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Describe Data vs Information

The document explains the difference between data and information, where data is unprocessed facts and figures, while information is processed data that aids in decision-making. It describes databases as structured collections of data managed by Database Management Systems (DBMS), highlighting their advantages such as ease of access, organization, and security. Additionally, it outlines various DBMS models, components, and how databases can solve organizational problems by improving data management and decision-making.

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4 views

Describe Data vs Information

The document explains the difference between data and information, where data is unprocessed facts and figures, while information is processed data that aids in decision-making. It describes databases as structured collections of data managed by Database Management Systems (DBMS), highlighting their advantages such as ease of access, organization, and security. Additionally, it outlines various DBMS models, components, and how databases can solve organizational problems by improving data management and decision-making.

Uploaded by

xectercode
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1. Describe Data vs Information.

Data:
• Data refers to unprocessed facts and figures. It has no meaningful
context, and you cannot make your own decisions based on it. It
can be used in a variety of forms like numbers, characters,
symbols, images, etc.
• Information depends on data, as data becomes information when
it is analyzed, structured, or given context.
Example: 85, Fahath, 2025-04-05.

Information:

• Information refers to processed, organized, or structured data; it


has meaning and directly helps in decision-making, as it is derived
from data and is the output after processing it.
• while information formats, like reports or presentations.
Example: Fahath scored 85 marks in the exam on 2025-04-05.

2. Explain the term “Database”.


A database is a structured collection of data that Can be easily accessed,
managed and modified. It is a mechanism for Storing, retrieving and
managing data in an efficient way. Databases are Structured in a way that it
becomes easy to store and query data based on different criteria.
For example, in a Library Management System, a database might store
information about books, members, and borrowed records. For example, in a
Library Management System, a database might store information about
books, members, and borrowed records.
Databases are controlled by software known as a Database Management
System, like MySQL, Oracle.
3. Why we use database systems.

A database system helps store, organize, and manage data easily. It


keeps data in clear sections, making it simple to access, update, and
search for information. This helps reduce errors and confusion in a
business and allows many people to use the data at once. It also
keeps data secure with passwords, makes it easy to find, and
ensures data stays safe and organized.

Example:
In an e-commerce website
The system stores customer orders, product details, and inventory.
The data is sorted into categories like customer info, products, and
orders, making it easy to manage.

Benefits:
• Makes it easy to find, update, and search for data.
• Helps avoid mistakes like sending the wrong item or charging
the wrong amount.
• Allows multiple workers to use the data at the same time.
• Information is easy to find, and everything stays secure and
organized.

4. What are the types or models of DBMS available, explain briefly.

01) Hierarchical Model


02) Network Model
03) Relational Model
04) Object-Oriented Model
01) Hierarchical Model
In a Hierarchical Database, data is arranged like a tree with parent-child
connections. Data is stored from top to bottom or bottom to top, where a
parent can have many children, but each child has only one parent. This
works well for data with a clear order.

02) Network Model


In a Network database, each child can have many parents, which is useful for
many-to-many relationships. Data is stored in a graph and can be accessed in
different ways.
03) Relational Model
In a Relational Database, data is stored in tables with rows and columns. It’s
the most common type of database because it’s easy to organize and use.
SQL is used to manage and update the data, and it is set up to avoid
repeating information. It’s simple and easy to work with.

04) Object-Oriented Model


Object oriented model : in this method data stored in the form of objects
the structure which is called classes which display data within it, it defines a
database as a collection of objects stores both data members value and
operations and because of the structure , it is easier to organize, manage,
and reuse complex data.
5. What are the advantages of using DBMS?

• Allows many people to use the data at the same time.


• Stops the same data from being stored multiple times, saving space.
• Organizes data in a simple way that’s easy to use.
• Lets you save data and get it back if something goes wrong.
• The system can handle more data without slowing down.
• Lets many people work on the data without causing mistakes

6. What are the Components of a DBMS and explain three of them.

• Buffer management
• Stored data manager
• DDL compiler
• Interactive query interface
• Query compiler
• Query optimizer
• Pre-compiler
• Runtime database processor
• System catalog
• Concurrency control system
• Backup and recovery system

Buffer management
Buffer management helps move data between the disk and the
computer’s memory (RAM). It keeps the data that is used often in
memory, so the system doesn’t have to read from the slower disk each
time. This makes the system faster and more efficient.
DDL compiler
The DDL compiler works with commands like CREATE, ALTER, and DROP
to make or change things like tables and indexes in the database. It keeps
track of these changes and helps make sure the database is set up
correctly.
Query Optimizer
The Query Optimizer is a part of the DBMS that makes SQL queries faster.
It looks at different ways to get the data and picks the best one, using the
least memory and processing power. This helps the system work more
efficiently, especially when dealing with a lot of data.

7. Explain how database can solve problems in an Organization.

A database helps by storing all important information in one place. It makes


finding and sharing data easy. It helps avoid mistakes and keeps the
information correct. A database also helps managers make better decisions
with reports and saves time by doing tasks automatically. It keeps
information safe and only lets the right people see it. As the business grows,
the database can handle more data.

For example, in a hospital, a database lets doctors quickly see patient


information, helping them give faster.

8. Graphically explain levels of Database Architecture.


In a database, DBMS architecture is made up of layers, and when these layers
are put together, they form a structure called a tier. This structure is
important for designing, developing, setting up, and maintaining the
database system. It helps organize how data is managed and makes sure the
database works well.
1-tier architecture
In 1-tier architecture, the client, server, and database are all on the same
computer, and users interact directly with the system. It's simple and mostly
used by designers and programmers.

2-tier architecture
In 2-tier architecture, the client and server are separate. The client asks the
server for data, and the user interface is on the client’s machine. It's used for
small applications.
3-tier architecture
A 3-tier architecture divides the system based on how users use the data. It is
the most common design for database systems. The system has three layers:
1. Presentation layer
2. Application layer
3. Database Server

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