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Synchronous and Direct Axis

The document outlines an experiment to determine the sub transient direct axis (Xd’’) and quadrature axis (Xq”) synchronous reactance of an alternator. It includes the necessary apparatus, theoretical background on alternator behavior during transient conditions, and a detailed procedure for conducting the experiment. Observations and discussions are also provided to analyze the results and understand key concepts related to synchronous machines.

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sonali.gosavi
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23 views3 pages

Synchronous and Direct Axis

The document outlines an experiment to determine the sub transient direct axis (Xd’’) and quadrature axis (Xq”) synchronous reactance of an alternator. It includes the necessary apparatus, theoretical background on alternator behavior during transient conditions, and a detailed procedure for conducting the experiment. Observations and discussions are also provided to analyze the results and understand key concepts related to synchronous machines.

Uploaded by

sonali.gosavi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPERIMENT NO:

AIM:- To determine sub transient direct axis (Xd’’) and quadrature axis (Xq”)
synchronous reactance of an alternator.

Apparatus :

Sl No Apparatus Name Specification Quantity


1) Ammeter
2) Voltmeter
3) Connecting leads
4) Auto transformer
Electrical Machine Specifications:
Synchronous Machine: Power: __________ Voltage:_____________ Current: _______________
Speed: ________________

Theory:
To understand the behavior of an alternator under transient conditions, the
armature and field resistance is assumed to be negligibly small. In purely inductive closed
circuit the total flux linkages cannot change suddenly at the time of any disturbance. Now if
all the three phases of an unloaded alternator with normal excitation are suddenly short
circuited there will be short circuit current flowing in the armature. As the resistance is
assumed to be zero this current lag behind the excitation voltage by 90 degree and the mmf
produced by this current will be in d- axis and the first conclusion is that , this current will
be affected by d axis parameters Xd, Xd’ and Xd” only.
Further there will be demagnetizing effect of this current but as the flux linkages
with field cannot change the effect of demagnetizing armature mmf must be counter
balance by a proportional increase in the field current ,This additional induced component
of field current gives rise to greater excitation , under transient state and results in more
short circuit current at this time than the steady state short circuit.
If field poles are provided with damper bars, then at the instant three phase short circuit
the demagnetizing armature mmf induces current in damper bars which in turn produces field in
the same direction as main field and hence at this instant, the excitation further increases and
gives rise to further increase in short circuit armature current.
This is for a very short duration, normally 3 to 4 cycles and this period is known as sub-
transient period. Since the field voltages are constant, there is no additional voltage to sustain this
increased excitation during sub transient period or transient period. Consequently the effect of
increased field current decrease with a time constant determined by the field and armature circuit
parameter and accordingly the short circuit armature current also decays with the same time
constant.
Fig. shows a symmetrical waveform for an armature short circuit for one phase of three
phase alternator. The DC component is taken to be zero in this phase.
The reactances offered by the machine during sub transient period are known as sub
transient reactances. Along the direct axis, it is direct axis sub transient reactance, Xd″ and
along the quadrature axis, it is quadrature axis sub-transient reactance, Xd″.

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1 ) Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram
2) Set the dimmerstat output to zero and put on the supply.
3) Adjust the stator current to 50% of the rated value rotate the rotor slowly with
hands and note down the current through field winding and respective readings.
When
 The current flowing through field winding is Maximum.
 The current flowing through field winding is Minimum.
4) Repeat the step three for other applied voltage Take care that armature current
does not go beyond its rated value during the experiment.
Observations:

Result:
The average values and per unit are found as follows.
Direct axis sub transient reactance’s Xd” =………………
Quadrature axis sub transient reactance Xq”=…………………..

Discussion:
1. In this experiment why 1 phase supply is used and not three phase?
2. What is the purpose of damper winding in synchronous machines?
3. Generally whether Xd” > Xq” or Xd”< Xq” and why.
4. What is the frequency of rotor induced emf in this test and why?
5. What is meant by Xd” and Xq”?
6. Out of Xq, Xq’, Xq” which one is minimum? Why?
7. Out of Xd,Xd’,Xd” which one is minimum ? Why?
8. What is hunting of synchronous machine?
9. What happen if there is sudden short circuit on the alternator?
10. What do meant by transient stability?

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