
List – I List - II
64. An element A of group 1 shows similarity to an element B belonging to group 2. If A has maximum
hydration enthalpy in group 1 then B is: Electronic configuration of elements iH in kJ mol–1
(A) Mg (B) Be (C) Ca (D) Sr (a) 1s22s2 (i) 801
2 2 4
(b) 1s 2s 2p (ii) 899
2 2 3
65. The incorrect statement is: (c) 1s 2s 2p (iii) 1314
(A) The first ionization enthalpy of K is less than that of Na and Li (d) 1s22s22p1 (iv) 1402
(B) Xe does not have the lowest first ionization enthalpy in its group Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
(C) The first ionization enthalpy of element with atomic number 37 is lower than that of the element (A) (a) → (ii), (b) → (iii), (c) → (iv), (d) → (i) (B) (a) → (i), (b) → (iv), (c) → (iii), (d) → (ii)
with atomic number 38. (C) (a) → (i), (b) → (iii), (c) → (iv), (d) → (ii) (D) (a) → (iv), (b) → (i), (c) → (ii), (d) → (iii)
(D) The first ionization enthalpy of Ga is higher than that of the d-block element with atomic number 30.

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75. Identify the elements X and Y using the ionisation energy values given below: 85. Match List-I with List-II:
Ionization energy IE1 IE2 (in kJ/mol) List-I List-II
X 495 4563 (A) NaOH (i) Acidic
Y 731 1450 (B) Be(OH)2 (ii) Basic
(A) X = Na; Y = Mg (B) X = Mg; Y = F (C) X = Mg; Y = Na (D) X = F; Y = Mg (C) Ca(OH)2 (iii) Amphoteric
(D) B(OH)3
76. The characteristics of elements X, Y and Z with atomic numbers, respectively, 33, 53 and 83 are: (E) Al(OH)3
(A) X and Y are metalloids and Z is a metal. Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
(B) X is a metalloid, Y is a non-metal and Z is a metal. (A) (A)-(ii), (B)-(ii), (C)-(iii), (D)-(ii), (e)-(iii) (B) (A)-(ii), (B)-(iii), (C)-(ii), (D)-(i), (e)-(iii)
(C) X, Y and Z are metals. (C) (A)-(ii), (B)-(ii), (C)-(iii), (D)-(i), (e)-(iii) (D) (A)-(ii), (B)-(i), (C)-(ii), (D)-(iii), (e)-(iii)
(D) X and Z are non-metals and Y is a metalloid
86. Chalcogen group elements are:
77. The set of elements that differ in mutual relationship from those of the other sets is: (A) Se, Tb and Pu. (B) Se, Te and Po. (C) S, Te and Pm. (D) O, Ti and Po.
(A) Li – Mg (B) B – Si (C) Be – Al (D) Li – Na
87. The ionic radii of K+, Na+, Al3+ and Mg2+ are in the order:
(A) Na+ < K+ < Mg2+ < Al3+ (B) Al3+ < Mg2+ < K+ < Na+
78. The set that represents the pair of neutral oxides of nitrogen is:
(C) Al3+ < Mg2+ < Na+ < K+ (D) K+ < Al3+ < Mg2+ < Na+
(A) NO and N2O (B) N2O and N2O3 (C) N2O and NO2 (D) NO and NO2

88. Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).
79. The absolute value of the electron gain enthalpy of halogens satisfies:
Assertion (A): Metallic character decreases and non-metallic character increases on moving from left to
(A) I > Br > Cl > F (B) Cl > Br > F > I (C) Cl > F > Br > I (D) F > Cl > Br > I
right in a period.
Reason (R): It is due to increase in ionization enthalpy and decrease in electron gain enthalpy, when one
80. Outermost electronic configuration of a group 13 element, E, is 4s2, 4p1. The electronic configuration of moves from left to right in a period.
an element of p-block period-five placed diagonally to element, E is: In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
(A) [Kr] 3d10 4s2 4p2 (B) [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 (C) [Xe] 5d10 6s2 6p2 (D) [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2 (A) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(B) (A) is true but (R) is false
81. Which one of the following statements for D.I. Mendeleeff, is incorrect? (C) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(A) He authored the textbook – Principles of Chemistry. (D) (A) is false but (R) is true
(B) At the time, he proposed Periodic Table of elements structure of atom was known.
(C) Element with atomic number 101 is named after him. 89. Identify the element for which electronic configuration in +3 oxidation state is [Ar]3d5:
(D) He invented accurate barometer. (A) Ru (B) Mn (C) Co (D) Fe

82. The ionic radius of Na+ ions is 1.02 Å. The ionic radii (in Å) of Mg2+ and Al3+, respectively, are- 90. The correct order of ionic radii for the ions, P3–, S2–, Ca2+, K+, Cl– is:
(A) 1.05 and 0.99 (B) 0.72 and 0.54 (C) 0.85 and 0.99 (D) 0.68 and 0.72  2 3 2
(A) K  Ca  P  S  Cl
 3 2  2
(B) P  S  Cl  Ca  K


3 2   2  2 3 2 
(C) P  S  Cl  K  Ca (D) Cl  S  P  Ca  K
83. The ionic radii of F– and O2– respectively are 1.33 Å and 1.4 Å, while the covalent radius of N is 0.74 Å.
3–
The correct statement for the ionic radius of N from the following is:
91. The correct values of ionization enthalpies (in kJ mol–1) of Si, P, Cl and S respectively are:
(A) It is smaller than F– and N
(A) 786, 1012, 999, 1256 (B) 1012, 786, 999, 1256
(B) It is bigger than O2– and F–
(C) 786, 1012, 1256, 999 (D) 786, 999, 1012, 1256
(C) It is bigger than F– and N, but smaller than of O2–
(D) It is smaller than O2– and F–, but bigger than of N
92. The nature of oxides V2O3 and CrO is indexed as ‘X’ and ‘Y’ type respectively. The correct set of X and
Y is:
84. The CORRECT order of first ionisation enthalpy is: (A) X = amphoteric Y = basic (B) X = basic Y = basic
(A) Mg < S < Al < P (B) Mg < Al < S < P (C) Al < Mg < S < P (D) Mg < Al < P < S (C) X = basic Y = amphoteric (D) X = acidic Y = acidic

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NSEC 11th 2025 NSEC 11th 2025

93. Match List-I with List-II 99. Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).
List-I List-II Assertion (A): The first ionization enthalpy of 3 d series elements is more than that of group 2 metals
(Atomic Number) (Block of periodic table) Reason (R): In 3 d series of elements successive filling of d-orbitals takes place.
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:
A 37 I p-block
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
B 78 II d-block
(B) Both (A) and (R ) are true but (R ) is not the correct explanation of (A)
C 52 III f-block
(C) (A) is true but (R) is false
D 65 IV s-block (D) (A) is false but (R) is true
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: [JEE MAIN 2023-Online]
(A) A - IV, B - III, C - II, D - I (B) A - IV, B - II, C - I, D - III 100. Consider the following elements.
(C) A - I, B - III, C - IV, D - II (D) A - II, B - IV, C - I, D – III

94. The correct increasing order of the ionic radii is [JEE MAIN 2023-Online] Which of the following is/are true about A ', B ', C ' and D ' ?
A. Order of atomic radii: B '  A '  D '  C '
(A) K   S2   Ca 2   Cl  (B) Ca 2   K   Cl   S2 
B. Order of metallic character: B '  A '  D '  C '
(C) S2   Cl   Ca 2   K  (D) Cl   Ca 2   K   S2 
C. Size of the element: D '  C '  B '  A '
D. Order of ionic radii: B'+  A'+  D '  C '
95. For electron gain enthalpies of the elements denoted as AegH, the incorrect option is:
Choose the correct answer from the options given below : [JEE MAIN 2024-Online]
[JEE MAIN 2023-Online]
(A) A and B only (B) B, C and D only
(A)  eg H(Te)   eg H(Po) (B)  eg H(Se)   eg H(S)
(C) A, B and D only (D) A only
(C)  eg H(Cl)   eg H(F) (D)  eg H(I)   eg H(At)
101. The correct sequence of electron gain enthalpy of the elements listed below is
A. Ar B. Br
96. Inert gases have positive electron gain enthalpy. Its correct order is [JEE MAIN 2023-Online]
C. F D. S
(A) He  Xe  Kr  Ne (B) He  Ne  Kr  Xe
Choose the most appropriate from the options given below: [JEE MAIN 2024-Online]
(C) Xe  Kr  Ne  He (D) He  Kr  Xe  Ne
(A) D  C  B  A (B) A  D  C  B (C) C  B  D  A (D) A  D  B  C

97. Which of the following represents the correct order of metallic character of the given elements? 102. Given below are two statements:
(A) Si < Be < Mg < K (B) Be < Si < Mg < K Statement-I: Along the period, the chemical reactivity of the elements gradually increases from group 1
(C) K < Mg < Be < Si (D) Be < Si < K < Mg to group 18.
[JEE MAIN 2023-Online] Statement-II: The nature of oxides formed by group 1 elements is basic while that of group 17 elements
is acidic.
98. Given below are two statements: In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate from the options given below:
Statement I: The decrease in first ionization enthalpy from B to Al is much larger than that from Al to Ga [JEE MAIN 2024-Online]
Statement II: The d orbitals in Ga are completely filled. [JEE MAIN 2023-Online] (A) Both Statement I and Statement II are False

In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below (B) Both Statement I and Statement II are True
(C) Statement I is True But Statement II is False
(A) Statement I is correct but statement II is incorrect
(D) Statement I is False but statement I is true
(B) Statement I is incorrect but statement II is correct
(C) Both the statements I and II are incorrect
103. The element having the highest first ionization enthalpy is [JEE MAIN 2024-Online]
(D) Both the statements I and II are correct
(A) Si (B) N (C) C (D) Al

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 NSEC 11th 2025 NSEC 11th 2025

104. Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R:
NSEC PYQ
Assertion A: The first ionisation enthalpy decreases across a period.
Reason R: The increasing nuclear charge outweighs the shielding across the period.
1. The element whose electronic configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 is a/an [NSEC 2000]
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate from the options given below: (A) Metal (B) Inert gas (C) Metalloid (D) Non-metal
[JEE MAIN 2024-Online]
(A) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A 2. Which of the following is the smallest in [NSEC 2000]
(A) N3– (B) F– (C) O2– (D) Na+
(B) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(C) A is true but R is false
3. From the electronic configuration of the given element K, L, M and N, which one has the highest
(D) A is false but R is true ionisation potential: [NSEC-2001]
(A) M = [Ne] 3s2,3p2 (B) L = [Ne]3s1,3p3 (C) K = [Ne]3s2,3p1 (D) N = [Ar]3d10,4s2,4p3
105. Given below are two statements:
Statement (I): The 4f and 5f - series of elements are placed separately in the Periodic table to preserve
the principle of classification. 4. The formation of anion from a neutral atom X is favoured by: [NSEC-2001]
Statement (II): s-block elements can be found in pure form in nature. (A) high electron affinity (B) large size of X
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below : (C) low ionisation potential (D) high charge on anion X
[JEE MAIN 2024-Online]
(A) Statem ent I is false but Statement II is true
(B) Both Statement I and Statement II are false 5. The outermost electron configuration of one of the element is 5f 2, 6d1, 7s2. This element belongs to:
(C) Statement I is true but Statement II is false [NSEC-2002]
(D) Both Statement I and Statement II are true (A) s-block (B) transition series (C) lanthanide series (D) actinide series.

106. Given below are two statements :

Statement (I) : Both metals and non-metals exist in p and d-block elements. 6. Which element of 3rd row has biggest atomic size? [NSEC-2002]
Statement (II) : Non-metals have higher ionisation enthalpy and higher electronegativity than the metals. (A) chlorine (B) sodium (C) silicon (D) neon.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below :
[JEE MAIN 2024-Online] 7. Due to addition of electrons in d orbital for transition element, the screening effect: [NSEC-2002]
(A) Statement I is true but Statement II is false (A) increases (B) decreases (C) no effect (D) slightly decreases.
(B) Statement I is false but Statement II is true
(C) Both Statement I and Statement II are true 8. The diagonal relationship of elements in the periodic table arises because of similarity in: [NSEC-2003]
(D) Both Statement I and Statement II are false
(A) ionic radius
(B) electronic configuration
107. Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other is labelled as Reason (R).
(C) crystal structure
Assertion (A) : In aqueous solutions Cr2+ is reducing while Mn3+ is oxidising in nature.
Reason (R) : Extra stability to half filled electronic configuration is observed than incompletely filled (D) charge/radius ratio of the corresponding ions.
electronic configuration.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: 9. The atom of an element X contains 27 electrons. X is expected to be: [NSEC-2003]
[JEE MAIN 2024-Online] (A) a non-metal belonging to p-block (B) paramagnetic belonging to d-block
(A) (A) is true but (R) is false (C) diamagnetic belonging to d-block (D) an s-block element.
(B) (A) is false but (R) is true
(C) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
10. The group in the periodic table that contains the elements in all the different physical states at room
(D) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
temperature is: [NSEC-2004]
(A) V A (B) I A (C) VII A (D) IV A.
108. In case of isoelectronic species the size of F–, Ne and Na+ is affected by: [JEE MAIN 2024-Online]
(A) Nuclear charge (z)
(B) None of the factors because their size is the same 11. The ion having a noble gas electronic configuration is: [NSEC-2004]
(C) Principal quantum number (n) (A) Se2– (B) Fe3+ (C) Cr3+ (D) Cu+.
(D) Electron-electron interaction in the outer orbitals
12. Element with Z = 83 belongs to which block? [NSEC-2005]
(A) s (B) p (C) d (D) f.

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NSEC 11th 2025 NSEC 11th 2025

13. Which of the following has the highest electron affinity? [NSEC-2005] 28. The first ionisation potential of Na, Mg, Al and Si are in the order: [NSEC-2012]
(A) F (B) Br (C) CI (D) I. (A) Na < Mg > Al < Si (B) Na > Mg > Al > Si (C) Na < Mg < Al > Si (D) Na > Mg > Al < Si

14. The element having electronegativity next to that of fluorine is: [NSEC-2005] 29. The first four ionization energy values of a metal are 191, 587, 872 and 5962 kcal/mol respectively. The
(A) oxygen (B) chlorine (C) iodine (D) sodium. number of valence electrons in the element is: [NSEC-2012]
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 5
15. The group in the long form of periodic table having three elements together is: [NSEC-2005]
(A) zero group (B) IIIrd group (C) IVth group (D) VIIIth group.
30. Of the following, the ion with the largest size is: [NSEC-2014]
(A) O2– (B) Na+ (C) F– (D) Al3+
16. Atom with the largest electron affinity is: [NSEC-2006]
(A) Na (B) CI (C) I (D) P.
31. Which of the following accounts best for the fact that F– is smaller than O2– ? [NSEC-2018]
17. Which of the following sequence of elements is arranged in the order of increasing atomic radii? (A) F– has a larger nuclear mass than O2– (B) F– has a larger nuclear charge than O2–
2–
[NSEC-2006] (C) F– is more polarizable than O (D) F is more electronegative than O
(A) Na, Mg, AI, Si (B) C, N, O, F (C) O, S, Se, Te (D) I, Br, CI, F.
32. N3–, F–, Na+ and Mg2+, have the same number of electrons. Which of them will have the smallest and the
18. As the number of electrons in d-orbitals of transition elements increases, the screening effect on the largest ionic radii respectively? [NSEC-2019]
valence electrons: [NSEC-2007] (A) Mg2+ and N3– (B) Mg2+ and Na+ (C) N3– and Na+ (D) F– and N3–
(A) increases (B) decreases greatly (C) is not observed (D) decreases slightly
33. The following qualitative plots depict the first, second and third ionization energies (I.E.) of Mg, Al and
19. For the atoms Li, Be, B and Na, the correct order of increasing atomic redius is: [NSEC-2008]
K. Among the following, the correct match of I.E. and the metal is: [NSEC-2019]
(A) B, Be, Li, Na (B) Li, Be, B, Na (C) Be, Li, B, Na (D) Be, B, Li, Na

20. The ion which has 18 electrons in the outermost shell is: [NSEC-2009]
(A) Cu+ (Z = 29) (B) Al3+ (Z = 13) (C) K+ (Z = 19) (D) Th4+ (Z = 90)

21. The correct order of the size of the species is: [NSEC-2010]
(A) Ca2+ < Ar < K+ < Cl– (B) Ca2+ < K+ < Ar < S2–
(C) K+ < Ar < Cl– < S2– (D) Ar < Ca2+ < K+ < Cl–

22. The correct order of increasing first ionization energy is: [NSEC-2010] (A) X-Al; Y-Mg; Z-K (B) X-Mg; Y-Al; Z-K (C) X-Mg; Y-K; Z-Al (D) X-Al; Y-K; Z-Mg
(A) Ca < K < Ne < P < F (B) F < Ca < Ne < P < K
(C) K < Ca < P < F < Ne (D) Ne < F < P < Ca < K
34. Which of the following properties may have positive values of H? [NSEC 2023]
(i) Lattice enthalpy (ii) Hydration enthalpy
23. The group that has the species correctly listed in the order of decreasing radius is: [NSEC-2011]
(iii) Electron gain enthalpy for noble gases (iv) Ionisation enthalpy
(A) Cu2+, Cu+, Cu (B) V, V2+, V3+ (C) F–, Br–, I (D) B, Be, Li
(A) (i) and (ii) (B) (iii) and (iv) (C) Only (iv) (D) (ii), (iii) and (iv)

24. The number of valence electrons in an atom with the configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2 is: [NSEC-2011]
35. If an element after oganesson (Og, atomic number 118 and electronic configuration [Rn] 5f 14 6d10 7s2
(A) 6 (B) 5 (C) 4 (D) 2
7p6) was discovered, in which of the following orbital, will the 119th electron be accommodated?
[NSEC 2023]
25. The element with the lowest electronegativity is: [NSEC-2011]
(A) 7d (B) 6f (C) 8s (D) 5g
(A) S (B) I (C) Ba (D) Al

26. Einsteinium has 11 electrons in the 4f subshell. The number of unpaired electrons in the subshell is: 36. The correct order of ionic radii of Rb+, Br–, Sr2+ and Se2– is: [NSEC 2023]
[NSEC-2011] (A) Rb+ < Br– < Sr2+ < Se2– (B) Sr2+ < Rb+ < Br– < Se2–
(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 7 (D) 11 (C) Se2– < Br– < Sr2+ < Rb+ (D) Se2– < Sr2+ < Rb+ < Br–

37. In the following given pairs, the one with an acidic oxide and a neutral oxide respectively is:
27. The outer most electronic configuration of the most electronegative element is: [NSEC-2012]
[NSEC 2024]
(A) ns2, np3 (B) ns2, np6 (n– 1) d2 (C) ns2, np5 (D) ns2, np6
(A) NO, N2O (B) N2O5, NO (C) N2O, N2O5 (D) N2O, NO
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 NSEC 11th 2025 NSEC 11th 2025

12. The periodic table consists of 18 groups. An isotope of copper, on bombardment with protons, undergoes
JEE ADVANCED PYQ a nuclear reaction yielding element X as shown below. To which group, element X belongs in the
periodic table? [JEE ADVANCED 2012, P-1]
1. Statement-1: F atom has a less negative electron gain enthalpy than Cl atom. [JEE 2000] 63
29 Cu 11 H  610 n    211 H  X
Statement-2: Additional electron is repelled more efficiently by 3p electron in Cl atom than by 2p
electron in F atom.
13. The increasing order of atomic radii of the following Group 13 elements is
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for
[JEE ADVANCED 2016, P-1]
statement-1.
(A) Al < Ga < In < Tl (B) Ga < Al < In < Tl
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for (C) Al < In < Ga < Tl (D) Al < Ga < Tl < In
statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false. 14. The 1st, 2nd and the 3rd ionization enthalpies I1, I2 and I3 of four atoms with atomic numbers n, n + 1, n + 2
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true. and n + 3, where n < 10, are tabulated below. What is the value of n? [JEE ADVANCED - 2020]

2. The correct order of radii is: [JEE 2000] Ionization Enthalpy (kJ/mol)
Atomic
(A) N < Be < B (B) F– < O2– < N3– (C) Na < Li < K (D) Fe3+ < Fe2+ < Fe4+ number I1 I2 I3
n 1681 3374 6050
3. The IE1 of Be is greater than that of B. [T/F] [JEE 2001]
n+1 2081 3952 6122
n+2 496 4562 6910
4. The set representing correct order of IP1 is: [JEE 2001]
n+3 738 1451 7733
(A) K > Na > Li (B) Be > Mg > Ca (C) B > C > N (D) Fe > Si > C

5. Identify the least stable ion amongst the following: [JEE 2002]
(A) Li– (B) Be– (C) B– (D) C–

6. Among the following, the number of elements showing only one non-zero oxidation state is:
O, Cl, F, N, P, Sn, TI, Na, Ti [JEE 2010]

7. The increasing order of atomic radii of the following group 13 elements is: [JEE 2016]
(A) A < Ga < In < T (B) Ga < A < In < T

 (C) A < In < Ga < T (D) A < Ga < T < In

8. The option(s) with only amphoteric oxides is (are): [JEE ADVANCED - 2017]
(A) Cr2O3, CrO, SnO, PbO (B) NO, B2O3, PbO, SnO2
(C) Cr2O3, BeO, SnO, SnO2 (D) ZnO, Al2O3, PbO, PbO2

9. The set representing the correct order of first ionization potential is [JEE ADVANCED 2001]
(A) K > Na > Li (B) Be > Mg > Ca (C) B > C > N (D) Ge > Si > C

10. Identify the least stable ion amongst the following [JEE ADVANCED 2002]
(A) Li– (B) Be– (C) B– (D) C–

11. Among the following, the number of elements showing only one non-zero oxidation state is
[JEE ADVANCED 2010, P-2]
O, Cl, F, N, P, Sn, Tl, Na, Ti

PW OLYMPIAD WALLAH 57 PW OLYMPIAD WALLAH 58

57 57 58 58

NSEC 11th 2025 NSEC 11th 2025

Answer Key JEE MAINS PYQ

1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (D) 4. (A) 5. (B) 6. (A) 7. (C)

EXERCISE #1 8. (D) 9. (D) 10. (C) 11. (D) 12. (C) 13. (C) 14. (B)

1. (C) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (C) 5. (B) 6. (D) 7. (C) 15. (D) 16. (B) 17. (D) 18. (A) 19. (C) 20. (A) 21. (A)
8. (C) 9. (B) 10. (A) 11. (B) 12. (D) 13. (C) 14. (D) 22. (A) 23. (B) 24. (C) 25. (C) 26. (C) 27. (B) 28. (B)
15. (C) 16. (C) 17. (B) 18. (B) 19. (C) 20. (D) 21. (C) 29. (B) 30. (B) 31. (D) 32. (B) 33. (D) 34. (C) 35. (D)
22. (B) 23. (A) 24. (A) 25. (D) 26. (C) 27. (A) 28. (D) 36. (D) 37. (A) 38. (B) 39. (A) 40. (D) 41. (D) 42. (B)
29. (D) 30. (C) 31. (B) 32. (B) 33. (C) 34. (B) 35. (D)
43. (D) 44. (B) 45. (D) 46. (B) 47. (D) 48. (B) 49. (C)
36. (A) 37. (C) 38. (C) 39. (A) 40. (C) 41. (A) 42. (C)
43. (D) 44. (B) 45. (A) 46. (B) 47. (D) 48. (C) 49. (C) 50. (C) 51. (B) 52. (D) 53. (D) 54. (B) 55. (C) 56. (A)

50. (C) 51. (C) 52. (C) 53. (D) 54. (A) 55. (D) 56. (D) 57. (A) 58. (A) 59. (B) 60. (D) 61. (D) 62. (D) 63. (B)
57. (D) 58. (C) 59. (A) 60. (D) 61. (A) 62. (D) 63. (D) 64. (A) 65. (D) 66. (A) 67. (C) 68. (D) 69. (A) 70. (B)
64. (A) 65. (B) 66. (B) 67. (B) 68. (A) 71. (B) 72. (A) 73. (B) 74. (A) 75. (A) 76. (B) 77. (D)
78. (A) 79. (C) 80. (D) 81. (B) 82. (B) 83. (B) 84. (C)

EXERCISE #2 85. (B) 86. (B) 87. (C) 88. (B) 89. (D) 90. (C) 91. (C)
92. (B) 93. (B) 94. (B) 95. (B) 96. (A) 97. (A) 98. (D)
1. (4) 2. (9) 3. (4) 4. (4) 5. (3) 6. (2) 7. (5) 99. (A) 100. (C) 101. (D) 102. (D) 103. (B) 104. (D) 105. (C)
8. (5) 9. (4) 10. (3) 11. (5) 12. (4) 13. (7) 14. (7) 106. (B) 107. (D) 108. (A)
15. (7) 16. (9) 17. (3) 18. (8) 19. (6)

NSEC PYQ
EXERCISE #3
1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (B) 4. (A) 5. (D) 6. (B) 7. (A)
8. (D) 9. (B) 10. (C) 11. (A) 12. (B) 13. (C) 14. (A)
1. BD 2. ACD 3. ACD 4. ABCD 5. ABC 6. AD 7. AD
15. (D) 16. (B) 17. (C) 18. (A) 19. (A) 20. (A) 21. (B)
8. AB 9. ABCD 10. ABCD 11. BC 12. C 13. ACD 14. BCD
22. (C) 23. (B) 24. (C) 25. (C) 26. (A) 27. (C) 28. (A)
15. CD 16. B 17. BD 18. ABD 19. ACD 20. BCD 21. ABC
29. (C) 30. (A) 31. (B) 32. (A) 33. (C) 34. (B) 35. (C)
22. CD 23. CD 24. ABD 25. B 26. D 27. B 28. A
36. (B) 37. (B)
29. D 30. B 31. B 32. B 33. C 34. D 35. D
36. D 37. B 38. D 39. A 40. C
JEE ADVANCED PYQ
41. (A)P, S; (B) R; (C) Q, R; (D) T
42. (A) S; (B) R; (C) Q; (D) P 1. (C) 2. (B) 3. True 4. (B) 5. (B) 6. (B) 7. (2)
43. (A) R,S,T; (B) T; (C) P; (D) S 8. (CD) 9. (B) 10. (A) 11. (3) 12. (8) 13. (B) 14. (9)
44. (A) P,Q,S; (B) P,Q,S; (C) R,T; (D) R,T
45. (A) QS; (B) RS; (C) P; (D) R

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PW OLYMPIAD WALLAH 59 PW OLYMPIAD WALLAH 60

59 59 60 60