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Testing of hypothesis Lec 1

The document outlines the process of hypothesis testing, which involves defining a population, stating hypotheses, selecting a sample, and performing statistical tests to evaluate claims about the population. It explains the concepts of null and alternative hypotheses, types of errors (Type I and Type II), significance levels, and critical regions. Examples illustrate different types of tests, including two-tailed and one-tailed tests, in various contexts.

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Nehal Kapoor
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3 views

Testing of hypothesis Lec 1

The document outlines the process of hypothesis testing, which involves defining a population, stating hypotheses, selecting a sample, and performing statistical tests to evaluate claims about the population. It explains the concepts of null and alternative hypotheses, types of errors (Type I and Type II), significance levels, and critical regions. Examples illustrate different types of tests, including two-tailed and one-tailed tests, in various contexts.

Uploaded by

Nehal Kapoor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Testing of Hypothesis

DR SUBHRA DAS
Outline

 Introduction

 Steps in Hypothesis Testing

 Large Sample Mean Test

 Small Sample Mean Test

 Variance or Standard Deviation Test

 Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Testing


Introduction

 Hypothesis testing is a decision-making process for


evaluating claims about a population.
 We must define the population under study
 state the particular hypotheses that will be investigated
 give the significance level
 select a sample from the population,
 collect the data
 perform the calculations required for the statistical test
 reach a conclusion.
Steps in Hypothesis Testing

 A Statistical hypothesis is a conjecture about a

population parameter. This conjecture may or may not


be true.
 The null hypothesis, symbolized by H0, is a statistical

hypothesis that states that there is no difference


between a parameter and a specific value or that there
is no difference between two parameters.
Steps in Hypothesis Testing

 The alternative hypothesis, symbolized by H1, is


a statistical hypothesis that states a specific
difference between a parameter and a specific value
or states that there is a difference between two
parameters.
Steps in Hypothesis Testing - Example

 A medical researcher is interested in finding out


whether a new medication will have any undesirable
side effects. The researcher is particularly concerned
with the pulse rate of the patients who take the
medication.
 What are the hypotheses to test whether the pulse
rate will be different from the mean pulse rate of 82
beats per minute?
 H0: μ = 82 H1: μ≠ 82
 This is a two-tailed test.
Example

 A chemist invents an additive to increase the life of


an automobile battery. If the mean lifetime of the
battery is 36 months, then his hypotheses are:

 H0: μ ≤ 36 H1: μ > 36

 This is a right-tailed test.


Example

 A contractor wishes to lower heating bills by using a


special type of insulation in houses. If the average of
the monthly heating bills is $78, her hypotheses
about heating costs will be:

 H0: μ ≥ $78
 H1: μ < $78
 This is a left-tailed test.
Steps in Hypothesis Testing: Statistical Test

 A statistical test uses the data obtained from a


sample to make a decision about whether or not the
null hypothesis should be rejected.
 The numerical value obtained from a statistical test
is called the test value.
 In the hypothesis-testing situation, there are four
possible outcomes.
 In reality, the null hypothesis may or may not be
true, and a decision is made to reject or accept it on
the basis of the data obtained from a sample.
Type I & Type II Error
Level of significance

 A type I error occurs if one rejects the null hypothesis when


it is true.
 A type II error occurs if one does not reject the null
hypothesis when it is false.
 The level of significance is the maximum probability of
committing a type I error.
 This probability is symbolized by α (Greek letter alpha).
 That is, P(type I error)= α.
 P(type II error) = β (Greek letter beta).
Regions of Significant difference & No Significant difference
5% level of significance with Acceptance &Rejection
region
Typical significance levels & Critical Region

 Typical significance levels are: 0.10, 0.05, and 0.01.


 For example, when α = 0.10, there is a 10% chance
of rejecting a true null hypothesis.
 The critical value(s) separates the critical region
from the noncritical region.
 The symbol for critical value is C.V.
 The critical or rejection region is the range of values
of the test value that indicates that there is a
significant difference and that the null hypothesis
should be rejected.
Acceptance Region

 The noncritical or acceptance region is the range of


values of the test value that indicates that the
difference was probably due to chance and that the
null hypothesis should not be rejected.
One Tailed Test

 A one-tailed test (right or left) indicates that the null


hypothesis should be rejected when the test value is
in the critical region on one side of the mean.
Large Sample- Testing of Hypothesis

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