UNIT 2 system with 60 as its base; used for

measuring time, angles, and geographic

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE ANCIENT coordinates
TIMES
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
- Neolithic Revolution (11,500-5,000 years - Located about 60 miles (100 kilometers)
ago) 12,000 BCE south of Baghdad in modern-day Iraq,
- Ancient city of babylon served for nearly two
1. MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATIONS millennia as a center of mesopotamian
- Derived from the greek words “mesos” and civilization
“potamos” meaning middle and river - Hammurabi (early rulers) created a harsh
- Develop agriculture between two rivers system of laws
(Tigris and Euphrates) - Construction of the Hanging Gardens (King
- Cradle of civilization Nebuchadnezzar II)
- Melting pot of languages and cultures - Priests watched the sun, moon,, planet and
(writing, technology, language, trade, star very carefully and forecast the future
religion and law) - Lunar calendar (12 months 30 days)
- Trigonometry (1900-1600 BCE) - they were
a. SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION (3500 BC) able to construct a trigonometric table using
- First urban civilization in Mesopotamia only the exact ratios of sides of a right
- Built ships to trade with other early angled triangle
civilizations ( textiles, leathered goods, - Tunnel and Pulley System - Elaborate
jewelry) system supplying water to the Hanging
- Sumer was an ancient civilization founded Gardens using buckets attached to a chain.
in the Mesopotamia (land between two - Mathematical models for Jupiter - Arithmetic
rivers) region of Fertile Crescent situated to track celestial bodies, areas of trapezoids
between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to symbolize the planet's motion, which are
- Known for their innovations in language, still used by modern-day astronomers.
governance, architecture and more
- Considered the creators of civilization as ASSYRIAN CIVILIZATION
modern humans understand it - The first in the area to develop iron
weapons, the first army to have a separate
SUMERIAN INVENTIONS engineering unit, and build chariots on the
- Wheel, plow, battlefield.
- Cuneiform (3000 BCE) - oldest forms of - These technological advancements led to
writing (wedge-shaped) written using a reed the expansion of their empire before its fall
stylus cut to make a wedge-shaped mark on in 600s BCE
a clay tablet
- Levees - hold back floods from their fields EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
and cut canals to channel river water to - Cradle of civilization
fields (irrigation) - Most powerful and influential civilization
- Ziggurat of Ur, sailboats, roads - Found along the Nile river
- The Code of Ur-Nammu (2100 and 2500 - Leader in scientific discoveries and
BCE) - written by King Ur-Nammu or his son innovations
Shulgi on tablets in the Sumerian language - Hieroglyphics - Ancient writing of the
(oldest known law code) Egyptians used to tell stories, myths, and
- Sexagesimal (3rd millennium BC) - known history using symbols or pictures
as base 60 or sexagenary; numerical
 - Ink, papyrus, wigs, cosmetics, water clock - Composed of indigenous cultures
or clepsydra developed in parts of Mexico and Central
- Social classes - Pharaohs and priests built America
empires and governed the people. - Emerged from a series of river valleys
- Specialized Jobs - Religions were - Pantheon of deities, trade, food,
important, as well as social classes and architecture, 125 languages,
specialized jobs. - 3 Major civilizations: Olmec, Mayan, and
Aztec Civilizations
GREEK CIVILIZATION - 260-day calendar(sacred round, the ritual
- Advancement in science and technology calendar or the sacred almanac) - Used
- Greek philosophers came up with theories astronomical alignments in the Olmec
on how the world worked and thought that region and western Maya Lowlands;
the natural world obeyed certain laws that provided a chronological framework for
could be observed and learned through Maya ceremonial life, and a basis for
study prophecies.
- Gear, screw, rotary mills, bronze casting - Mayan Script - The best documented and
techniques, water clock, water organ, deciphered Mesoamerican writing system;
torsion catapult, the use of steam to operate To record history (mythology and the actions
machines of their kings); Mayan Script was also used
for their calendar
ROMAN CIVILIZATION
- Newspaper, bound books or cordex, INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
architecture, roman numerals, aqueducts - Also known as the Harappan Civilization,
began in the Indus River Valley
CHINESE CIVILIZATION - Consisted of two large cities, Harappa and
- Making astronomical observation Mohenjo-daro
instruments at the time of Qing dynasty - The Indus river provided water for
- Originated in Hwang Ho and Yangtze river cultivation and trading of goods
basins internationally.
- Education was highly prized, arts (music - Standardized weights and measures -
and painting) flourished Weights made of a stone called chert,
- Observations of comets, solar eclipses, generally cubical, with no markings. smaller
supernovae were made in china weight measures for luxury goods, larger
- Traditional chinese medicine, acupuncture, weights for buying bulkier items.
herbal medicine - Advanced sewerage and drainage systems
- Abacus (shadow clock) - invented new water supply and sanitation
- Flying machines ( kites and kongming devices that were the first of their kind.
lanterns) .Drains connected to the main underground
- Four great inventions (compass (110 AD), drain, leading dirty water out of the city.
gunpowder (1000 AD), paper making (105 - Dentistry - One of the oldest medical
AD), and printing (960 AD) professions, dating back to 7000 BC with
- Tang dynasty (618-906 CE) silk and tea the Indus Valley Civilization. Evident in
- Zhang Heng also created a seismograph remains having holes in teeth, caused by
during the Han Dynasty (78-140 AD) ancient “dental drills.”
-
MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZATION
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE
MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES
 9. GUNPOWDER
MEDIEVAL AGES (476-1500 AD) - Chinese alchemists accidentally invented
- Dark ages (lack of scientific and black powder or gunpowder. Multiple
technological advancement) accounts suggest that the gunpowder might
- Wars, famine, poverty, diseases have been an unintended by product of
- Black Death (Bubonic Plague) - most fatal attempts made by the Chinese to invent the
pandemic recorded, causing the deaths of elixir of life, which is why the Chinese called
70-200 million people it huoyao, roughly translated as "fire potion".
- rise of Christian church/Christianity - the Emperor Charlemagne (Charles the Great)
Catholic Church hindered scientific - a medieval emperor who ruled much of
advancement because of the fear that Western Europe from 768 to 814
scientific reasoning would threaten its - A skilled military strategist crowned as the
authority. Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope Leo III
on December 25, 800
1. PRINTING PRESS - He encouraged the Carolingian
- Removed control of information distribution Renaissance, the cultural and intellectual
from the state and the church and laid the revival in Europe
path for protestant reformation, - He ordered the establishment of schools
renaissance, the enlightenment - referred by some as the "Father or Europe"
- Johannes Guttenberg - developed in
Germany in the 15th century; it can trace its
history back to 3rd century China SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE MODERN
2. MICROSCOPE TIMES
- Dutch father-son named hans and - It was a historical time period that spanned
Zacharias Janssen (late 16th century) the years 1500 to 1945 (up to the present).
3. TELESCOPE - Historical period when people realized the
- Hans Lipperhey (made spectacles in importance of the efficiency of
Netherlands) transportation, communication, and
- September 1608, took his telescope to production.
Prince Maurice of Nassau - Industrialization took place because of
4. WAR WEAPONS greater risk to human health, food safety,
5. HEALTH AND MEDICINE and environment which has to be addressed
- Deadly plague cure as scientific and technological progress
- Eye diseases and disorder (Islamic unfolded at an unimaginable speed.
civilization studies Ophthalmology more -
- closely)
- Antibiotics like penicillin and honey THE IMPACT OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
6. AGRICULTURE - Discoveries of xrays (Wilhelm Conrad
- Heavy wheeled plough, Horse collars, Roentgen, 1895), radioactivity (Henri
Stirrup, Whipple tree Becquerel, 1896) and electron (JJ
7. MECHANICAL CLOCK Thompson 1897), atomic nucleus (Ernest
- Sundials, hourglass, water clock, church Rutherford, 1911)
clock, mechanical clock
8. LABOR-SAVING MACHINERY Quantum field theory - particles interact over zero
- Watermills, windmills distance in spacetime. Niels Bohr and Max Planck
- Function was to grind grain for food, to raise are the two of the founding fathers of Quantum
water for irrigation, and as a source of Theory.
energy
Theory of relativity - the theorized force carrier that in general are expanding away from
particle for gravity, the graviton, cannot operate at each other.
zero distance which was explained by Albert - Modern telescope, stellar photometry,
Einstein. discovery of galactic radiation
Importance: quantum cryptography, quantum
computing, quantum optics

ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY
- The study of chemistry is important because
it enables people to develop a wide variety MODERN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ERA
of useful materials, such as medicines for - Affects every aspect of life.
the treatment of diseases, materials that - The Electronics Industry was born.
can be used as sources of alternative - Open up new perspectives of
energy, materials that protect the understanding.
environment, and structures that are - Aids in the advancement of the field of
advanced in building technology. education.
- Polythene, The Haber-Bosch process - Contributes to the development of treatment
and therapeutic equipment.
BIOLOGY BECOMES AN INTERDISCIPLINARY - Telephone (Alexander Graham, 1876), old
SCIENCE rotary dial telephones (1900s), cell phones
- The development of biochemistry and the (1973 to present), radio/wireless telegraph
recognition that most important biological (Gugliemo Marconi), modern television
processes take place at the molecular level (John Logie Baird), engine powered aircraft
led to the rapid growth of the field of (Orville and Wilbur Wright)
molecular biology.
- Vaccination, insulin, organ implantation PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS

THE ABSTRACTION OF MATHEMATICS BAMBOO INCUBATOR - In a bid to help families in

- is the process of extracting the underlying rural communities without electricity, Fe del
structures, patterns or properties of a Mundo invented a bamboo incubator in 1941.
mathematical concept, removing any
dependence on real world objects with VIDEOPHONE - Gregorio Zara invented the first
which it might originally have been videophone, or two-way television-telephone, in the
connected, and generalizing it so that it has mid-1950s, long before the digital age began.
wider applications or matching among other
abstract descriptions of equivalent ERYTHROMYCIN - In 1949, via soil samples he
phenomena. obtained from his backyard, Dr. Abelardo Aguilar
- Spherical geometry, hyperbolic geometry, stumbled upon Streptomyces erythraeus the
modern algebra bacteria that would lead to the discovery of
erythromycin.
THE IMPROVEMENT OF ASTRONOMY
Astronomy beyond the Visual Spectrum THE PC CHIPSET - Diosdado Banatao developed
- In astronomy, ever larger telescopes have the first single-chip graphical user interface
assisted in the discovery that the sun is a accelerator that made computer systems workloads
rather ordinary star in a huge collection of sooner.
stars, the Milky Way, which itself is only one
of countless such collections, or galaxies, ARTIFICIAL CORAL REEFS - In 1977, Angel
Alcala created the first artificial coral reef, and this
reef became a model for many other fisheries NATIONAL PRIDE - Filipino inventions serve as a
development programs around the world. source of national pride, fostering a sense of unity
and identity among Filipinos.
KARAOKE - In 1975, Roberto del Rosario
developed a sing along system, he called this
“Minus-One”, now commonly known as “karaoke
machine”. He is also credited as the only holder of
the karaoke machine patent.

SUPERKALAN - The Superkalan is a stove that

can be powered by any substance that burns. With
this invention, Narciso Mosuelo received the Best INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
Design Award in 1987 by the FAO. - The Intellectual Revolution is the time
period when advancements in Science &
BANANA CATSUP - Maria Ylagan Orosa is the Technology changed people’s perceptions
female scientist behind the iconic banana ketchup. and beliefs.
She bolstered Philippine food supply by creating - Scientists in all periods of time are driven by
alternatives to imported fare. their curiosity, critical thinking, and creativity
to explore the physical and natural world.
QUINK QUICK DRYING INK - The Quink Their love for science is driven by their deep
fast-drying ink’ was invented by Francisco passion to know and to discover.
Quisumbing, a chemist. It was an innovative ink at
the moment and was additionally developed to COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
work with Parker Pens, Filipino inventions. - This caused the paradigm shift of how the
Earth and Sun were placed in the
ENRICHED RICE - Juan Salcedo Jr. developed heavens/universe. It is the idea that rejected
“Enriched Rice” a rice variety fortified with vitamin the Ptolemaic model and proved the
B1, which helps prevent beriberi. His discovery heliocentric model. This idea and model of
helped reduce the cases of beriberi in the the universe was essentially completed in
Philippines and in other countries. 1510

IMPORTANCE: EXAMPLES:
CULTURAL IDENTITY - Filipino inventions reflect - Nicolaus Copernicus's heliocentric model:
the creativity, resourcefulness, and innovation of Copernicus proposed that the Sun, not the
the Filipino people. Earth, was at the center of the solar system.
This challenged the prevailing geocentric
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT - Filipino model, which held that Earth was the center
inventors have made significant contributions to of the universe. His work laid the foundation
technology. for modern astronomy.
- Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion:
ECONOMIC IMPACT - Many Filipino inventions Kepler expanded on Copernicus's ideas and
have had a positive economic impact. formulated three laws describing the
elliptical orbits of planets around the Sun,
EDUCATION AND RESEARCH - Filipino inventions further supporting the heliocentric model.
stimulate interest in research and development. - Galileo Galilei's telescopic observations:
Galileo's telescopic observations of celestial
bodies, including the phases of Venus and
 the moons of Jupiter, provided empirical - Charles Darwin is well-known for his
evidence supporting Copernicus's evolutionary theory. He altered our
heliocentric theory. understanding of the world's creation and
evolution. This has had a lasting impact on
IMPORTANCE how people view Biology. The "theory of
- Rejection of Geocentrism: The Copernican Creation" was replaced by this revolution.
Revolution marked a decisive shift from the - When Charles Darwin released his book
geocentric model to the heliocentric model. "The Origin of Species" in 1589, he
This change in perspective challenged emphasized that humans are the
centuries-old beliefs about the cosmos and consequence of evolution. His book
our place in it. provided evidence of how species evolved
- Scientific Method: Copernicus's work over time, as well as features and
contributed to the development of the adaptations that distinguish species.
scientific method, emphasizing observation,
measurement, and empirical evidence. It set EXAMPLES:
a precedent for rigorous scientific inquiry Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural
that continues to this day. selection: Darwin's groundbreaking theory, outlined
- Foundation of Modern Astronomy: The in his book "On the Origin of Species" proposed
heliocentric model laid the foundation for that species evolve over time through the process
modern astronomy, enabling precise of natural selection. This theory was supported by
predictions of celestial events and evidence from his studies of finches in the
facilitating space exploration. It Galápagos Islands.
fundamentally transformed our
understanding of the universe. Fossil evidence: The discovery of transitional
fossils, such as Archaeopteryx (a link between
APPLICATION reptiles and birds), provided further support for the
Astronomy and Space exploration - The theory of evolution.
Copernican heliocentric model laid the foundation
for modern astronomy and space exploration. It Molecular biology: Advances in molecular biology,
enabled the accurate prediction of celestial events genetics, and DNA sequencing have confirmed and
and the development of space missions, including expanded upon Darwin's ideas, revealing the
planetary exploration and the study of distant genetic mechanisms behind evolutionary change.
galaxies.
IMPORTANCE:
Navigation - The understanding that Earth orbits Theory of Evolution - Charles Darwin's theory of
the Sun revolutionized navigation, leading to the evolution by natural selection revolutionized biology
development of more accurate navigation tools and by explaining the mechanisms behind the diversity
techniques. It greatly improved the precision of sea of life on Earth. It provided a unifying framework for
and air travel. understanding the development and adaptation of
species over time.
Scientific Method - The Copernican Revolution
contributed to the development of the scientific Impact on Genetics - The Darwinian Revolution
method, emphasizing observation, experimentation, paved the way for the field of genetics. The
and empirical evidence as the basis for scientific understanding of how traits are inherited and how
inquiry. This approach is now widely used across genetic variation plays a role in evolution has had
scientific disciplines. far-reaching applications in biology and medicine.

DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
Conservation and Biodiversity - Darwinian mechanisms, dream analysis, and the Oedipus
principles are critical for understanding and complex.
conserving biodiversity. Conservation efforts,
including those aimed at protecting endangered Influence on psychology and psychiatry: Freud's
species and ecosystems, rely on evolutionary work revolutionized the fields of psychology and
concepts. psychiatry, leading to the development of
psychoanalysis as a therapeutic approach. It had a
APPLICATIONS: lasting impact on the understanding and treatment
Modern Biology - The theory of evolution by natural of mental disorders.
selection is the foundation of modern biology. It has
numerous applications in fields such as genetics, Cultural influence: Freud's ideas permeated
ecology, and conservation biology. Evolutionary popular culture and influenced literature, art, and
principles are used to understand the diversity of film, shaping discussions of human behavior and
life on Earth and inform conservation efforts. sexuality in the 20th century.

Medicine - Darwinian concepts are applied in the

study of infectious diseases, antibiotic resistance, IMPORTANCE:
and the development of vaccines. Understanding Psychological Understanding - Sigmund Freud's
how pathogens evolve helps in the prevention and psychoanalytic theory introduced groundbreaking
treatment of diseases. concepts about the human mind, including the
unconscious, defense mechanisms, and the role of
Agriculture - The principles of natural selection and early experiences in shaping behavior. This
selective breeding have been applied in agriculture revolutionized our understanding of psychology and
to develop new crop varieties and livestock breeds mental health.
with desired traits, such as disease resistance and
higher yields. Impact on Psychotherapy - Freudian
psychoanalysis laid the groundwork for modern
FREUDIAN REVOLUTION psychotherapy and counseling. It introduced
- With Sigmund Freud, this notion began to techniques for exploring unconscious conflicts and
transform psychiatry. This includes his gained insights into psychological disorders.
"Freudian Theory of Personality," which
involves how a person's development Cultural Influence - Freud's ideas have had a
affects his or her personality, as well as his profound impact on literature, art, and culture.
"psychoanalysis" which is the process of Concepts like the Oedipus complex, dream
achieving proper functioning if a person symbolism, and the interpretation of symbols and
does not complete his or her developmental myths have influenced artistic and literary
stage. The method of psychoanalysis is a interpretations.
scientific way to study the human mind and
neurotic illness. APPLICATION:
Psychology and Psychotherapy - Freud's
EXAMPLES: psychoanalytic theory and methods have had a
Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory: Freud's profound influence on psychology and
theory delved into the human unconscious, psychotherapy. Psychoanalysis is used to treat
proposing concepts like the id (the primal, various mental health conditions, explore
instinctual part of the psyche), ego (the rational unconscious conflicts, and gain insight into
mediator), and superego (the moral conscience). emotional and behavioral patterns.
He also introduced ideas about defense
Counseling and therapy - Freudian concepts, such innovative approach to thriving in a
as defense mechanisms and the interpretation of challenging environment.
dreams, are still applied in counseling and therapy
settings to help individuals better understand their COLONIAL PERIOD
thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. SPANISH RULE
- Brought their own culture and practices
Literary and Cultural Analysis - Freudian ideas - Established schools and introduced the
have been applied to analyze and interpret concepts of subjects and discipline
literature, art, and culture. Concepts like the - Learning of science in school focuses on
Oedipus complex, symbolism, and the role of understanding different concepts related to
the unconscious mind are used to gain deeper human body, plants, animals, and bodies.
insights into creative works.
LIFE DURING THE SPANISH ERA
1. Became Modernized
- Filipinos replicated technology brought by
the Spaniards using indigenous materials.
- Medicine and advanced science were
introduced in formal colleges and
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND NATION universities.
BUILDING - Galleon Trade
- The Galleon Trade, a government
PRE COLONIAL PERIOD - Scientific and monopoly, used two ships: one from
technological development in the Philippines began Acapulco to Manila (500,000 pesos worth,
in the pre-colonial period. The early inhabitants of 120 days), and one from Manila to Acapulco
the archipelago had their own culture and (250,000 pesos worth, 90 days).
traditions. Science, in pre-Spanish Philippines is 2. The Country became one of the centers of
embedded in the way of life of the people. global trade
- One of the most developed places in the
SCIENCE: region.
- Planting crops that provide them food 3. Superstitious beliefs and Catholic doctrines
- Taking care of animals and practices halted the growth of science
- Food production in the country
- Interpret the movements of heavenly bodies
to predict seasons and climates AMERICAN PERIOD
- Medicinal use of plants - More Influence in the Development of S&T
- Public education system
TECHNOLOGY: - Improved engineering works and health of
- Building houses the people Mineral resources were explored
- Irrigation and exploited
- Developing Tools - "Americanize" the Filipinos
- Musical Instruments - Reorganized the learning of science
- In basic education, science education
- The Cordillera natives achieved a focuses on nature studies and science and
remarkable engineering feat by sanitation
hand-building rice terraces on cold
mountainsides. They ingeniously HEALTH AND SANITATION
incorporated forest and mountain water into - Filipinos learned the value of cleanliness,
an irrigation system, showcasing their proper hygiene, and healthy practices.
 - Hospitals, clinics, and health centers were 2. Physics, Engineering, Industrial Research,
established including public hospitals for Earth and Space Sciences, Mathematics
lepers. - Emphasizing degrees, licenses, and
employment opportunities
INFRASTRUCTURE - Outright grants for peer monitoring
- Americans built roads, streets and bridges. - Review of RA 9184
- The new infrastructure helped make the - Harnessing science and technology as an
movement of products and services more independent mover of development
efficient. 3. Medical, Chemical, Pharmaceutical
- Boulevards, zone districts, and centers of Sciences
leisure were also established. - Ensuring compliance of drug-manufacturing
firms with ASEAN-harmonized standards by
WORLD WAR II full implementation of the FDA
- The country had a difficult time rebuilding - Creating an education council dedicated to
itself from the ruins of the war. standardization of pharmaceutical services
- The human spirit to survive and to rebuild and care
the country may be strong but the capacity - Empowering food and drug agencies to
of the country to bring back what was conduct evidence based research as pool of
destroyed was limited. information
- Allocating 2% of the GDP to research
POST COLONIAL PERIOD Legislating a law supporting human genome
projects
THE NEW REPUBLIC 4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, Forestry
- Focusing on using its limited resources in - Protecting and conserving biodiversity by
improving S&T capability especially in full implementation of existing laws, use of
education, research and development biosafety and standard model by ASEAN
- Use of Overseas Development Allocation to countries.
improve scientific productivity and - Promoting indigenous knowledge systems
technological capability. and Indigenous people's conservation
- Human resource development. Formulation of common food and safety
standards.
INFLUENCES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ST IN
THE PHILIPPINES
Internal influences - survival, culture, economic
activities

External influences - foreign colonizers, traders w/

foreign countries, international economic demands

GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY

1. DOST - NRCP STATEMENT OF

IMPORTANCE OF IMMUNIZATION

The NRCP clustered these policies into four:

1. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education,
International Policies, and Governance