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CEC334-ANALOG IC
DESIGN

QUESTION BANK
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UNIT 1
TWO MARKS

1. Draw the small signal model for an MOS Transitor

2.Define threshold voltage of MOSFET

1. The threshold voltage is the voltage over which, depending on the technology, a certain
phenomenon happens.
2. The threshold voltage of a MOSFET is the value of the gate voltage when a conductive
band forms between the transistor's source and drain.
3. After the threshold voltage, a large quantity of current begins to flow.

3.Define ICMR
The input common-mode range is the range of common-mode voltages over which the
differential amplifier continues to sense and amplify the difference signal with the same gain.
Typically, the ICMR is defined by the common-mode voltage range over which all.
MOSFETs remain in the saturation region.
4.Define voltage swing in MOSFET
Output Voltage Swing defines how close the op-amp output can be driven from rail to rail
(either power rail, VDD or VSS) under defined operating conditions where the op-amp still can
function correctly.
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5. How mosfet operating as a switch?

When operating as a switch, the transistor “connects” the source and the drain together if the
gate voltage, VG, is “high” and isolates the source and the drain if VG is “low.”
6. Draw the structure of mosfet.

7. Draw the i/v characeristics of MOSFET

8. Draw the amplifier configuration of CS MOSFET amplifier.

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9. What are the advantages of cascode amplifier?

 High voltage gain,

 better bandwidth, and
 improved linearity
10.What is the purpose of using differential amplifier with active load?
The differential amplifier using active load provides high voltage gain to the
differential input signal and a single-ended output that is referenced to the ground is obtained.
PART B &C
1. Explain MOS Equivalent Circuits & Models.
2. Explain Cascode & Folded Cascode Configurations with Active Load.

3. For CS Amplifier, Derive Expression for Transfer Function From Small Signal
Equivalent Circuit

4. Analyse the Operation of Differential Amplifier with Active Load. What is the Effect of
Parameter Mismatch on gain of Differential Amplifier

5. Draw the circuit of CG Amplifier with Active Load & Expression for Input Resistance,
Output Resistance & Voltage Gain

6. High Gain Amplifier Structures

UNIT 2
1. Define miller effect.
The Miller effect refers to the phenomenon where the input capacitance of a transistor or
electronic component appears to be larger than it actually is due to the voltage gain of the
amplifier.
2. What are the Statistical characteristics of noise?
First, multiple sources are uncorrelated. Second, the probability of a particular amplitude at
a point in time follows a Gaussian or normal distribution which is the case for many sources.
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3. What are the various types of noises that affects performance of RF Opamp
There are a number of noise sources within an op amp (resistor noise, current noise, KT/C
noise, etc.), but it is customary to model them externally as a voltage noise which appears
differentially across the two inputs and two current noise sources, one in each input.
4. Draw HF model of Cscode Stage amplifier.

5.

6. Draw the folded cascode amplifier with proper biasing.

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7. Compare Impedance and Gain of all HF MOSFET amplifiers

8.Wrie the expression on noise correlation with voltage and current

9. Define flicker noise.

Flicker noise is believed to be caused by charge carriers that are randomly trapped and
released between the interfaces of two materials. This phenomenon typically occurs in
semiconductors that are used in instrumentation amplifiers to record electrical signals.

10.
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PART B &C
1. Explain the Frequency response of CS,
2. Explain the Frequency response of CG & Source Follower.
3. Explain Schematic & Expressions, How Input Referred Noise Voltage in CS Stage in
Reduced if Transistor Functions as a current source
4. Explain in detail about Cascode & Differential Amplifier stages
5. Explain the following
i) Miller effect
ii) Association of poles with nodes
6. Explain in deatil about noise in single stage amplifier.
7. Explain in deatil about noise in differential amplifier.

UNIT 3
1. what is the effect of loading in feedback network?
The loading effect of the amplifier on the feedback network has an effect on the
frequency of oscillations and can cause the oscillator frequency to be up to 25% higher
than calculated.

2. List some Op Amp design parameters.

Input Capacitance. The Input capacitance, Ci is the equivalent capacitance that is
measured at either the inverting or non-inverting terminal with the other terminal
connected to ground.
Output Resistance. ...
Input Offset Voltage. ...
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Input Offset Current. ...

Input Bias Current.
3. Define slew rate of single stage amplifier
The slew rate of an op amp or any amplifier circuit is the rate of change in the output
voltage caused by a step change on the input. It is measured as a voltage change in a
given time - typically V / µs or V / ms. A typical general purpose device may have a
slew rate of 10 V / microsecond.
4. Define PSRR
specifies that if there is any change in the supply voltage, then how it will affect the output
of the op-amp. For op-amp, if there is any change in the supply voltage, then it should not
affect the output of the op-amp. With the change in the supply voltage, the output voltage
of the op-amp will also change by a small margin. And this is specifically important when
the input signal level is very small.

5. Advantages of Single opamp

There will be less distortion in the amplitude and frequency. It provides large bandwidth.
These are the advantages of single-stage RC coupled amplifiers. There will be a reduction
in the voltage gain at both low and high frequencies.
6. Drawbacks of two stage opamp
Two stage opamps are normally used to enhance the gain of opamp as one stage can
not provide high gain. However, there is a compromise, higher the number of stages,
higher the number of parasitic poles, Therefore, it is more difficult to stabilize the
opamp and to have wider unity gain bandwidth.
7. Define .Gain boosting
The main op-amp provides the high unity-gain frequency whereas the gainboosting op-
amps improve the open-loop DC gain without affecting the frequency behaviour.
Nevertheless, this technique may raise two crucial problems, which are pole-zero
doublet and instability
8. What are the Advantages of negative feedback?
Negative feedback occurs when a system's output acts to reduce or dampen the
processes that lead to the output of that system, resulting in less output. In general,
negative feedback loops allow systems to self-stabilize. Negative feedback is a vital
control mechanism for the body's homeostasis.
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9. What are the applications of negative feedback amplifier?

Stabilizes Amplifier Gain. ...
Reduces Non-linear Distortion. ...
Increases Circuit Stability. ...
Increases Input Impedance/Resistance. ...
Decreases Output Impedance/Resistance. ...
Reduces Noise Level. ...
Improves Frequency Response & Bandwidth. .

10.input range limitations in op amp

it can range from an upper CM limit of +VS – VCM(HI) as a positive maximum.

11.what are the performance parameters of an opamp
The amplifier circuit has an "open loop" performance. This is described by various
parameters (gain, slew rate, output impedance, distortion, bandwidth, signal-to-noise
ratio, etc.). Many modern amplifiers use negative feedback techniques to hold the gain
at the desired value and reduce distortion.

PART B &C
1. Explain the properties and types of negative feedback circuit.
2. Elaborate single stage opamp.
3. Explain in detail about two stage operational amplifier.
4. Write short notes on the following
i) gain boosting
ii) slew rate
iii) power supply rejection
iv) input range limitations
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Unit 4
1. Define Multi pole System
A multipole expansion is a mathematical series representing a function that
depends on angles—usually the two angles used in the spherical coordinate
system
2.

3. Define PM and GM in opamp

Phase Margin is defined as the phase difference between ∠βA(f0 dB) and -180°,
where f(0 dB) is the frequency at which |βA|= 1. Gain Margin is defined as the
difference between 0 dB and |βA| where the loop gain phase is -180°. Gain and
phase margins are used to determine if the amplifiers are stable or not.
4.
frequency compensation of op amp in 2 stage amplifier
At high frequency means beyond the unity gain bandwidth of the opamp, CF offers
low impedance such that the second stage gm is gm2A+gm2B, hence second stage
pole has been moved to a high frequency which results in better phase margin
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4. Define slew rate

Slew rate is defined as the maximum rate of change of an op amps output voltage,
and is given in units of volts per microsecond. Slew rate is measured by applying a
large signal step, such as one volt, to the input of the op amp, and measuring the
rate of change from 10% to 90% of the output signal's amplitude.
5. what is meant by the gain compensation techniques
Gain compensation is probably the simplest method to use in uncompensated op-
amps. In these op-amps, there may be a minimum closed-loop gain specification but
the device may have very high open-loop gain, and a high closed-loop gain could
result in a wideband signal or strong noise triggering an instability
6. Need of compensation techniques
compensation is intended to overcome poles in the loop gain transfer function when the
transfer function contains some reactances. This is done by adding some components that
will manipulate the transfer function in some way, which pushes off instability oscillations
to higher frequencies or significantly reduces them.
7. What is meant by feed forward compensation?
Feedforward compensation offers a marked improvement over standard compensation. In
addition to having higher bandwidth and slew, there is vanishingly small gain error from DC
to 3 kHz, and less than 1% gain error up to 100 kHz as a unity gain inverter. The power
bandwidth is also extended from 6 kHz to 250 kHz.
8. Define Barkhausen's criteria

The circuit will oscillate when two conditions, called Barkhausen's criteria are met.
These two conditions are: The loop gain must be unity or greater. The feedback signal
feeding back at the input must be phase-shifted by 360° (which is the same as zero
degrees).

9. Draw the time domain response of un stable and stable system

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10.
PART B &C
1. Design two stage opamp single stage CMOS CS as second stage and using cascode
second stage.
2. Explain about multipole system and phase margin
3. Explain compensation of two stage opamp.
4. Elaborate slewing in two stage opamp.
5. Explain in detail about other compensation techniques.
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Unit 5
Two marks
1.

2. What is meant by Supply-independent biasing?

Supply-independent biasing circuits, i.e., biasing circuits that provide DC levels
with little dependence on supply levels, are widely used in analog systems such as
differential amplifiers and other circuits that require constant current or voltage
levels.

3. Define Willson current source.

The Wilson Current Source is another type of circuit configuration that generates a
stable and accurate current output in analog and mixed-signal designs. Despite
serving a similar purpose to the Widlar configuration, it is designed differently.

4. What is Wilson current mirror?

A Wilson current mirror is a three-terminal circuit (Fig. 1) that accepts an input
current at the input terminal and provides a "mirrored" current source or sink output
at the output terminal. The mirrored current is a precise copy of the input current.

5. Define widlar current source

A Widlar current source is a modification of the basic two-transistor current mirror
that incorporates an emitter degeneration resistor for only the output transistor,
enabling the current source to generate low currents using only moderate resistor
values.
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6. Define PTAT.
If a current that is proportional to absolute temperature (PTAT) is added to that
current, one obtains a current refer- ence that is independent of temperature. increase
with temperature.

7. What is the principle of bandgap voltage reference?

The principle of the bandgap voltage reference is to balance the negative temperature
coefficient of a pn junction with the positive temperature coefficient of the thermal
voltage, Vt = kT/q. Concept: Result: References with TCF 's approaching 10
ppm/°C.
8. what are the two main differences between the Widlar Current Source and the
Wilson Current Source?
There are two main differences between the Widlar Current Source and the Wilson
Current Source: accuracy and compensation mechanism. The Wilson Current Source
uses a feedback loop and matching multiple transistors to address some of Widlar's
limitations

9. Write the difference between PTAT and CTAT current source.

As temperature rises, there will be an increase in voltage drop across PTAT devices
and a decrease in voltage drop across CTAT devices.

PART B &C
1. Derive the expression of Wilson current source.
2. Explain widlar current source and derive the expression
3.Explain PTAT and CTAT current generation.
4. Elaborate temperature independent references.
5. Explain about faults in logic circuit.
6. Explain about Adhoc techniques.
7. Explain about level sensitive scan design.
8. Explain built in self test.
9. Explain about partial scan.