MODULE 1: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE TECHONOLOGY

COURSE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY WHAT

-derived from Greek word “technologia”.
IS SCIENCE
- a systematic treatment of art.
-it is the intertwined with our everyday lives. -
-applying knowledge in solving scientific and
a systematized body of knowledge.
practical problems that will help humans
-an organized and dynamic inquiry (following survive and improve their lives.
scientific method).
–technology as human cultural activities or
THE MAJOR BRANCHES OF SCIENCE INCLUDE: endeavors.

CHEMISTRY-the science of the chemical - technology as a social enterprise---is a

composition and the changes accompanied. complex system of knowledge, skills, people,
methods, tools, materials, and resources
BIOLOGY-the study of living things. It has three
applied and allocated to the development,
main branches:
operation, and production of a new or
Botany-the study of plants, were most of our improved product, process, or services.
medicine came from.
-technology as modern---technology based on
Zoology-the study of animals. the advances of science since the end of WWII
to the present.
Microbiology-the study of microorganism.

PHYSICS-the study of energy and its

transformation. CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE (ANCIENT,
MIDDLE AND MODERN AGES)
-some of the notable products of physics are
jets and laser- -A numerous technological innovations begun at
the rise of intelligent human beings.

-they began to inventing solutions to make their

THE KITE EXPERIMENT life easier.
-In 1752, Franklin presented an experiment in
which one of a conducting twine was connected
to a leyden jar (a type of primitive capacitor) SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
and the other end to a kite, to demonstrate that
-found on the southernmost tip of the ancient
lightning was an electrical phenomenon.
Mesopotamia 3500 BCE.

-invent the concept of wheel during their time.

THE COMPUTER To connect moving platform to a rolling cylinder
—the sail and plow, which improve trade and
-has many uses that make our lives easier- farming.
-it can be used in the field of medicine, like the
use of ultrasound projection-
-introduced the 360-day calendar, and they seasons that have a hundred and twenty days
devised the Sexagesimal number system. A each.
number base 60 use for measuring the
-they were able to process papyrus plant in
circumference of a circle to 360 degrees and the
order to produce thin sheets on which one
60 minute equal to 1 hour.
could write down things.
-developed a writing system called cuneiform.
-developed a system of writing using symbols,
known hieroglyphics.

BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION

-emerged from about 3,500 until 500 BC. GREEK CIVILIZATION

-located between the Euphrates and Tigris river -shaped the modern intellectual world we know
in Iraq. today.

-dig canals and developed earthen dikes to -emerged at around 1,100 BC.
irrigate their crops and provide water to their
-they focused on scientific works of great Greek
livestock.
philosopher in the likes of Socrates, Thales,
-astronomers of Babylon complied lists of Hippocrates, Archimedes, Aristotle and
planets and stars which somewhat accurately Ptolemy.
pictured the positions of the celestial bodies of
-the alarm clock was invented by the ancient
our solar system in terms of 12 equally-spaced
Greeks. They made use of water that dropped
signs, each one associated with a zodiacal
into drums, which sounded the alarm.
constellation.
-they also made the windmills, which were used
in agricultural processing like milling of grains.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

-began between 5,000-3,100 BC.

ROMAN CIVILIZATION
-found in the northeast area of continental
-Roman’s great contribution is the Gazette, the
Africa.
first newspaper which contains announcements
-The Nile river sustained the Egyptians with the of the Roman Empire to the people. Engraved in
necessary water requirements to support metal or stoned tablets and then publicly
agricultural activities. displayed.

-produced a variety of earthenware and pottery -Record-keeping was easier when the paper was
items. invented.

-they worked on metals to produced tools, -produce the first book or codex, which was
weapons, and agricultural implements. composed of papyrus pages bound together
with an animal skin as its cover.
-constructed dwellings made of reeds and
airdried mud bricks.

-they built the famous pyramids, and they

devised a 365-day calendar made of three
 THE CHINESE CIVILIZATION - -The microscope was key in discovering new
means in preventing and curing various illness.
oldest civilization in Asia.
-it is a device that magnify things invisible to the
-silk is one of the things that connect Far East
naked eye.
China to the world.
GALILEO GALILEI AND THE TELESCOPE
-Another was the use of acupuncture, which
uses needles in which Chinese doctors used this -Galileo improved the telescope.
to treat diseases.
-He used that telescope to discover new
-Tea, which is made of crushed dried leaves, celestial bodies such as four of the moons
was developed, and the first teas was drunk by circling Jupiter, to study Saturn , the
a Chinese emperor. observation of the phase of Venus, and the
study of the sunspots on the sun and found
-gun powder was developed by Chinese
support for a heliocentric solar system,
alchemists
Copernicus theory.
-also famous for its largest and most extensive
infrastructure, the great wall of china. It is made
of stone, brick, wood, earth, and other material. MODERN TIMES

-the rise of the modern industry was witnessed

in the 19th century .
MEDIEVAL/ MIDLLE AGES

LOUIS PASTEUR AND PASTEURIZATION

JOHAN GUTENBERG AND THE PRINTING PRESS
-a French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist.
-he was able to invent the first printing press
which is a more reliable way of printing using a -found a way to solve the problem of the food
cast type. deterioration for dairy products due to spoiling.
-He utilized wooden machines that extracted -Pasteurization wherein it is a process of heating
juices from fruits, attached to them a metal dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that
impression of the letters, and pressed firmly the cause them to spoil faster.
cast metal into a piece of paper, which made an
exact impression on paper.

-The printing press was invented to address the

need for publishing books that would spread ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL AND THE
information to many people at a faster rate. TELEPHONE

-was the first to be awarded a patent for the

electric telephone in 1876.
ZACHARIAS JANSSEN AND THE COMPOUND
MICROSCOPE -revolutionized global business and
communication.
-He developed the compound microscope.
 ALEXANDER FLEMMING AND THE PENECILLIN -Mayans converted wetlands to farmlands.

-Scottish scientist who noticed a bacteria-filled -Mayans built canals between wetlands to
Petri dish in his laboratory, the sample had divert water and create new farmland.
become contaminated with mold, and
-avocados, grass species, corn or maize are
everywhere the mold was, the bacteria were
some of the plants cultivated by mayans. -
dead.
Mayan mapped their cosmology and recorded
-antibiotic mold turned out to be fungus their history.
Penicillin, and over the next two decades,
-Mayans incorporated their advanced
chemist purified it and developed the drug
understanding of astronomy into their temples
Penicillin, which fights a huge number of
and other religious structures.
bacterial infections in humans without harming
themselves. -Mayans knowledge and understanding about
celestial bodies were advanced for their time, as
-Penicillin was being mass produced and
evidenced by their knowledge of predicting
advertised in 1944.
eclipses and using astrological cycles in planting
and harvesting.

SAMUEL M. KEIR AND THE KEROSENE -Haab cycle a 365-days, and approximates the
solar year. The haab is a 19th month calendar.
-was able to invent kerosene by refining
petroleum. -Tzolk’in mayan sacred calendar in Yucatec
Mayan and Chol Q’ij in K’iche mayan.
-illuminating oil was the other name of
kerosene because it was used to provide -Calendar Round made from interweaving of
lighting to homes and later was applied for the Tzolk’in day with a Haab day will not repeat
heating purpose. itself, until 52 periods of 365 days have passed.
-invented hydraulics.

-looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow

MODULE 2: MESOAMERICA CIVILIZATION
of glittery paints made from a mineral called
(PART 1)
mica.
-the term Mesoamerica denotes the part of
-use writing system known as mayan
Mexico and Central America that was civilized in
hieroglyphics.
pre-spanish times.

AZTECS CIVILIZATION
MAYA CIVILIZATION (1500 B.C.E to the 16th
century before Spanish colonization) -founded between AD 1100 and 1350 when the
Aztec people immigrated into the central
-Mayans were the first major civilization in
Mexican highlands.
Mesoamerica.
-they use chinampas for survival. They use
-the first to develop a highly sophisticated
human feces as fertilizer.
society with art, science, architecture, and
writing. - Aztecs offered human sacrifices to stave off
the end of the world.
-developed their own calendar of 18 months of
20 days. CHARLES DARWIN, THE BRITISH NATURALIST
(FEBRUARY 12, 1809-APRIL 19 1882)

INCA CIVILIZATION -Charles Darwin was the second son of society

doctor Robert Waring Darwin who taught him
-located on the western side of South America
about human psychology.
more specifically in the Andes Mountain.
-Natural selection also explains a theory in
-their complex irrigation system will work to
developmental biology that says that the stages
perfection and helps these crops, to still be
in an organism’s development parallel the adult
produced and consumed today today with the
forms of other animals that were its ancestor.
same processes used by the Incas.
-homology basic structures as evidence of
-Incas developed a freeze and dry system that
evolution from a common ancestor.
until today helps the world maintain a constant
fresh source of food supply even when it is not
the season to grow certain crops.
SIGMUND FREUD, AUSTRAIN PSYCHOANALYST
-created Quipus , an element made by knotting
(MAY 6, 1856-SEPTEMBER 23, 1939) -
different colored strings allowing them to keep
track of important events that needed to be he was born in Czech Republic.
remembered or passed on.
-understand and cure mind by means of
hypnosis
MODULE 2: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION (PART -introduced Ego, Superego, the Id and the
2) Unconscious

-Frued basic concept was a construct of the

human psyche as an orderly progression
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS, THE POLISH
through the developmental stages of childhood
ASTRONOMER
to final maturation in adult life.
-born on February 19, 1473 in Torun, Royal
-THE STRUCTURE OF THE PERSONALITY
Prussia, Poland.
Libido-genetically inherent energy impowering
-the youngest of the children, his mother was
the life instinct. The instinctual drive towards
Barbara Watzenrode
survival and replacement of energy requires
-enrolled in the University of Cracow . translation into more specific terms such as
food, love, security, etc.
-Copernicus aimed to replicate the planetary
motion described by Ptolemy’s earth centered Pleasure Principle- instincts drive and direct
equant model. behavior, the goal of which is the satisfaction of
needs derived from the instintcs. Needs create
-Commentariolus or Little Commentary a
tension, and behavior is directed towards
pamphlet on both sides of about six large
reduction of this tension, the attempt to keep
sheets of paper wherein he wrote out a
excitation or tension as low as possible. In
description of his startling new arrangement for
planetary motions, and stated.
practice this is the desire for immediate discomfort. The Anal Stage includes the child's
gratification. first experiences with external regulation of an
instinctual impulse, involving the postponement
-Id – which include other genetically inherent
of the pleasure from relieving anal tensions.
features, such as the impulse to love and to
seek gratification. Genital Stage - when the child begins to realize
that it is a pleasurable experience to manipulate
-Ego- it develops from the Id because of the
particular areas of the body, such as the mouth,
organism’s need to cope with external reality
the anus and the genitals. At the Anal Stage the
for the satisfaction of its instinctual
child learns to differentiate between the 'ME
requirtements.
versus NOT-ME'. This realization is followed
-Superego- in Freud is a piece of the higher Id closely by an immature forerunner of the
which has direct access to the Ego and is Genital Stage.
society’s representative in the psyche.
Phallic Stage - the instinctual urge is objective
Reality Principle - which is the delay of and aggressive, whereas masturbation in the
immediate gratification in recognition of social immature Genital period is essentially a
requirements or higher needs. It operates by subjective experience.
means of secondary processes - perception,
problem solving, and repression - that is,
realistic, logical thinking and reality testing. Latency period - lasting from about age five or
six to puberty. Adolescence, with its sexual
The Developing Child
emphasis, gradually channels the sexual
During the early stages of infancy, the impulse into object choices, and finally merges
fundamental requirements are food, security into adult life. During the state of latency, a
and warmth, so that development can proceed child's sexual impulses are repressed. The
without hindrance. This is as near to that reason for this is that during the stage before
desirable pre-natal condition as it will ever get – Latency (Phallic stage) the child resolves the
hence the very close link that is formed Oedipus or Electra Complex which are such
between mother and child traumatic events that the child then repress all
of his or her sexual impulses. The child then
realizes that his/her wishes and longings cannot
Oral Stage - the infant's first source of pleasure be fulfilled and will turn away from his/her
is oral, deriving from the mouth. Bonding must original desires. Hence, he/she starts the
occur at this stage or the capacity to form identification with the parent of the same sex
emotional bonds, as an adult, will be severely and this will lead to rapidly evolving sex roles.
impaired. The energy, previously put in the Oedipus
problem can be used for developing the self.

Anal Stage - tension builds up as bowel and

bladder functioning demand attention. When PREPARED BY:
defecation and urination take place, the KYLLE YELHZON ABAJO
experience of the relief from tension is
pleasurable. In contrast, frustration produces
tensions and is experienced as pain and
BS CPE-1C different concepts
related to the: human
body, plants, animals,
Module 3: Philippines Great Inventions and heavenly body
o Catholic Orders
Development of Science and Technology in the
introduced formal
Philippines
colleges and
 Pre-Spanish Era universities through
o Scientific knowledge is medicine and advanced
practiced in the way they plant science
their crops o Catholic religion
o Taking care of animals to help teachings
then in their daily tasks of food o Trading system. Ideas,
production crops, tools, cultural
o Climate interpretation practices, and
o The concept of a month is technology
composed of days o Some Filipino students
o Technology who were able to study
 Building houses in Europe led to the
 Irrigations advancement of
 Instrument of planting, medicine, engineering,
hunting, cooking, and arts, music, and
fishing literature
 Weapons as a defense  American Era
for war o Pioneered the discovery of
 Use of soil for planting minerals in the country
purpose o Transportation and
 Medicinal use of plants communication system were
 Waterways improved
transportation o Teaching of basic and Science
 Land transportation education is about nature
 Spanish Era studies and sanitation
During this era, the Spanish o Americans conducted research
colonizers pushed their culture about how to control malaria,
and practices to the early cholera, tuberculosis, and other
Filipino people. tropical diseases
o Started for learning in  After WW II
Science and Technology o Newly formed government
o Schools for boys and focused limited resources for
girls are created improving Science and
o Spaniards introduced Technology and used the fund
the idea of subjects from the Overseas
o Most schools focuses Development Allocations
on understanding (ODA).
 o ODA – organization of different grinder, rice grinder,
countries vowed to the less and coconut grater
developed countries for
scientific productivity and
technological capability o Dr. Julian A. Banzon
 National scientist and
biochemist credited for
 Philippines’ Inventors/Innovators his research in
o Dr. Fe del Mundo alternative fuel
 Pioneered the field of o Dr. Ramon C. Barbara
Pediatrics in the  Well-known Filipino
Philippines Scientist and
 Designed the bamboo horticulturist best
incubator known for his
o Dr. Abelardo B. Aguilar contribution towards
 Contributed to the advancements in the
discovers of mango industry
erythromycin where he  Developed the flower
stumbled upon a induction of mango
bacteria Streptomyces trees improving yields
erythraeus in his o Anacleto S. Del Rosario
backyard. Submitted his  Invented the formula
research to the for producing a pure
company but never kind of alcohol from
gave him the credit he tuba in a nipa palm and
was due recognized as the
o Dr. Gregorio Zara “Father of Philippine
 Inventor of the first Science Laboratory”
videophone o Robert Del Rosario
o Dr. Angel C. Alcala  Developed the Karaoke
 National Scientist best Sing Along System (SAS)
known for his research o Dr. Carmen LI. Intengan
related to the  A food and nutrition
rehabilitation of coral researcher who
reefs contributed to the
 Created the first advancement of
artificial reef used for nutrition in the country
fisheries in SEA o Clara Y. Lim-Sylianco
o Benjamin Almeda Sr.  A national scientist who
 Father of Filipino worked with mutagen,
inventors antimutagen, and bio-
 Invented various organic mechanism
original food processing o Dr. Bienvenido O. Juliano
machines like meat
  A national scientist  One of the Filipino
known for his inventors that
outstanding developed the
contributions to the Feminine Hygiene or
chemistry and the External Vaginal
technology rice grain Cleanser
quality o Disodado Banatao
o Felix Maramba  Developed the first
 Built a coconut oil- single-chip graphical
fueled power generator user interface
and developer of biogas accelerator that made
systems computers work a lot
o Maria Y. Orora faster
 A chemist and a
pioneering food
technologist on food
preservation
 Invented the palayok
oven
 Developed recipes for
local products,
condiments like her
famous banana
ketchup, desiccated
and powdered form of
a citrus fruit nips and
other recipes
o Dr. Willian G. Pandolina
 Recognized for his
significant contributions
on the chemistry of the
coconut, medicinal
plants chemistry and
biogas production
o Francisco Quisumbing
 A Filipino chemist who
invented Quink Ink
o Rudy Lantaro Sr.
 Developed the Super
Bunker Formula-L, a
revolutionary fuel half-
composed of water
o Dr. Virgilio Malang