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Spherical Trigonometry

The document provides a comprehensive overview of spherical trigonometry, including definitions of key terms such as great circles, spherical triangles, and polar distances. It outlines important rules for right and oblique spherical triangles, including laws of sine and cosine, as well as properties and formulas for calculating areas and volumes. Additionally, it presents sample problems and practice exercises related to spherical triangles and navigation calculations.

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patriciamaycalumpong08
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11 views

Spherical Trigonometry

The document provides a comprehensive overview of spherical trigonometry, including definitions of key terms such as great circles, spherical triangles, and polar distances. It outlines important rules for right and oblique spherical triangles, including laws of sine and cosine, as well as properties and formulas for calculating areas and volumes. Additionally, it presents sample problems and practice exercises related to spherical triangles and navigation calculations.

Uploaded by

patriciamaycalumpong08
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Review Innovations CE Review April 2024 – Spherical Trigonometry

DEFINITION OF TERMS: Imporant Rules:


1. Great Circle - circle on the surface of a sphere, whose plane 1. In a right spherical triangle, an oblique angle and the side
passes through the center of the sphere. opposite are of the same quadrant.

2. Small Circle - circle constructed by a plane crossing the 2. When the hypotenuse of a right spherical triangle is less than
sphere not in its center. 900, the two legs are of the same quadrant and conversely.
3. When the hypotenuse of a right spherical triangle is greater
3. Spherical Angle - an angle formed by the intersection of two than 900, one leg is of the first quadrant and the other of the
great circles. second and conversely.

4. Spherical Triangle - a triangle on the surface of the sphere


formed by the intersection of three great circles. OBLIQUE SPHERICAL TRIANGLE:
- Has none of its angles equal to 900
5. Polar Distance – least distance on a sphere from a point on
the circle to its pole. Law of Sine
sin a sin b sin c
= =
6. Latitude – angular distance of the point from the equator sin A sin B sin C
ranges from 00 to 900 at the poles.
Law of Cosine for Sides
7. Longitude – angular distance between the prime meridian cos a = cos b cos c + sin b sin c cos A
and the meridian through the point ranges from 00 at the prime cos b = cos a cos c + sin a sin c cos B
meridian to 1800 eastward and -1800 westward. cos c = cos a cos b + sin a sin b cos C

Law of Cosine for Angles


PROPERTIES OF SPHERICAL TRIANGLE: cos A = - cos B cos C + sin B sin C cos a
cos B = - cos A cos C + sin A sin C cos b
Spherical Excess, cos C = - cos A cos B + sin A sin B cos c
E = A + B + C - 1800
Spherical Defect,
D = 3600 – (a + b + c) AREA OF SPHERICAL TRIANGLE:
- The greater side has the greater angle opposite to it. R = radius/radius of sphere
- The sum on any two sides is greater than the third side. πR2 E E = spherical excess
-The sum of the sides of a spherical triangle is less than 3600. A=
1800 = sum of angles - 1800
- The sum of any two angles is less than 1800 plus the third = A + B + C - 1800
angle.
-The sum of the angles of a spherical triangle is greater than
1800 and less than 5400. VOLUME OF SPHERICAL PYRAMID:
R = radius/radius of sphere
πR3 E E = spherical excess
RIGHT SPHERICAL TRIANGLE: V=
5400 = sum of angles - 1800
- is one with right angle. = A + B + C - 1800
-

E 1 1 1 1
tan = √tan s tan (s − a) tan (s − b) tan (s − c)
4 2 2 2 2
s = (a + b + c)/2

Note:
Bi-rectangular spherical triangle
- 2 angles are right angles
co = complement of Tri-rectangular spherical triangle
Note: - 3 right angles
sin co-A = cos A
cos co-A = sin A Terrestrial Sphere Problems:
tan co-A = cot A Note:
1 minute of arc = 1 nautical mile
1 nautical mile = 6080 ft
Napier’s Rule: 1 statute mile = 5280 ft
1 nautical mile = 1.1516 statute mile
Rule 1: (Sin-Ta-Ad Rule) 1 knot = 1 nautical mile per hour
The sine of any middle part is equal to the product of the
tangents of its adjacent parts.
Sample Problems:
Rule 2: (Sin-Co-Op Rule)
The sine of any middle part is equal to the product of the 1. Solve the unknown angles and side of the spherical triangle
cosines of its opposite parts. whose given parts are:
a = 720 27’ b = 610 49’ C = 900
Review Innovations CE Review April 2024 – Spherical Trigonometry

2. Solve the triangle whose given parts are:


A = B = 640 37’, and b = 810 14’

3. Given the parts of spherical triangle, solve for side C:


A = 1100 33’, C = 1400 48’ and a = 1520 19’
A. 18.280 C. 161.720
B. 20.190 D. 159.810

4. Find the area of the spherical triangle whose angles are A =


600, B = 800, and C = 1040. The radius of the sphere is 20 cm.

5. A plane left Manila (140 36’N, 1210 5’E) and flew in the
direction of S 320 E. At what longitude will it cross the equator?

6. A Philippine Airlines Plane on one of its trip is to fly from


Manila (Latitude 14035’N, Longitude 120059’E) to Sydney,
Australia (Latitude 33052’S, Longitude 151012’E). Determine
the distance in nautical miles from Manila to Sydney.

7. Find the time it would take an airplane flying at a speed of


1200 kph to fly along a great circle route from Manila (14038’N,
12105’E) to Moscow (55045’N, 37037’E).Find its course if it flew
from Manila and from Moscow.

Problems for Practice:

1. A spherical triangle ABC has an angle C = 90 0 and sides a =


500 and c = 800. Find the angle of side b in degrees.
Answer: 74.330

2. Solve the spherical triangle whose given parts are:


b = 72038’; A = 1150 51’; and C = 900
Answer: a = 1160 55’, c = 970 46’, B = 740 25’

3. Solve the spherical triangle whose given parts are:


A = B = C = 1200
Answer: a = b = c = 109028.3’

4. In a spherical triangle ABC, A = 1160, B = 550 and C = 800.


Find the value of “a” in degrees.
Answer: a = 114.830

An airplane flew from Manila (140 36’ N, 1210 05’ E) on a course


S 300 W and maintaining a uniform altitude.
5. At what point will the plane cross the equator?
6. What will be its course at that point?
Answer: (5) 1120 48’ E; (6) S 280 56’ W

An airplane flew from Manila (140 36’ N, 1210 05’ E) at an


average speed of 600 kph on a course S 320 E.
7. How long will it take to reach the equator?
8. At what point will it cross the equator?
9. What is the course of the airplane at the equator?
Answer: (8) 3.17 hours; (9) 1300 2’ E;
(10) S 300 51’ E

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