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Physics I Week 10

The document outlines Week 10 of a Physics course at IIT Madras, focusing on Euler-Lagrange equations and Lagrangian dynamics. It includes reviews of Newtonian dynamics, generalized coordinates, and conservation laws with examples such as a simple pendulum and a ball thrown through the air. Key concepts include the formulation of Lagrangian mechanics and the identification of conserved quantities in various coordinate systems.

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13 views16 pages

Physics I Week 10

The document outlines Week 10 of a Physics course at IIT Madras, focusing on Euler-Lagrange equations and Lagrangian dynamics. It includes reviews of Newtonian dynamics, generalized coordinates, and conservation laws with examples such as a simple pendulum and a ball thrown through the air. Key concepts include the formulation of Lagrangian mechanics and the identification of conserved quantities in various coordinate systems.

Uploaded by

ee24b038
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PHYSICS I

WEEK 10

Siddharth Dhomkar
Department of Physics
IIT Madras
sdhomkar@smail.iitm.ac.in
Office: HSB 116B
WEEK 10: OUTLINE

• Euler-Lagrange equations (Morin 6.1)


• Generalized coordinates and Lagrangian
Dynamics (Morin 6.4, 6.5)

2
REVIEW: E U L E R - L AG R A N G E E Q UAT I O N S

Newton’ law

𝐿 =𝑇−𝑈

Euler-Lagrange equations
REVIEW: NEWTONIAN DYNAMICS

Simple pendulum

𝑭 = 𝐹𝑟 𝒓ො + 𝐹𝜃 𝜃෠ = 𝑚𝑎𝑟 𝒓ො + 𝑚𝑎𝜃 𝜃෠
REVIEW: E U L E R - L AG R A N G E E Q UAT I O N S

Simple pendulum

𝐿 =𝑇−𝑈

Euler-Lagrange equations
REVIEW: E U L E R - L AG R A N G E E Q UAT I O N S

Simple pendulum
1
𝑇 = 𝑚𝑣 2 𝑈 = −𝑚𝑔𝑙 cos 𝜃
2

𝐿 =𝑇−𝑈

Euler-Lagrange equations
REVIEW: E U L E R - L AG R A N G E E Q UAT I O N S

Simple pendulum
1
𝑇 = 𝑚𝑣 2 𝑈 = −𝑚𝑔𝑙 cos 𝜃
2

𝐿 =𝑇−𝑈

Euler-Lagrange equations
E U L E R - L A G R A N G E E Q UAT I O N S
E U L E R - L A G R A N G E E Q UAT I O N S
E U L E R - L A G R A N G E E Q UAT I O N S
C O N S E R VA T I O N L A W S
Simple pendulum – Take 3 Generalized coordinates

𝑟=𝑙

𝑞=𝜃
C O N S E R VA T I O N L A W S
Simple pendulum – Take 2 Generalized coordinates

𝑟=𝑙

𝑞=𝜃

• If Cartesian coordinates are used, then 𝜕𝐿ൗ𝜕𝑥ሶ 𝑘 is simply the momentum, 𝑚𝑥ሶ 𝑘 .
• 𝜕𝐿ൗ𝜕𝑞ሶ 𝑘 is called the generalized momentum.
C O N S E R VA T I O N L A W S
Cyclic coordinates
C O N S E R VA T I O N L A W S
Cyclic coordinates Example 1: Consider a ball thrown through the air.
1
𝐿 = 𝑚 𝑥ሶ 2 + 𝑦ሶ 2 + 𝑧ሶ 2 − 𝑚𝑔𝑧
2
Conserved Quantity: Linear momentum

Conserved Quantity
C O N S E R VA T I O N L A W S
Cyclic coordinates Example 1: Consider a ball thrown through the air.
1
𝐿 = 𝑚 𝑥ሶ 2 + 𝑦ሶ 2 + 𝑧ሶ 2 − 𝑚𝑔𝑧
2
Conserved Quantity: Linear momentum
Example 2: 𝑉 𝑟, 𝜃 in spherical coordinates.
1
𝐿 = 𝑚 𝑟ሶ 2 + 𝑟 2 𝜃ሶ 2 + 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃∅ሶ 2 − 𝑉 𝑟, 𝜃
2
Conserved Quantity: Angular momentum

Conserved Quantity
C O N S E R VA T I O N L A W S
Cyclic coordinates Example 1: Consider a ball thrown through the air.
1
𝐿 = 𝑚 𝑥ሶ 2 + 𝑦ሶ 2 + 𝑧ሶ 2 − 𝑚𝑔𝑧
2
Conserved Quantity: Linear momentum
Example 2: 𝑉 𝑟, 𝜃 in spherical coordinates.
1
𝐿 = 𝑚 𝑟ሶ 2 + 𝑟 2 𝜃ሶ 2 + 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃∅ሶ 2 − 𝑉 𝑟, 𝜃
2
Conserved Quantity: Angular momentum

Conserved Quantity Example 3: 𝑉 𝑟 in cylindrical coordinates.


1
𝐿= 𝑚 𝜌ሶ 2 + 𝜌2 ∅ሶ 2 + 𝑧ሶ 2 − 𝑉 𝑟
2
Conserved Quantity: Linear & angular momentum

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