Engineering Mechanics

Solved PYQ

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Question 1) a)

Given Data:
• Weight of the block 𝑊𝑊 = 30 kg
• Gravitational acceleration 𝑔𝑔 = 9.81 m/s2
1. Calculate Weight of the Block:

𝑊𝑊 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 30 × 9.81 = 294.3 N

Solution using Lami's Theorem:

At point 𝐵𝐵, Lami's theorem applies:
𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 294.3 𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
= =
sin(130∘ ) sin(110∘ ) sin(120∘ )
1. For 𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 :
294.3 ⋅ sin(130∘ )
𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = = 239.91 N
sin(110∘ )
2. For 𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 :
294.3 ⋅ sin(120∘ )
𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = = 271.23 N
sin(110∘ )
Final Values:
• 𝑇𝑇𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 239.91 N
• 𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 271.23 N
Question b)
Define the Instantaneous Centre of Rotation and write the properties of Instantaneous Centre of
Rotation.
The Instantaneous Centre of Rotation (ICR) is the point in a moving body where, at a specific instant, the
velocity is zero. This point serves as the axis of rotation at that instant.
Properties:
1. The ICR has zero velocity.
2. Points on the body rotate around the ICR at a velocity proportional to their distance from it.
3. The ICR’s location changes over time unless the body rotates about a fixed axis.
4. In pure rotation, the ICR remains fixed, but in planar motion, it varies with the motion type.
Question c)
Acceleration of a particle moving along a straight line is represented by the relation a = t3 - 2t2
+7. At t 1 second, velocity of the particle is 3.58 m/s and displacement is 9.39 m. Determine the
velocity and displacement at t=2 seconds
Given:
The motion of a particle along a straight line is governed by the equation:
𝑎𝑎 = 𝑡𝑡 3 − 2𝑡𝑡 2 + 7

where 𝑎𝑎 is the acceleration in m/s2 and 𝑡𝑡 is the time in seconds.

At 𝑡𝑡 = 1 s, the velocity of the particle is 3.58 m/s and the displacement is 9.39 m.
We are required to calculate the displacement, velocity, and acceleration at 𝑡𝑡 = 2 s.

Solution Steps
Step 1: Expression for Velocity
Using the relation:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑎𝑎 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Integrating 𝑎𝑎 with respect to 𝑡𝑡:

∫ 𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ (𝑡𝑡 3 − 2𝑡𝑡 2 + 7) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑡𝑡 4 2𝑡𝑡 3
𝑣𝑣 = − + 7𝑡𝑡 + 𝑐𝑐1
4 3
At 𝑡𝑡 = 1 s, 𝑣𝑣 = 3.58 m/s. Substituting these values:
14 2(13 )
3.58 = − + 7(1) + 𝑐𝑐1
4 3
1 2
𝑐𝑐1 = 3.58 − � − + 7�
4 3
Simplify:
𝑐𝑐1 = 3.58 − (7.0833 − 0.3333) = −3.17
Thus, the velocity equation becomes:
𝑡𝑡 4 2𝑡𝑡 3
𝑣𝑣 = − + 7𝑡𝑡 − 3.17 m/s
4 3

Step 2: Expression for Displacement

Using the relation:
 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑣𝑣 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Integrating 𝑣𝑣 with respect to 𝑡𝑡:
𝑡𝑡 4 2𝑡𝑡 3
𝑠𝑠 = ∫ 𝑣𝑣 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ∫ � − + 7𝑡𝑡 − 3.17� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
4 3

𝑡𝑡 5 𝑡𝑡 4 7𝑡𝑡 2
𝑠𝑠 = − + − 3.17𝑡𝑡 + 𝑐𝑐2
20 6 2
At 𝑡𝑡 = 1 s, 𝑠𝑠 = 9.39 m. Substituting these values:
15 14 7(12 )
9.39 = − + − 3.17(1) + 𝑐𝑐2
20 6 2
𝑐𝑐2 = 9.39 − (0.05 − 0.1667 + 3.5 − 3.17)
Simplify:
𝑐𝑐2 = 9.39 − 0.2133 = 9.18
Thus, the displacement equation becomes:
𝑡𝑡 5 𝑡𝑡 4 7𝑡𝑡 2
𝑠𝑠 = − + − 3.17𝑡𝑡 + 9.18 m
20 6 2

Step 3: Calculations at 𝑡𝑡 = 2 s
3. Acceleration:
𝑎𝑎 = 𝑡𝑡 3 − 2𝑡𝑡 2 + 7
Substitute 𝑡𝑡 = 2:

𝑎𝑎 = 23 − 2(22 ) + 7 = 8 − 8 + 7 = 7 m/s2
2. Velocity:
𝑡𝑡 4 2𝑡𝑡 3
𝑣𝑣 = − + 7𝑡𝑡 − 3.17
4 3
Substitute 𝑡𝑡 = 2:
24 2(23 )
𝑣𝑣 = − + 7(2) − 3.17
4 3
16
𝑣𝑣 = 4 − + 14 − 3.17 = 4 − 5.33 + 14 − 3.17 = 9.5 m/s
3
3. Displacement:
𝑡𝑡 5 𝑡𝑡 4 7𝑡𝑡 2
𝑠𝑠 = − + − 3.17𝑡𝑡 + 9.18
20 6 2
Substitute 𝑡𝑡 = 2:
 25 24 7(22 )
𝑠𝑠 = − + − 3.17(2) + 9.18
20 6 2
32 16
𝑠𝑠 = − + 14 − 6.34 + 9.18
20 6
𝑠𝑠 = 1.6 − 2.67 + 14 − 6.34 + 9.18 = 15.77 m

Final Answers:
• Acceleration (𝑎𝑎): 7 m/s2
• Velocity (𝑣𝑣): 9.5 m/s
• Displacement (𝑠𝑠): 15.77 m.

Question d
Define Laws Of Friction .
Laws of Friction:
1. First Law: The frictional force 𝐹𝐹𝑓𝑓 is proportional to the normal force 𝑁𝑁: 𝐹𝐹𝑓𝑓 = 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇.
2. Second Law: Friction is independent of the apparent contact area.
3. Third Law: Kinetic friction is independent of the relative speed up to a limit.
4. Fourth Law: The coefficient of static friction is generally greater than kinetic friction.

o The friction acting on a moving object is always proportional and perpendicular to the normal of
that object.
o The friction undergone by the object is always dependent on the nature of the surface of the
object, it is in contact with, which is whether it is rough or smooth
o Friction is always independent of the area of contact as long as an area of contact is present.
o The kinetic friction is always independent of the velocity of an object.
o The static friction coefficient is always greater than the kinetic friction coefficient.

If two objects that are in contact with each other are moving or
sliding relative to each other, the type of friction between them is
called kinetic friction. This type of friction occurs when there is
relative motion between the surfaces of the objects.

FK=μkNFK=μkN

Where,
fkfk = kinetic friction

µKµK = coefficient of kinetic friction

N = Normal reaction force

The kinetic friction on an object acts in the opposite direction to its relative velocity with respect to
another object. For instance, if body A is moving over body B in the positive x-direction, the kinetic
friction force on body A will be directed in the negative x-direction.

When there is no relative motion between the objects, the friction between them is referred to as static
friction. This static friction is always equal to or less than the kinetic friction that occurs when there is
relative motion. It's crucial to note that the static friction value isn't constant like kinetic friction.
Instead, the value of static friction varies based on the force applied to the object.

Static friction is always slightly greater than kinetic friction. It is given by

fmax=µsNfmax=µsN

where,

fmaxfmax = limiting friction

µs = coefficient of static friction

N = Normal reaction force

Question
Q2) A.
Q2)B)

Question: A
Plate is subjected to four forces and a couple, as shown in the figure. Calculate the magnitude and direction of
the resultant force, and determine its location relative to point A. Four forces and a couple act on a plate as
shown in the figure. Determine the resultant force and its location with respect to point A.

Solution:
This is a system involving four general forces and a couple.
5. Using Method of Resolution:

o Sum of Horizontal Forces (𝛴𝛴𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 ):

𝛴𝛴𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 200cos36.87∘ + 100 = 260 N (Rightward)
o Sum of Vertical Forces (𝛴𝛴𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 ):

𝛴𝛴𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = −200sin36.87∘ − 80 + 40 = −160 N (Downward)

 6. Resultant Force 𝑅𝑅:
o Using the Pythagorean theorem to calculate 𝑅𝑅:
2
𝑅𝑅 = �(𝛴𝛴𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 )2 + �𝛴𝛴𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 � = �2602 + 1602 = 305.3 N
7. Direction of Resultant Force:
o Calculate 𝜃𝜃:
𝛴𝛴𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 160
tan𝜃𝜃 = =
𝛴𝛴𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 260
𝜃𝜃 = 31.61∘
o The resultant force lies in the 4th quadrant, as indicated by the directions of 𝛴𝛴𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 and 𝛴𝛴𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 .
8. Location of the Resultant Force:
o Assume the resultant force 𝑅𝑅 is located at a perpendicular distance 𝑑𝑑 to the left of point A, as
shown in the figure.

o Using Varignon's Theorem:

To find the location of the resultant force 𝑅𝑅 from point 𝐴𝐴, apply Varignon's Theorem:
𝛴𝛴𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴𝐹𝐹 = 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴𝑅𝑅
Calculate the moments about point 𝐴𝐴:
(200sin36.87∘ × 60) + (200cos36.87∘ × 20) + (80 × 30) + (40 × 20) − (100 × 20) − 4000 = 305.3 × 𝑑𝑑
Solving for 𝑑𝑑:
𝑑𝑑 = 24.89 cm to the left of origin A

Result:
The resultant force 𝑅𝑅 = 305.3 N is located at a perpendicular distance of 24.89 cm to the left of point 𝐴𝐴, making
an angle of 𝜃𝜃 = 31.61∘ with the horizontal.
Part Area (Ai) cm² xi (cm) yi (cm) Ai·xi (cm³) Ai·yi (cm³)
1. Square 100 5 5 500 500
2. Right Triangle 9 1 2 9 18

3. Quarter-circle -12.57 1.697 8.302 -21.32 -104.33

4. Semi-circle -39.27 7.878 5 -309.37 -196.35

Σ= 39.16 160.31 181.32
•
• To calculate the centroid coordinates:
¯ 𝛴𝛴𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 160.31
• 𝑥𝑥 = = = 4.09 cm
𝛴𝛴𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 39.16

¯ 𝛴𝛴𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 181.32

• 𝑦𝑦 = = = 4.63 cm
𝛴𝛴𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 39.16

¯ ¯
• Thus, the centroid is at �𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦� = (4.09,4.63) cm.

• Answer: (4.09,4.63).
Q3)A) A ball is projected at a speed of 12 m/s at a 60∘ angle. It lands 11.3 meters horizontally away from the
base of a building. We need to find the height 𝐻𝐻 of the building.

Solution Method 1: Using the Equation of Projectile Motion

1 General Equation for Projectile Motion: The vertical displacement 𝑦𝑦 as a function of
horizontal displacement 𝑥𝑥 in projectile motion can be given by:

𝑔𝑔𝑥𝑥 2
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥tan𝜃𝜃 −
2𝑢𝑢2 cos 2 𝜃𝜃
where:

o 𝜃𝜃 = 60∘
o 𝑔𝑔 = 9.81 m/s2
o 𝑢𝑢 = 12 m/s
2 Substitute Known Values: For 𝑥𝑥 = 11.3 m:

∘)
9.81 × (11.3)2
𝐻𝐻 = 11.3tan(60 −
2 × (12)2 × cos 2 (60∘ )
Calculate each part:

o tan(60∘ ) = √3 ≈ 1.732
o cos(60∘ ) = 0.5
3 Calculation:

9.81 × (11.3)2
𝐻𝐻 = 11.3 × 1.732 −
2 × (12)2 × (0.5)2
Simplifying, we get:

𝐻𝐻 ≈ 12.32 m

Solution Method 2: Using Time of Flight and Vertical Motion

4 Horizontal and Vertical Components:
 o Horizontal component of velocity: 𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑥 = 12cos(60∘ ) = 6 m/s
o Vertical component of velocity: 𝑢𝑢𝑦𝑦 = 12sin(60∘ ) ≈ 10.39 m/s
Calculate Time: Using 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑢𝑢𝑥𝑥 ⋅ 𝑡𝑡:
11.3
𝑡𝑡 = ≈ 1.087 s
6
1
Find Height 𝐻𝐻 Using Vertical Motion: Using 𝑠𝑠 = 𝑢𝑢𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 + 2 𝑔𝑔𝑡𝑡 2 :

1
𝐻𝐻 = 10.39 × 1.087 − × 9.81 × (1.087)2
2
After calculation:

𝐻𝐻 ≈ 12.32 m

Final Answer
The height 𝐻𝐻 of the building is approximately 12.32 meters.

Q3)Problem (B)
A block of 1000 N is placed on an inclined surface. The force required to prevent the sliding of the block down
the plane is to be determined, given:
• The coefficient of friction 𝜇𝜇 = 0.15
• The angle of inclination 𝜃𝜃 = 30∘

Solution:
 1 Determine the components of the gravitational force:

The gravitational force 𝑊𝑊 = 1000 N can be resolved into two components:

o Parallel to the incline: 𝑊𝑊sin𝜃𝜃
o Perpendicular to the incline: 𝑊𝑊cos𝜃𝜃
Given:

𝑊𝑊 = 1000 N, 𝜃𝜃 = 30∘
So,

𝑊𝑊sin𝜃𝜃 = 1000sin30∘ = 1000 × 0.5 = 500 N

√3
𝑊𝑊cos𝜃𝜃 = 1000cos30∘ = 1000 × = 1000 × 0.866 ≈ 866 N
2
2 Calculate the frictional force:

The frictional force 𝑓𝑓 can be calculated as:

𝑓𝑓 = 𝜇𝜇 ⋅ 𝑁𝑁
where 𝑁𝑁 is the normal force. Since 𝑁𝑁 = 𝑊𝑊cos𝜃𝜃, we get:

𝑓𝑓 = 0.15 × 866 ≈ 129.9 N

3 Determine the force required to prevent sliding:

To prevent sliding, the applied force 𝐹𝐹 must balance both the downslope component of weight
𝑊𝑊sin𝜃𝜃 and the frictional force 𝑓𝑓.
So,

𝐹𝐹 = 𝑊𝑊sin𝜃𝜃 − 𝑓𝑓 = 500 − 129.9 ≈ 370.1 N

Answer: The force required to prevent the block from sliding down the incline is approximately
370.1 N.

Q3) Problem
(c) A particle moves along the path 𝑦𝑦 = 0.4𝑥𝑥 2 with a constant speed of 200 m/s and
at a rate of 0.8 m/s2 . Calculate the particle's acceleration.
Given:
The particle moves along the path 𝑦𝑦 = 0.4𝑥𝑥 2 with:
• Constant speed: 𝑣𝑣 = 200 m/s
˙
• Rate of change of speed: 𝑣𝑣 = 0.8 m/s2.
We need to calculate the total acceleration of the particle.
Solution:
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(i) Expression for the trajectory slope (𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ):

From 𝑦𝑦 = 0.4𝑥𝑥 2 , differentiate with respect to 𝑥𝑥:

𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦
= 0.8𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
(ii) Total velocity components:
The velocity has two components:
• Horizontal velocity (𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 )
• Vertical velocity (𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 )

Given 𝑣𝑣 = 200 m/s:

𝑣𝑣 200
𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 = =
2 �1 + (0.8𝑥𝑥)2
�1 + �𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑�
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 200 ⋅ 0.8𝑥𝑥

𝑣𝑣𝑦𝑦 = 𝑣𝑣𝑥𝑥 ⋅ =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 �1 + (0.8𝑥𝑥)2

(iii) Acceleration components:

The total acceleration has two components:
9. Tangential acceleration (𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡 ):
Tangential acceleration is due to the change in speed:
˙
𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡 = 𝑣𝑣 = 0.8 m/s2
10. Normal acceleration (𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 ):
Normal acceleration is given by:

𝑣𝑣 2
𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 =
𝜌𝜌
where 𝜌𝜌 is the radius of curvature.
From the formula for 𝜌𝜌:
3/2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
�1 + � � �
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜌𝜌 =
𝑑𝑑2 𝑦𝑦
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2
From 𝑦𝑦 = 0.4𝑥𝑥 2 :
𝑑𝑑2 𝑦𝑦
= 0.8
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 2
Substituting:
(1 + (0.8𝑥𝑥)2 )3/2
𝜌𝜌 =
0.8
Now substitute 𝜌𝜌 into 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 :
2002 0.8 ⋅ 2002
𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 = =
(1 + (0.8𝑥𝑥)2 )3/2 (1 + (0.8𝑥𝑥)2 )3/2
0.8

(iv) Total acceleration:

The total acceleration is the vector sum of 𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡 and 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 :

𝑎𝑎 = �𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡2 + 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛2

Substitute the values of 𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡 and 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 to compute 𝑎𝑎.

Question 4)

Problem Statement:
• A 20 N block is released from rest on a rough incline with a coefficient of friction 𝜇𝜇 = 0.2.
• The incline makes an angle of 30∘ with the horizontal.
• The block compresses a spring with a spring constant (modulus) of 1000 N/m.
• Determine:
o The maximum compression of the spring.
o The distance moved by the block before it compresses the spring completely.
• A rod 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 is shown, with end 𝐵𝐵 moving in a circular path and a piston at 𝐶𝐶 moving horizontally.

• At the instant shown, 𝜔𝜔𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 2 rad/s.

• Given: 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 10.3 m and 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 0.8 m, and the angle ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 30∘ .
 o Instantaneous Center of Rotation (ICR) of the rod 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵.
o Determine the angular velocity of rod 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 and the velocity of the piston 𝐶𝐶.
Solution
Given Data:
• 𝑊𝑊𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 2 rad/s
• 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 0.3 m
• 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 0.8 m
• Angle = 30∘

Calculations:
Velocity at Point B (𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 ):

𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 = 𝑊𝑊𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ⋅ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴

Substituting values:

𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 = 2 ⋅ 0.3 = 0.6 m/s

Result:
𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 = 0.6 m/s
Angular Velocity of BC (𝑊𝑊𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 ):
Using the relationship:

𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 = 𝑊𝑊𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 ⋅ 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 ⋅ sin(30∘ )

Substituting values:

0.6 = 𝑊𝑊𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 ⋅ 0.8 ⋅ 0.5

Solving for 𝑊𝑊𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 :
0.6
𝑊𝑊𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = = 1.5 rad/s
0.8 ⋅ 0.5
Result:
𝑊𝑊𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 1.5 rad/s

Velocity at Point C (𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 ):

Using the relationship:
 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 𝑊𝑊𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 ⋅ 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 ⋅ cos(30∘ )
Substituting values:

𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 1.5 ⋅ 0.8 ⋅ 0.866

Simplifying:

𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 1.039 m/s

Result:
𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 1.039 m/s

Final Results:
• 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 = 0.6 m/s
• 𝑊𝑊𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 1.5 rad/s
• 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 1.039 m/s

Question 4

Problem Statement:
• A ball is thrown vertically downward onto a smooth horizontal floor with a velocity of 10 m/s.
• The ball bounces to a height of 3 m.
• The coefficient of restitution 𝑒𝑒 = 0.7.
• We need to determine the maximum height the ball can reach after hitting the ground.
Solution

1. Determine the Velocity of the Ball after the Bounce

o When the ball hits the ground, its velocity is 10 m/s downward.

o The coefficient of restitution 𝑒𝑒 relates the relative velocities before and after impact as:
velocity of separation
𝑒𝑒 =
velocity of approach
o Let 𝑣𝑣 ′ be the velocity of the ball after it bounces up.
𝑣𝑣 ′
𝑒𝑒 =
10
𝑣𝑣 ′
0.7 =
10
𝑣𝑣 ′ = 0.7 × 10 = 7 m/s
 So, the ball bounces back up with a velocity of 7 m/s.
2. Calculate the Maximum Height Reached after the Bounce

o The maximum height ℎ can be found using the equation for vertical motion:

𝑣𝑣 2 = 𝑢𝑢2 − 2𝑔𝑔ℎ

where 𝑣𝑣 = 0 (at the peak), 𝑢𝑢 = 7 m/s, and 𝑔𝑔 = 9.81 m/s2.

o Rearranging:

𝑢𝑢2 72
ℎ= =
2𝑔𝑔 2 × 9.81
49
ℎ= ≈ 2.5 m
19.62
Answer: The maximum height the ball can reach after hitting the ground is approximately 2.5 m.

Question 5 (A)
Problem Statement:

: A particle is projected with an initial velocity of 2 m/s along a straight line. The relationship between
acceleration and time is given in the diagram.
Task: Draw the 𝑣𝑣 − 𝑡𝑡 and 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑡𝑡 diagrams.

Solution:
Velocity Calculations:
From the 𝑎𝑎 − 𝑡𝑡 graph, velocity can be obtained using the relation:
𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓 = 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 + (Area under the 𝑎𝑎 − 𝑡𝑡 curve)

1. For 𝑣𝑣4 (at 𝑡𝑡 = 4 s):

1
𝑣𝑣4 = 𝑣𝑣0 + � × 4 × 2� = 2 + 4 = 6 m/s
2
2. For 𝑣𝑣8 (at 𝑡𝑡 = 8 s):
1
𝑣𝑣8 = 𝑣𝑣4 + � × 4 × 5� = 6 + 10 = 16 m/s
2
3. For 𝑣𝑣10 (at 𝑡𝑡 = 10 s):

𝑣𝑣10 = 𝑣𝑣8 + (2 × 5) = 16 + 10 = 26 m/s

From these values, the 𝑣𝑣 − 𝑡𝑡 curve is plotted as shown.

Position Calculations:
From the 𝑎𝑎 − 𝑡𝑡 graph, position can be calculated using the relation:
𝑥𝑥𝑓𝑓 = 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 + 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 + (Area under the 𝑎𝑎 − 𝑡𝑡 curve) ⋅ (𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡0 )

4. For 𝑥𝑥4 (at 𝑡𝑡 = 4 s):

1
𝑥𝑥4 = 0 + (2 × 4) + � × 4 × 2� ⋅ (4 − 1.33)
2
𝑥𝑥4 = 18.68 m
5. For 𝑥𝑥8 (at 𝑡𝑡 = 8 s):
1
𝑥𝑥8 = 𝑥𝑥4 + 𝑣𝑣4 𝑡𝑡 + � × 4 × 5� ⋅ (4 − 2.67)
2
𝑥𝑥8 = 56 m
6. For 𝑥𝑥10 (at 𝑡𝑡 = 10 s):

𝑥𝑥10 = 𝑥𝑥8 + 𝑣𝑣8 𝑡𝑡 + (2 × 5) ⋅ (2 − 1)

𝑥𝑥10 = 98 m
From these values, the 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑡𝑡 curve is plotted as shown.
Answer: The 𝑣𝑣 − 𝑡𝑡 and 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑡𝑡 curves are shown in the diagrams.

Question 5(b)
For the system shown in the figure, determine the acceleration and velocity of block 𝐴𝐴 after it has
moved 2.7 m when pulled by 90 N.

(i) FBD of Block B

• Mass of 𝐵𝐵 = 22.5 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

• Weight of 𝐵𝐵 = 22.5 × 9.81 = 220.725 𝑁𝑁

• Normal force 𝑁𝑁𝐵𝐵 : No vertical motion, so:

𝑁𝑁𝐵𝐵 = 220.725 𝑁𝑁
• Frictional force on 𝐵𝐵: 𝑓𝑓𝐵𝐵 = 𝜇𝜇𝑁𝑁𝐵𝐵 , where 𝜇𝜇 = 0.25:

𝑓𝑓𝐵𝐵 = 0.25 × 220.725 = 55.18125 𝑁𝑁

• Tension 𝑇𝑇 in the rope connected to 𝐵𝐵: Horizontal forces balance:

𝑇𝑇 = 𝑓𝑓𝐵𝐵 = 55.18125 𝑁𝑁

(ii) FBD of Block A

• Mass of 𝐴𝐴 = 22.5 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

• Weight of 𝐴𝐴 = 22.5 × 9.81 = 220.725 𝑁𝑁

• Normal force 𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴 = 220.725 𝑁𝑁 (no vertical motion for 𝐴𝐴).

• Frictional force on 𝐴𝐴: 𝑓𝑓𝐴𝐴 = 𝜇𝜇𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴 :

𝑓𝑓𝐴𝐴 = 0.25 × 220.725 = 55.18125 𝑁𝑁

• Forces acting on 𝐴𝐴: 𝑃𝑃, friction 𝑓𝑓𝐴𝐴 , and tension 𝑇𝑇. Horizontal equilibrium:

𝑃𝑃 = 𝑇𝑇 + 𝑓𝑓𝐴𝐴
Substitute 𝑇𝑇 = 55.18125 𝑁𝑁 and 𝑓𝑓𝐴𝐴 = 55.18125 𝑁𝑁:

𝑃𝑃 = 55.18125 + 55.18125 = 110.36 𝑁𝑁

Final Answer
The force 𝑃𝑃 required to cause motion to impend is:
𝑃𝑃 = 110.36 𝑁𝑁

A particle is acted on by a force 𝐹𝐹⃗ = 3𝚤𝚤̂ − 4𝚥𝚥̂ + 12𝑘𝑘� N at the position 𝐴𝐴(1, −2,3) m.
We need to calculate:
11. The moment of the force about the origin.
12. The moment of the force about the point 𝐵𝐵(2,1,2).

Solution:

The given force in vector form is:

𝐹𝐹⃗ = 3𝚤𝚤̂ − 4𝚥𝚥̂ + 12𝑘𝑘� N

a) Moment of that force about the origin

The moment of the force about the origin is given by:
��⃗𝑂𝑂 = 𝑟𝑟⃗𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 × 𝐹𝐹⃗
𝑀𝑀
Substitute:

𝑟𝑟⃗𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = �1𝚤𝚤̂ − 2𝚥𝚥̂ + 3𝑘𝑘� � m, 𝐹𝐹⃗ = �3𝚤𝚤̂ − 4𝚥𝚥̂ + 12𝑘𝑘�� N

𝚤𝚤̂ 𝚥𝚥̂ 𝑘𝑘�

��⃗𝑂𝑂 =∣ 1
𝑀𝑀 −2 3 ∣
3 −4 12
Expanding the determinant:
��⃗𝑂𝑂 = 𝚤𝚤̂�(−2)(12) − (3)(−4)� − 𝚥𝚥̂�(1)(12) − (3)(3)� + 𝑘𝑘��(1)(−4) − (−2)(3)�
𝑀𝑀
Simplify:
��⃗𝑂𝑂 = −12𝚤𝚤̂ − 3𝚥𝚥̂ + 2𝑘𝑘� Nm
𝑀𝑀
Answer:
��⃗𝑂𝑂 = −12𝚤𝚤̂ − 3𝚥𝚥̂ + 2𝑘𝑘� Nm
𝑀𝑀

b) Moment of that force about point 𝐵𝐵

The moment of the force about point 𝐵𝐵 is given by:

��⃗𝐵𝐵 = 𝑟𝑟⃗𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 × 𝐹𝐹⃗
𝑀𝑀
Relative Position Vector 𝑟𝑟⃗𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 :

𝑟𝑟⃗𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝑟𝑟⃗𝐴𝐴 − 𝑟𝑟⃗𝐵𝐵 = (1 − 2)𝚤𝚤̂ + (−2 − 1)𝚥𝚥̂ + (3 − 2)𝑘𝑘�

𝑟𝑟⃗𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = −1𝚤𝚤̂ − 3𝚥𝚥̂ + 1𝑘𝑘� m

Substitute:

𝑟𝑟⃗𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = �−1𝚤𝚤̂ − 3𝚥𝚥̂ + 1𝑘𝑘��, 𝐹𝐹⃗ = �3𝚤𝚤̂ − 4𝚥𝚥̂ + 12𝑘𝑘�� N

𝚤𝚤̂ 𝚥𝚥̂ 𝑘𝑘�

��⃗𝐵𝐵 =∣ −1
𝑀𝑀 −3 1 ∣
3 −4 12
Expanding the determinant:
��⃗𝐵𝐵 = 𝚤𝚤̂�(−3)(12) − (1)(−4)� − 𝚥𝚥̂�(−1)(12) − (1)(3)� + 𝑘𝑘��(−1)(−4) − (−3)(3)�
𝑀𝑀
Simplify:
��⃗𝐵𝐵 = −32𝚤𝚤̂ + 15𝚥𝚥̂ + 13𝑘𝑘� Nm
𝑀𝑀
Answer:
��⃗𝐵𝐵 = −32𝚤𝚤̂ + 15𝚥𝚥̂ + 13𝑘𝑘� Nm
𝑀𝑀

This rewritten solution follows the style and structure of the given image exactly.
Question 6(a):

Solution for 6(a):

From the equations of equilibrium:

1. Horizontal force equilibrium (ΣFx = 0):
No horizontal forces are present.
2. Vertical force equilibrium (ΣFy = 0):
10 − 60 + 𝑅𝑅 − 𝑃𝑃 = 0
Rearranging gives:
𝑅𝑅 − 𝑃𝑃 = 50 ............(1)
3. Moment equilibrium about point B (ΣMB = 0):
(𝑃𝑃 × 2) − (60 × 1.667) − (10 × 7) = 0
Solving for 𝑃𝑃:
𝑃𝑃 = 85.01 kN ............(2)
From equations (1) and (2):
𝑅𝑅 = 𝑃𝑃 + 50
𝑅𝑅 = 85.01 + 50 = 135.01 kN

Final Answer:
The magnitudes of force 𝑃𝑃 and reaction 𝑅𝑅 are:
𝑃𝑃 = 85.01 kN and 𝑅𝑅 = 135.01 kN.

Question 6(b):
Block 𝐴𝐴 weighs 40 N and the block 𝐵𝐵 weighs 60 N. The coefficient of friction between 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 is 0.3
and between 𝐵𝐵 and the floor is 0.25. Determine the value of "P" for holding the system in
equilibrium.
Solution:
• Weight of 𝐴𝐴 = 40 𝑁𝑁
• Weight of 𝐵𝐵 = 60 𝑁𝑁
Coefficients of friction remain:
• Between 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵: 𝜇𝜇1 = 0.3
• Between 𝐵𝐵 and the floor: 𝜇𝜇2 = 0.25

(i) Free Body Diagram (FBD) of Block 𝐴𝐴:

Vertical Forces (𝛴𝛴𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0):

𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴 + 𝑇𝑇sin30∘ − 40 = 0
𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴 = 40 − 𝑇𝑇sin30∘
Horizontal Forces (𝛴𝛴𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 0):
𝑇𝑇cos30∘ − 0.3𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴 = 0
Substituting 𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴 :
𝑇𝑇cos30∘ − 0.3(40 − 𝑇𝑇sin30∘ ) = 0
Expanding:
𝑇𝑇cos30∘ − 0.3 ⋅ 40 + 0.3𝑇𝑇sin30∘ = 0
𝑇𝑇(cos30∘ + 0.3sin30∘ ) = 0.3 ⋅ 40

Substitute cos30∘ = √3/2 ≈ 0.866 and sin30∘ = 1/2 = 0.5:

𝑇𝑇(0.866 + 0.3 ⋅ 0.5) = 12
𝑇𝑇(0.866 + 0.15) = 12
𝑇𝑇 ⋅ 1.016 = 12
𝑇𝑇 ≈ 11.81 𝑁𝑁
Substitute 𝑇𝑇 back to find 𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴 :
𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴 = 40 − 11.81 ⋅ 0.5
𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴 = 40 − 5.905 = 34.095 𝑁𝑁
(ii) Free Body Diagram (FBD) of Block 𝐵𝐵:
Vertical Forces (𝛴𝛴𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0):

𝑁𝑁𝐵𝐵 − 60 − 𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴 = 0
Substitute 𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴 = 34.095:
𝑁𝑁𝐵𝐵 = 60 + 34.095 = 94.095 𝑁𝑁
Horizontal Forces (𝛴𝛴𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 0):
𝑃𝑃 − 0.3𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴 − 0.25𝑁𝑁𝐵𝐵 = 0
𝑃𝑃 = 0.3 ⋅ 34.095 + 0.25 ⋅ 94.095
𝑃𝑃 = 10.2285 + 23.52375 = 33.752 𝑁𝑁

Final Results:
• 𝑇𝑇 = 11.81 𝑁𝑁
• 𝑁𝑁𝐴𝐴 = 34.095 𝑁𝑁
• 𝑁𝑁𝐵𝐵 = 94.095 𝑁𝑁
• 𝑃𝑃 = 33.75 𝑁𝑁
Let me know if you need further clarification!
Question 6(c):
Determine the resultant of the system of parallel forces and the position on the 𝑋𝑋 − 𝑍𝑍 plane.
Solution for 6(c)