Integration 1

Module 2
 SUB-TOPIC 1
Circular and
Trigonometric Functions
• To discuss the unit circle and angles
• To solve problems involving trigonometric
functions
• The study of triangles applying
the relationship between sides
and angles

• Word origin:
• “TRIGONON” meaning triangle
• “METRIA” meaning measurement
PLANE SPHERICAL
ACUTE RIGHT OBTUSE
Median
• Line joining a vertex
to the midpoint of the
opposite side.
• Intersection:
Centroid
Altitude
• Line through a vertex
and perpendicular to the
opposite side.
• Intersection:
Orthocenter
Perpendicular Bisector
• Create a right angle at
the midpoint of the
segment
• Intersection:
Circumcenter
Angle Bisector
• Split the internal angle
into two congruent
angles.
• Intersection: Incenter
EULER LINE
• the line joining the
centroid, circumcenter,
and the incenter.
Trigonometric Functions
𝑜 ℎ
sin Θ = csc Θ =
ℎ 𝑜
𝑎 ℎ
cos Θ = sec Θ =
ℎ 𝑎
𝑜 𝑎
tan Θ = cot Θ =
𝑎 𝑜
Pythagorean Theorem

𝑎 2 + 𝑜 2 = ℎ 2

“In a right triangle, the sum of the squares

of the sides is equal to the square of the
hypotenuse”
-Pythagoras, 500 BC
Coterminal Angles
• Two angles have the same initial side and the same terminal side,
but different amounts of rotation
• To find coterminal angles for any angle, add or subtract 2π or 360°
to the given angle
Trigonometric Cofunctions
cot 900 − 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 sin 900 − 𝜃 = cos 𝜃
sec 900 − 𝜃 = c𝑠𝑐 𝜃 cos 900 − 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
csc(900 − 𝜃) = sec 𝜃 tan 900 − 𝜃 = cot 𝜃

Trigonometric Functions for Special Triangles 2

450
1
450
1

2 300
3
600
1
 900
Unit Circle 0,1

S A
1,0
Positive sign convention for terminal sides 1800 00
-1,0
falling in region: T C

A = all trigonometric functions are positive 0,-1

2700
C = cosine function is positive
T = tangent function is positive
S = sine function is positive
If the value of cos A is a negative fraction, then angle A
terminates in what quadrant?

a. 1st and 2nd c. 3rd and 4th

b. 2nd and 3rd d. 1st and 4th
The angle between 180 degrees and 270 degrees has:

a. Negative cotangent and cosecant c. Negative secant and tangent

b. Negative sine and tangent d. Negative sine and cosine
Simplify: (sinθ + cosθtanθ)/(cosθ)

a. tan θ c. sin θ
b. 2cot θ d. 2tan θ
If tan A = -3 and tan B = 2/3, find tan(A - B).

a. 11/3 c. -13/9
b. -10/9 d. -12/9
If tan 4x = cot 6y, then

a. 2x – 3y = 450 c. 4x – 6y = 900
b. 2x + 3y = 450 d. 6y – 4x = 900
The measure of 2.25 revolutions counterclockwise is:

a . – 835° c. 835°
b . – 810° d. 810°
 SUB-TOPIC 2
Trigonometric Identities
and Equations
• To know the solutions to right and
oblique triangles.
• To analyze the laws of sines, cosines and
tangents.
• To prove trigonometric identities
ACUTE RIGHT OBTUSE
Trigonometric Functions
𝑜 ℎ
sin Θ = csc Θ =
ℎ 𝑜
𝑎 ℎ
cos Θ = sec Θ =
ℎ 𝑎
𝑜 𝑎
tan Θ = cot Θ =
𝑎 𝑜
Pythagorean Theorem

𝑎 2 + 𝑜 2 = ℎ 2

“In a right triangle, the sum of the squares

of the sides is equal to the square of the
hypotenuse”
-Pythagoras, 500 BC
 sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 = 1
1 + cot2 𝜃 = csc2 𝜃
tan2 𝜃 + 1 = sec2 𝜃

sin 𝐴 ± 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐵 sin 𝐴

cos 𝐴 ± 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ∓ sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
tan 𝐴 ± tan 𝐵
tan 𝐴 ± 𝐵 =
1 ∓ tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
Double Angle: Half Angle:

sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 𝐴 1 − cos 𝐴

sin =
2 2
cos 2𝐴 = cos2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐴
2 tan 𝐴
tan 2𝐴 = 𝐴
1 + cos 𝐴
1− tan2 𝐴 cos =
2 2

𝐴 sin 𝐴
tan =
2 1 + cos 𝐴
Polar to Rectangular: Rectangular to Polar:
𝑟2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝑟 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝑥
Where 𝜃 is the reference angle tan 𝜃 =
𝑦
from x-axis −1 𝑥
𝜃 = tan
𝑦
 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖
Where 𝑎 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 and 𝑏 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃

𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)
𝑧 = 𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝜃
 B

Law of Sines
c
a 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= =
sin(𝐴) sin(𝐵) sin(𝐶)
A
b C
 B
Law of Cosines

c
a
𝑎2 = 𝑏2 + 𝑐2 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴
𝑏2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐2 − 2𝑎𝑐 cos 𝐵
𝑐2 = 𝑏2 + 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶
A
b C
If Arccos( x – 2 ) = π/3, find x

a. 2/5 c. 1/2
b. 5/2 d. 1/5
If sin x = ¼ , find the value of 4sin(x/2)cos(x/2)

a. 2/5 c. 1/2
b. 5/2 d. 1/5
The trigonometric expression ( 1 - tan²x ) / ( 1 + tan²x ) is
equal to

a. csc 2x c. sin 2x
b. tan 2x d. cos 2x
If tanθ = √3, θ in quadrant I, find the value of (1 + cosθ) / (1
– cosθ).

a. 1 c. 3
b. 1/3 d. 1/6
If cscθ = 2 and cosθ < 0, then ( secθ + tanθ ) / ( secθ –
tanθ ) =

a. 1 c. 3
b. 1/3 d. 1/6
If sin A + sin B = 1 and sin A – sin B = 1, find A.

a. 450 c. 300
b. 900 d. 600
Simplify ( sec A + csc A ) / ( 1 + tan A )

a. cos A c. sec A
b. sin A d. csc A
Three times the sine of an angle is equal to twice the
square of the cosine of the same angle. Find the angle.

a. 300 c. 450
b. 600 d. 900
Simplify sin(4x) / cos(2x)

a. 4sin(2x) c. 4sin(x)cos(x)
b. 2cos(4x) d. 2sin(x)cos(x)
Find the product of (4cis1200)(2cis300) in rectangular form.

a. -4(√3 + i) c. 4(√3 + i)
b. -4(√3 – i) d. 4(√3 – i)
 SUB-TOPIC 3
Triangles and Spherical
Trigonometry
• To know the solutions to right and
oblique triangles.
• To solve angle of elevation and
depression.
• To solve problems involving spherical
triangles
Trigonometric Functions
𝑜 ℎ
sin Θ = csc Θ =
ℎ 𝑜
𝑎 ℎ
cos Θ = sec Θ =
ℎ 𝑎
𝑜 𝑎
tan Θ = cot Θ =
𝑎 𝑜
Pythagorean Theorem

𝑎 2 + 𝑜 2 = ℎ 2

“In a right triangle, the sum of the squares

of the sides is equal to the square of the
hypotenuse”
-Pythagoras, 500 BC
 B

Law of Sines
c
a 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= =
sin(𝐴) sin(𝐵) sin(𝐶)
A
b C
 B
Law of Cosines

c
a
𝑎2 = 𝑏2 + 𝑐2 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴
𝑏2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐2 − 2𝑎𝑐 cos 𝐵
𝑐2 = 𝑏2 + 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶
A
b C
 Given: Base & Altitude
h
1
𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
2

b
 Given: 2 sides & angle
a
1
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝜃
ϴ 2
b
 Given: 3 sides
a c
𝐴= 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
where:
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
b 𝑠=
2
Triangle Inscribed
in a circle
𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝐴=
4𝑟
Triangle circumscribing
a circle
𝐴 = 𝑟𝑠
where:
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝑠=
2
From the top of a 200-meter-high building, the angle of
depression to the bottom of a second building is 20
degrees. From the same point, the angle of elevation to the
top of the second building is 10 degrees. Calculate the
height of the second building.
a. 302.5 m c. 209.9 m
b. 296.9 m d. 255.8 m
A 20-meter-high mast is placed on the top of the cliff whose
height above sea level is unknown. An observer at sea
sees the top mast at an elevation of 46 degrees 42 mins,
the foot at 38 degrees 23 mins. The height of the cliff is
closest to:
a. 57 m c. 54 m
b. 51 m d. 59 m
The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 34 cm. Find the length
of the shortest leg if it is 14 cm shorter than the other leg.

a. 15 cm c. 17 cm
b. 16 cm d. 18 cm
Find the supplement of an angle whose complement
is 62°

a. 28° c. 152°
b. 118° d. 162°
A pole cast a shadow of 15 meters long when the angle
of elevation of the sun is 61°If the pole has leaned 15°
from the vertical directly toward the sun, what is the
length of the pole?

a. 52.43 m c. 53.25 m
b. 54.23 m d. 53.24 m
Two sides of a triangle measures 6 cm. and 8 cm. and
their included angle is 400. Find the third side.

a. 5.144 cm c. 4.256 cm
b. 5.236 cm d. 5.645 cm
Given a triangle: C = 100°, a = 15, b = 20. Find c:

a. 34 c. 43
b. 27 d. 35
Points A and B 1000 m apart are plotted on a straight
highway running from East and West. From A, the bearing of
a tower C is 32 deg W of N and from B the bearing of C is
26 deg N of E. Approximate the shortest distance of tower C
to the highway.
a. 364 c. 384
b. 374 d. 394
A ship started sailing S 42°35’ W at the rate of 5 kph. After
two hours, ship B started at the same port going N 46°20’
W at the rate of 7 kph. After how many hours will the second
ship be exactly north of ship A?

a. 3.68 c. 5.12
b. 4.03 d. 4.83
An aerolift airplane can fly at an airspeed of 300 mph, If
there is a wind blowing towards e a s t at 50 mph, what
should be the plane’s compass heading in order for its
course to be N 30° E ?

a. 19.7° c. 21.7°
b. 20.1° d. 22.3°
An aerolift airplane can fly at an airspeed of 300 mph, If
there is a wind blowing towards east at 50 mph, If its
course is to be N 30° E? What will be the plane’s ground
speed if it flies in this course?

a. 307.4 mph c. 321.8 mph

b. 309.4 mph d. 319.2 mph
The sides of a triangle are 195, 157, and 210, respectively.
What is the area of the triangle?

a. 73250 c. 14586
b. 10250 d. 11260
The sides of a triangular lot are 130 m, 180 m, and 190 m.
The lot is to be divided by a line bisecting the longest side
and drawn from the opposite vertex. Find the length of the
line.

a. 120 c. 125
b. 130 d. 128
SPHERICAL TRIANGLES

Plane & Spherical Trigonometry

 NOTES for Terrestrial Sphere
1. Radius of Earth = 3659 miles
2. 1 minute of the great circle area on the surface
of the earth = 1 NM
3. 1 NM (nautical mile) = 6080 feet
4. 1 statute mile = 5280 feet
If Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is 6 AM, what is the time at
a place located 30 degrees east longitude?

a. 7 AM c. 9 AM
b. 8 AM d. 4 AM
If the longitude of Tokyo is 139 E and that of Manila is 121
E, what is the time difference between Tokyo and Manila?

a. 1 hr 12 mins c. 1 hr 8 mins
b. 1 hr 5 mins d. 1 hr 10 mins
One degree on the equator of the earth is equivalent to

a. 1 min c. 30 mins
b. 4 min d. 1 hour
A spherical triangle ABC has an angle C = 90 degrees, and
sides a = 50 degrees, and c = 80 degrees. Find the value of
“b” in degrees.

a. 73.22° c. 75.44°
b. 74.33° d. 76.55°
Solve for the remaining side of the spherical triangle
whose given parts A = B = 80 degrees and a = b = 89
degrees.

a. 158° 12’ c. 168° 31’

b. 162° 21’ d. 172° 12’
Determine the spherical excess of a spherical triangle
whose angles are all right angles?

a. 45° c. 60°
b. 90° d. 30°
The area of spherical triangle ABC whose parts are A =
93°40’, B = 64°12’, C = 116°51’ and the radius of the
sphere is 100 m is:

a. 15613 sq. m c. 18645 sq. m

b. 16531 sq. m d. 25612 sq. m
DO YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS?
SEE YOU NEXT MEETING!