UNIT-1

DC CIRCUITS
2 Marks Questions
Ques1) Define i) Charge ii) Electric Current
iii) Network iv) Circuit.
Ans: Chagre: Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of
which matter consists, measured in coulombs (c).
ii) Electric Current: It is the time rate of change of charge, measured in
amperes (A).
dq
I = dt
 A Direct Current (DC) is current that remains constant with time.
 An Alternating current (AC) is current that varies sinusoidally
with time.
iii) Network: The interconnection of two or more simple circuit element
forms an electrical network.
iv) Circuit: If the network contains at least one closed path, it is an
electric circuit.

Ques2) States ohm’s law.

Ans: Ohm’s law states that the voltage (V) across a resistor is directly
proportional to current (i) flowing through the resistor, at constant
temperature.

V = iR , where R is the resistance.

Ques3)-Define the term Node, Junction, mesh, loop.

Ans- Node- A node consist of the point where the terminals of two or
more circuit elements meet.

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Page 2 of 166 DC CIRCUIT

Junction- A Junction is defined as node connecting three or more circuit

elements.
Mesh- A Mesh is a closed path during a circuit with no other path inside
it
Loop-A closed path found in a circuit with more than two meshes is
known as keep loop
(Note: A mess is additionally a loop but a Loop may or might not be a
mesh.)

Ques4)-Define ideal Voltage and Current source.

Ans 1) - Ideal Voltage Source- An ideal Voltage source is also called

constant Voltage source is one that maintain a constant terminal Voltage
no matter how much Current is drawn from it.

2) Ideal Current Source- Ideal Current source or constant Current source

is one which will supply the same Current to any resistance (load)
connect across its terminal

Ques5) State Kirchhoff’s law.

Ans- Kirchhoff gave two laws

1) Kirchhoff’s Current Law: The algebraic sum of the Current meeting at

a junction in electric circuit is zero.

2) Kirchhoff’s Voltage law: In any closed electric circuit or mesh the

algebraic sum of the entire EMF’s and Voltage drop in register is equal to
zero.

Ques6) Write an algorithm for nodal analysis.

Ans: Select a node as the reference, assign voltages V1 , V2 ....... Vn−1 to

the remaining n-1 nodes. Apply KCL to each of the (n-1) nodes. Solve the
resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the unknown voltages.

Ques7) Write an algorithm for mesh analysis.

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Ans: Assign mesh currents i1 ,i2 ... in to the n meshes. Apply KVL to each
of the n meshes. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to get mesh
current.

Ques8) Enlist limitation of ohm’s law.

Ans 1) Ohm’s law does not apply to unilateral electrical components
such as diode as well as transistor even though they only permit Current
just two flow in one way.

2) Voltage level will not be constant with respect to time for non linear
electric component

Ques9) An electric iron is rated 1000W, 240V find the current drawn
and resistance of the heating element.

V2
𝐀𝐧𝐬: 𝑃 =
R
(140)2
𝑅 = = 57.6 𝐴
1000
V 240
I = = = 4.166𝐴
R 57.6
Ques10) Find the value of 𝐕𝟏 and 𝐕𝟐 as shown in figure.

Ans: Using Voltage Division Rule

10
V1 = 20×
10+5

40
+ V1 − + V2 −
V1 = volts
3 10Ω 5Ω
5
V2 = 20× 10+5
20
V2 = volts. 20V
3

Ques11) Find the value of 𝐢𝟏 and 𝐢𝟐 𝐚𝐬 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐰𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐟𝐢𝐠𝐮𝐫𝐞

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Ans: Using Current Division Rule

15
i1 = 20 ×
15 + 10
i1 = 6𝐴
i1 i2
10
i2 = 10 × 10A 10Ω 15Ω
15 + 10
i2 = 4A

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Section 1
Q1): Define the terminology
1- resistance 2- capacitance 3- inductance.
Ans
1) Resistance is a property of resistor which opposes the flow of Current.

R = V/I

 V= VOLTAGE
 I= CURRENT

2) Capacitance is the property of capacitor which opposes the change in

voltage.
C = Q/V

 Q= Total charge
 V = Voltage

3) Inductance is the property of inductor which opposes the change in

Current.

L = Ø/I

 Ø=Total flux through coil.

 I = Current passing through coil.

Q2): Define the following terms

1. Active and Passive element
2. Linear and Non-linear element
3. Passive and Active network
4. Lumped and Distributed element

Ans:

1) - Active Element: If element having capability of deliver the energy

then this element is referred as active elements.
Passive element: If element having the capability of dissipate the energy
then this element is referred as passive element.

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2)-Linear element: Characteristics of linear element always passes

through the origin in the form of straight line.

 Non-linear element: characteristics of non-linear element can be

any shape.
ID IC

VD VCE

3) Linear circuit: The electric circuit containing only resistance which

have only linear character is called Linear circuit.

 Non-Linear circuit: Element having characteristics other than

straight line is termed as non-linear element and circuit containing
them is known as non-linear circuit.

4) Unilateral and Bilateral elements: In case of VI plane characteristics of

bilateral element offer same impedance throughout the characteristics
whereas characteristics of unilateral element offer different region.

In case of any plane characteristics of bilateral element is always

symmetrical about origin.

V
V

R=-ve
R=+ve R=+v
R=-ve
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5) Lumped element: Physically separated in the network is known as

lumped.

R L
C

Ex. Lumped element

Distributed Element: If element distributed along the line is called

distributed elements.

R Ω/m

Ex. Transmission line

Ques3): 1) Independent Voltage and Current source
2) Dependent Voltage and Current source

Ans–Independent Voltage Source (IVS) – An IVS is a

two-terminal element (e.g., A battery, a generator etc) that maintains a
specified Voltage between its terminal.

 Independent Current Source- A Independent Current source is a

two terminal element through which a specific Current flow.

IS VS
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Ex – Independent Current source Ex- Independent Voltagesource

1) Dependent Voltage and Current Source: A dependent source provides

a Voltage

or current between its output terminals which depends upon another

variable such as voltage and current .There are four possible Dependent
source.

2) Voltage Dependent Voltage Source: A Voltage dependent Voltage

source is one
whose output Voltage (vo) depends upon or is controlled by an input
Voltage(vi).
aVi
+−

3) Current dependent Voltage Source: It is one Whose output Voltage

(vo) is depend upon or controlled by an input Current (Ii).

aIi
+−

4) Voltage Dependent Current Source: It is one whose output Current (Ii)

depends upon or is controlled by an input Voltage (Vi).

aVi

5) Current dependent Current source: It is one whose output Current

source is one whose output Current (I0) depends upon or controlled by
an input Current (II).
aIi

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Ques4): Explain source conversion principle in network circuit.

Ans: A real Voltage source can be converted to a equivalent real Current
source and vice-versa.
Source conversion is valid for both independent as well dependent
sources.
1) Voltage to Current Source Conversion: We know that a real Voltage
Source can be representing by constant Voltage E in series with its
internal resistance as shown in figure and this can be converted into
equivalent Current source.

Rint
RL
IS Rint RL
E

Equivalent Voltage source Equivalent Current Source

VS
Where IS =
RS
E
IS =
R int

2) Current Source to Voltage Source Conversion: we known that a real

Current source can be represented by a constant Current I in parallel
with its internal resistance Rint shown in figure .∆

Rint

IS Rint RL RL
ES

Real Current source Equivalent Voltage Source

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ES = IS × R S
ES = IS × R int
Q5) State and explain Kirchhoff law what are the
limitation and application of Kirchhoff law in circuit
theory.
Ans: Kirchhoff’s law gives two laws to solve complex
circuit namely.

1) Kirchhoff’s Current law

2) Kirchhoff’s Voltage law

1) Kirchhoff’s Current law (KCL): This law related to the Currents at the
junction of an electric circuit and may be stated as under.

“The algebraic sum of the Current meeting at a junction in an electric

circuit is zero”

2) Kirchhoff’s Voltage law (KVL)-This law related to EMF and Voltage

drops in a closed circuit or loop and may be stated as under.

“In any closed electrical circuit or mesh the algebraic sum of all
electromotive force and Voltage drop in resistance is equal to zero”

R1 R2
-E + I1R1 + I2R 2 =0 I1

E
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3) Limitations of Kirchhoff’s law - If there are various unknown quantity

in a single circuit then it can be time consuming process to determine the
parameter. KVL and KCL are not applicable for distributed network as in
the wire the internal capacitor inductance and resistance are distributed
over the long distance.

4) Application of Kirchhoff’s Law- With the help of Kirchhoff law the

various branches can known with their electrical values (ex. Current or
Voltage).

The Kirchhoff’s Voltage law can be applied in mesh one by one or in

whole mesh.
Ques6)Use Source transformation method to compute
the Current through 6Ω resistors. (AKTU’15)

2A

2Ω
5Ω 5Ω 6Ω
10V

Solution- As we can see in given circuit there are two source elements. A
voltage source with internal resistance of 5 Ω and a Current source with
internal resistance of 2 Ω.

2A

2Ω
5Ω 5Ω 6Ω
10V

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Apply Source conversion on 10 v Voltage source to Current source and 2

amp Current Source into Voltage source.
Vs
For Voltage source: IS = For Current source: VS= IS× Rint
Rint

Vs 10
IS = Rint
= 5
= 2A VS = Is × Rint = 2 × 2 = 4v

2Ω 4V

2A 5Ω 5Ω 6Ω

Here Each 5 Ω resistor in parallel

Rint = 5 parallel with 5

Reqt= 2.5 Ω

2Ω 4V

2A 2.5Ω 6Ω

Then
Again apply source conversion On 2A current source Into Voltage source

𝑉𝑠 = 𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑖𝑛𝑡
5
𝑉𝑠 = 2 × = 5 volt
2

i
2.5Ω 2Ω 4V
5V 6Ω
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Apply KVL in circuit:

−5 + 2.5𝑖 + 2𝑖 − 4 + 6𝑖 = 0
i
21 = 9
2
18
𝐼 = = 0.857𝐴
21
Q7)-Determine Current in row 4 ohm resistor by using mesh analysis in
the circuit.(AKTU,2017)

5Ω 6Ω
i
8V 4Ω 2Ω 2A

Ans- Applying source conversion on 2A current source into Voltage

source.
Vs=IS Rint = 2×2 = 4volt.

5Ω 6Ω
i=i1-i2
8V 4Ω 2Ω
i1 i2
4V

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Applying mesh analysis in a given circuit by assuming variable Current in

any direction.

Apply KVL in Loop-1

-8 + 5i1 + (i1-i2) 4=0

9i1 - 4i2=8 ……….(1)

Apply KVL in Loop-2

-4(i1-i2) + 6i2 + 2i2 + 4=0

4i1 - 12i2 =0 ……….(2)

From equation 1 and 2

i1=0.87 Amp i2= -0.04 Amp

Negative sign represent actual direction of Current is opposite to
assumed direction. I = i1-i2

= 0.87 - (-0.04)

I = 0.91 amp
Q8)-Current in 2 Ω resistance in the following using loop analysis

method.(AKTU 2015-16 )

4Ω 2Ω 3Ω

40V 20V 10V

Ans- Applying mesh analysis in both loops by considering

Current in any direction.

KVL in loop-1

−40 + 4i1 + 2 (i1 + i2 ) + 20 = 0 i

6i1 + 2i2 − 20 = 0 …… (1) 4Ω 2Ω 3Ω

i1 i2
Apply KVL in loop 2: 40V 20V 10V

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−10 + 3i1 + 2 (i1 + i2 ) + 20 = 0

2i1 + 5i2 + 10 = 0…… (2)

On solving eq.1 and eq.2 we got

i1 = −4.61 A And i2 = 3.84A
Current through 2 Ω resistor

i = i1 + i2
i = (−4.61) + 3.84
i = −0.77 Amp
Negative sign shown direction is opposite to assumed direction.

Ques9) Using Node analysis find Current i1 ,i2 and i3 in the following
direction.

20Ω 40Ω
0.5A 60Ω 15Ω 100Ω 0.6A

10V

Ans-By using source transformation, two current sources (0.5A

0.6A) can be converted into voltages sources as,
Using Mesh Analysis

Applying KVL in loop 1

20Ω 40Ω

60Ω 15Ω 100Ω

I1 I2
30V 10V 60V

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Page 16 of 166 DC CIRCUIT

-30 + 60 I1 + 20 I1 + 15( I1 + I2) +10 = 0

95 I1 + 15 I2 – 20 = 0
19 I1 + 3 I2 – 4 = 0 …… (1)
Applying KVL in loop 2
-60 +100 I2 + 40 I2 +15( I1 + I2 ) +10 = 15i1 + 155i2 − 50 = 0…… (2)

On solving 1 and 2
i1 = -0.1612A i2 = -0.306A
Now, If we compare with original circuit , we get
I1 = i1 = -0.1612A i2 = - i2 = + 0.306A

i3 = (i2 +i1 ) = -0.162- 0.306 = -0.468A

Q10)-Using Nodal analysis find Current through 8 ohm resistor.

10V
3Ω VA VB 5Ω
8Ω
2Ω 2Ω 3Ω
25V

10V
Type equation here.
Ans- Apply Nodal Analysis at point A and B
VA +10−10 V VA −VB
At Node A: ( ) − ( A) − ( )=0
5 2 8

33VA − 5VB = 0 ……… (1)

VB−VA VB VB−25
At Node B: ( ) + + =0
8 3 5

15VB − 15VA + 40VA + 24VB + 600 = 0

−15VA + 79VB + 600 =0 ……… (2)

On solving equation 1 and 2

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VA = −1.18 Volt VB = −7.82 Volt

VA − VB
I=
8
−1,18 − (−7,82)
= = 0.832 Amp
8

Section -2
Ques1) Determine the current i in the circuit as shown in Fig. by first
combining the sources into a single equivalent
voltage source.

Ans: To be able to combine the battery source

We have to decide its terminal reference.
100Ω
Since 9V and 3V sources are in series

Connection similarly 5V and 1V sources 9V 5V

To each other.

V1 = 9V+3V = 12Volts 3V
V2 = 5V−1V = 4Volts
220Ω 1V
Consider Current I through all element

in clockwise direction.

Applying KVL in loop: 100Ω

−12 + 100I − 4 + 220I = 0
320I = 16 12V 4V
I
16
I = = 0.05
320

I = 50 mA 220Ω
Ques2) Determine the currents 𝐢𝟏 and 𝐢𝟐 in the
following network.

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 Page 18 of 166 DC CIRCUIT

Ans: Applying KCL at node A

i = i1 +i3
10Ω 50V 2Ω i2 50V
100−VA VA VA +50−VB
–= –+
10 5 2
i1
5VA - 5VB = -150 …. (1) 5Ω
100V 2Ω 4Ω
Applying KCL at Node B, We have

i3= i4 +i2
VA +50−VB VB 50+VB
OR) 2
= 2
+ 4

2VA +100-2VB =2 VB +VB +50

10Ω i3 50V 2Ω i2 50V
i i4
2VA - 5VB = -50 ... (2) i1
100V 5Ω 2Ω 4Ω

On solving equation 1 and 2

−50 10
VA = 3
= -16.66 V and VB = 3
= 3.33V

VA −16.66
i1 = = −3.33𝑉
5 5
50 + VB 53.33
i2 = = = 13.25 𝐴
4 4
Ques3) In the circuit of fig. use resistance combination and current
division to find 𝐢𝟏 , 𝐢𝟐 and 𝐕𝟑 .

I2
I1
2Ω 40Ω +
120mA 50Ω 240Ω
125Ω 20 Ω V3
−

Ans: 2Ω i2 i3

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125Ω 240Ω
120mA 50Ω 60Ω
MENTORSERIES Page 19 of 166

R1= 40Ω+20Ω = 60Ω

R 2 = 240 Ω parallel 60 Ω

=48 Ω

2Ω i2

120mA 125Ω 50Ω 48Ω

R 3 = 48 Ω+2 Ω
i2
R 3 = 50 Ω

120mA 125Ω 50Ω 50Ω

R 4 =50 Ω parallel 50Ω i1

R 4 = 25Ω
120mA 125Ω 25Ω

125
I1 = 120× 125+25 [CDR] V60 = I3 × 60 Ω
125
= 120× = 100mA = 40×60 = 2400mV
150

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Page 20 of 166 DC CIRCUIT
100
I2 = 2
= 50mA V60 = 2.4Volt
240 20
I3 = 50× 240+60 =40mA V3 = V60 × 20+40
20
= 2.4 × V3 = 0.8 Volt
60

Ques4) Determine the current flowing left to right

through the 15 Ω resistor.

Ans:

Here; R1 = 7 Ω+3 Ω V1 V2
15 Ω
= 10 Ω 7Ω
2A 4A
Writing KCL equation 5Ω
3Ω
For node-1
V V1 −V2
2 = 101 + ... (1)
15

For Node-2
V2 V2 −V1
4= 5
+ 15
... (2)

Re-arranging Equation (1) and (2)

, we obtain i
V1 V2
5V1 - 2V2 = 60.... (3) 15 Ω
-V1 +4V2 = 60 ....(4)
2A 10 Ω 5Ω
On Solving Equation (3) and (4) 4A

we find

V1 = 20V and V2 = 20V

So V1 - V2 = 0 I=0

In other words, Zero current is following through the 15 Ω resistor.

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Ques5) Determine the value Of V and the power supplied by the

independent current source in figure. i x

+
6K Ω 2ix V 24mA 2K Ω
-

Ans: By KCL , the sum of the currents leaving the upper node must be
zero, So that

I6-2Ix -0.024-Ix = 0
V −V
We have, I6 = 6000 and Ix = 2000
𝑉 −𝑉 −𝑉
Therefore, - 2( ) - 0.024 – ( )=0
6000 2000 2000

And So, V = (600) (0.024) = 14.4V

We know power Supply;

P = VI

P24 = 14.4×0.024

= 0.3456W

P24 = 345.6 mW

Ques6) Calculate the power and voltage of the dependent source.

i3
15 Ω
6A 3Ω 9 Ω 0.9i3 4A
6Ω 6Ω

Ans: R1 = (6 Ω parallel with 6Ω)+15Ω

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Page 22 of 166 DC CIRCUIT

= 18 Ω

2A 3Ω 9Ω 18 Ω
0.9i3

Since Current (6A and 4A) sources are anti parallel so, it can be replaced
by single source.
is = 6A - 4A = 2A
Applying KCL at the top node of circuit. We have
V
−0.9i3 − 2 + i3 + = 0 … (1)
6

And V = 3i3 …. (2)

+
i3

0.9i3 V 2A 3Ω 6Ω

On solving equation (2) and (3) -

We get:
10
i3 = And V = 10v
3

Now the power furnishes by dependent source is:

P = V × 0.9i3
10
P = 10 ×0.9 ×
3

P = 30W

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Practice Question
Ques1) Find the voltage drop across 𝐑 𝟏 and 𝐑 𝟐 (in
figure). The resistance 𝐑 𝟑 is not specified.
Ans: 𝐕𝟏 = 30Volts
𝐕𝟐 = 30Volts
R 2=10 Ω 0.5A
R1=10 Ω R3 80Ω
100V

Ques2) Applying mesh analysis, obtain the Current through 5 Ω

resistance in the following circuit.
Ans: ( I = -3.52A )
10 Ω 5Ω 4Ω

2A 2Ω 2Ω 100V
5Ω

Ques3) Find Current in each branch by using nodal analysis.Also

calculate total power loss.
𝟐𝟎
Ans: Total Power Loss: Watts
𝟑

𝟖 𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏 𝟒
[𝟗A, 𝟗 𝐀, 𝟔 𝐀, 𝟏𝟖
𝐀, 𝟗
𝐀]

10 Ω 20Ω

1A 5Ω 20 Ω 10Ω 0.5A

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Page 24 of 166 DC CIRCUIT

Ques4) Using nodal analysis to find the Voltage across and Current
through 4 Ω resistor in fig. (AKTU’22).

4Ω

2Ω 2A
8Ω
2V

Ques5) For the circuit shown I figure find

a) Voltage
b) Current through the 2 Ω resistor using nodal method.
𝟐𝟑
Ans: V = 𝟏𝟑
𝐕
𝟑𝟎
I in 2 Ω = 𝟏𝟑 Amp 1Ω 3Ω
V
6V 2Ω 4Ω 8V
+
5V
−

Ques6) Determine 𝐢𝟏 , 𝐢𝟐 and 𝐢𝟑 using nodal analysis for a given circuit

shown.

Ans: 𝐢𝟏 = 6A 𝐢𝟐 = -2A 𝐢𝟑 = 1A 2Ω 4V
i1 i3
24V 6Ω 8Ω 3A
i2

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Ques7) Find the value I shown in figure.

𝟐
Ans: I = A 1Ω 2Ω
𝟓

3Ω I 4Ω

10V
Ω
Ques8) Using Nodal Analysis, Find the different branch currents in the
circuit shown in figure.

Ans: 𝐢𝟏 = -2.2A 𝐢𝟐 = -0.2 A

𝐢𝟑 = 4.8 A 𝐢𝟒 = 2.8 A 2S

1S 5A

2A 4S 3S

Ques9) Using Source Conversion technique, Find the load current 𝐈𝐋 in

the circuit current.

Ans: 𝐈𝐋 = 2A
3Ω 2Ω 1Ω

IL
6Ω 3A 3Ω
6V

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Page 26 of 166 DC CIRCUIT

Ques10) Find current in each branch by using nodal analysis. Also

Calculate total power loss.

Ans Total Power Loss: 6.65W

I = (0.888A, 0.111A, 0.1665A, -0.055A, 0.444A)

10Ω 20Ω

1A 5Ω 20Ω 10Ω 0.5A

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 UNIT-2
AC- CIRCUIT
2 Marks Question
Ques1: Describe Important AC terminology.
Ans:
і) Alternating voltage and current: A voltage which
changes its polarity at regular intervals of time is called
alternating voltage. When an alternating voltage is applied in a circuit,
the current flows first in One Direction and then in opposite direction
depends upon the polarity of voltage is said to be alternating current.

ii)
V I
Vm Im

ωt ωt
𝜋 π 3𝜋
0 2π 0 𝜋 π 3𝜋 2π
2 2
2 2

V=Vmsinωt
I =Imsinωt
Where, V = instantaneous value of alternating Voltage.

Vm = Maximum value of alternating Voltage.

ω = Angular velocity of the coil.

ii) Instantaneous Value: The Value of an alternating quantity at any

instant is called instantaneous value. The instantaneous value of above
waveform at 0o,90o and 270o are 0,+ve,-ve respectively .

MENTOR SERIES 27
Page 28 of 166 AC CIRCUIT

iii) Instantaneous Value: The Value of an alternating quantity at any

instant is called instantaneous value of above waveform at 0o,90o and
270o are 0,+ve,-ve respectively.

iv) Cycle: One complete set of positive and negative values of an

alternating quantity is known as a Cycle.

v)Time Period: The time taken in seconds to complete one cycle of an

alternating quantity is called its time period. It is generally represented
by T.

vi)Frequency: The number of cycles that occur in one second is called

the frequency (f) of the alternating quantity. It is measured in Hertz (Hz)
and equivalent to Cycle per second.

vii) Amplitude: The maximum value (positive and negative) attained by

an alternating quantity is called its amplitude or peak value and It is
represented as VM /EM or IM.

Important Relations:

i) Time Period and Frequency: Consider an alternating quantity having a

frequency of f Hz and time period T second
1 1
T= sec or f = Hz
f T
ii)Angular Velocity and Frequency: Consider a coil rotating with an
angular velocity of ω rad/sec in a uniform magnetic field. In one
revolution of the coil, the angle turned is 2π and voltage wave
completes one cycle with time period T of the alternating.

ω = 2πf

iii) Frequency and Speed: Consider a coil rotating at a speed of N rpm in

the field of P poles. As the coil passes north and south successively, one
complete cycle is generated obliviously in one revolution of the coil, P/2
cycle will be generated.

Frequency,

Mentorseries.in
MENTORSERIES Page 29 of 166

f = No. of Cycles/sec

f = (No. of cycle/revolution)× (No. of revolution/sec)

P N
f= ( 2 ) × (60 ) V or I
PN
f = 120
Peak value

ωt
0 π π 3𝜋 2π
2 2

Basic Expressions:

i) Peak Value: It is the maximum value attained by an alternating

quantity. The peak of maximum value of an alternating voltage and
current is represented by Vm and Im.

ii)Average Value: The average value of a waveform is the average of all

its value over a period of time. Average value of sinusoidal Voltage and
Current over one cycle is zero.
Total area under curve for time T (A)
Average value = Time (T)

iii) RMS Value of Alternating Quantity: RMS stands for Root Mean
Square of instantaneous Current or Voltage values. The effective or RMS
value of an alternating current is that steady current (D.C.) which when
flowing through a given resistance for a given time.

The RMS value of AC is greater than the Average Value .The RMS of
equation for the alternating current varying sinusoidal.
i
i = Imsinωt
Im
π
∫0 i2dωt 2π
irms = √ ωt
2π π

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Page 30 of 166 AC CIRCUIT

iv)Form Factor : The ratio of RMS value to the average value of an

alternating quantity is known as Form Factor.
RMS Value
Form Factor =
Average value

v) Peak Factor: The ratio of maximum value of an alternating quantity

Known as Peak Factor.
Max Value
Peak Factor =
RMS value

Ques2: Define Impedance, Admittance.

Ans:
i) Impedance: The total opposition offered to the flow of alternating
Current by a circuit is called Impedance (Z) of the circuit.
ii)Admittance: Admittance of an AC circuit is the reciprocal of its
impedance
1
Admittance, Y =
𝑍

Mentorseries.in
MENTORSERIES Page 31 of 166

SECTION 1
Ques1: Derive the expression for average and RMS value of a
Sinusoidal varying AC voltage. Also write form factor and Peak
Factor. [AKTU 2018]
Ans:
We have, V = Vmsinωt
As we know for symmetrical wave the net area is zero
due to equal positive and negative shaded area.So, we
intended only half cycle for average voltage.
I
im
2π
π ωt

1) Calculation of Average Voltage:

Area of half cycle
Vavg =
π

1 π 1 π
= π ∫0 v dωt = ∫ V Sinωtdωt
π 0 m

Vm Vm
= [−cosωt]π0 = [cos 0 − cos π]
π π

2V m
=
π

Vavg = 0.6370Vmax

Similarly, Iavg = 0.6370 Imax

2) Calculation of rms voltage:

2π 2
∫ v d(ωt)
We know, Vrms = √ 0
2π

2π 2
∫ Vm sin2 ωt 1 2π
=√ 0 = √∫0 Vm2 sin2 ωt dωt
2π √2π

Vm 2π 1 cos 2ωt Vm ωt sin 2ωt 2π

= √∫0 ( − ) dωt = √[ − ]
√2π 2 2 √4π 1 2 0

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Page 32 of 166 AC CIRCUIT

mV Vm
= 2√π √(2π − 0) − (0 − 0) = √2π
2√π

Vm
Vrms = Volt
√2

Im
Similarly, Irms= Amp
√2
Vm
V π
iii) Form Factor = Vrms = √2
2Vm =
2√2
= 1.11
avg π

Vm
iv) Peak Factor = Vm = √2 = 1.414
√2

Ques2: The equation of an alternating current i=42.42sin628t

.Determine i) Maximum Value, ii) Frequency, iii) RMS value,iv)Average
Value, v)Form Factor.

Ans: We have I = 42.42sin628t

On comparing with standard equation i=Imaxsin(ωt+ϕ)

і) Maximum Value:

Imax = 42.42Amp

ii)Frequency:
ωt = 628t
ω = 628 ⇒ 2πf = 628
628
f= = 100Hz
2π

iii) RMS Value:

Im 42.42
IRMS = = = 30Amp
√2 √2

iv)Average value:

Iav .= 0.637Im = 0.637×42.42 = 27.02 Amp

v)Form Factor:
Irms 30
Iav
= 27
= 1.11

Mentorseries.in
MENTORSERIES Page 33 of 166

Ques3: Find the average value RMS value, Form Factor and Peak Factor
for
i)Half wave rectified Alternating current.
ii)Full wave rectified alternating current.
Ans:
For Half Wave Rectified AC-In half wave rectified AC
only one sided waveform generated and second half have no value due
to diode polarity. I
Area of One Cycle
i)Iavg.=
Time Period
π
Area = ∫0 Im sinωtdωt Im
π
Area = Im[−cosωt]
0
0 𝜋 2π 3π
Area = 2Im
2Im Im
Iavg = 2π
= π
π
∫0 (I2 2
m sin ωt )dωt
ii)Irms = √ I
2π

Im
Irms =
2

Im Im
Irms 2
iii) Form Factor = = Im = 1.57
Iavg
π

Imax Im 0 𝜋 2π 3π
iv)Peak Factor = = Im =2
Irms
2

2) For Full Wave rectified AC :

Area of One Cycle 2 π (1−cos2ωt)

i) Iavg = Time Period
Area = Im ∫0 2
dωt
2Im
Iavg = π
Amp Area = Im [−cosωt]π0
π
∫ (I2 2
m sin ωt )dωt
ii)Irms = √ 0 π
Area = Im0[cos00 - cos π] = 2Im
πI2
m
=√ 2
A ⇒ For RMS Value :
π

Mentorseries.in
Page 34 of 166 AC CIRCUIT

2 π 1− cos 2ωt
A = Im ∫0 ( 2
)dωt
Im I2
m
Irms = Amp A= 2
[ωt − sin2ωt]π0
√2
I2
m πI2
m
A= [(π-0) –(0)] =
2 2

Im
Irms I2 πI2
iii)Form Factor = = 2I√2m = 1.11A = m
[(π − 0)] = m
Iavg 2 2
π
Imax Im
iv)Peak Factor = Irms
= I m
= 1.414
√2

Ques4: Calculate Average Value, RMS value, Form Factor and Peak
Factor of the following waveform shown.
V(t)

+10V

3 6
1 2 45 T(sec)

-10V

Ans-As we can see the Maximum value of Voltage waveform is +10 or -10
Vm=10 volt
To Find Equation Of Waveform : Y = mx+c
V(t) = mt+0 …….(1) put the value of m in equation (1)
10−0
m= 1−0
= 10

V(t) = 10t
1
1 1 1 t2
1)Average Value = 1 ∫0 V(t)dt = ∫0 10tdt =10[ 2 ]
0

1
Area ×2×10
Vavg.= 5 volt Or Vavg. = =2 = 5V
T 2

1 1 1
∫ V(t) 2 dt 100 ∫0 t2 dt t3 10
2)rms Value = √ 0 1
=√ 1
= √100 [ 3 ] = volt
0 √3

Mentorseries.in
MENTORSERIES Page 35 of 166

10
Vrms 2
3)Form Factor = = √3 = =1.154
Vavg 5 √3

Vm 10
4)Peak Factor = = 10 = √3 = 1.732
Vrms
√3
Ques5: Find Average and RMS value of following Voltage waveform.
Ans: V

10Sinωt
10V

𝜔𝑡
0 π 2π 3π
i) We have
V 10sinωt,for 0<ωt<π

V = 0 ,forπ<ωt<2π
T
∫0 V(t)dt
Vavg. =
T

1 2π
Vavg = ∫ Vdt
2π 0

1 π 2π
Vavg = 2π[∫0 10sinωtdωt + ∫π 0dωt

1 1 10
Vavg = [10[− cos ωt]π0 ] = × 10 × [1— 1] =
2π 2π π

Vavg.= 3.18 Volt

ii) Calculation Of RMS Voltage :

T
∫ V2 dωt 1 2π
Vrms =√ 0
2
= √2π ∫0 V dωt
T

1 π 2 2π
Vrms = √ [∫ (10sinωt) dωt + ∫π 0dωt
2π 0

Mentorseries.in
Page 36 of 166 AC CIRCUIT

100 π
Vrms =√ ∫0 (1 − cos 2ωt)dωt
4π

1 sin 2ωt π 1
Vrms = 5√ (ωt − ) = 5√ (π − 0) − (0 − 0)
π 2 0 π

Vrms = 5 volt

Ques6: Determine
i)The Average value and
ii) RMS value of the current i
Ans:

Area under One Cycle

Iavg.= I
Time Period

T
I
∫0 idt
= 2
T
T T t
T
1 TI 4
= T[∫0 Idt + ∫T
4 dt
4
2

1 T I T
= [I ( ) + (T − )]
T 4 2 4

1 IT 3IT 1 3 5I
= [ + ] = I[ + ] =
T 4 8 4 8 8

Iavg.= 0.625I Amp

Area of Squared wave Under One Cycle

ii) Irms = √
Time Period

T
2 T I 2
Area = ∫04 I dt + ∫T (2) dt
4

T I2 T
= I2 [ ] + [T − ]
4 4 4

1 3 7
= I2 T [ + ] = I2 T[16]
4 16

Mentorseries.in
MENTORSERIES Page 37 of 166

7 2
I T I
Irms = √16 = √7 = 0.662I Amp.
T 4

Ques7: Explain the concept of phasor diagram.

Ans:
i) Phase-
 The phase of an alternating quantity (Voltage or
Current) depends upon the instant from
which the time is measured.
 An alternating quantity (voltage or current) is completely known
if we know its maximum value, frequency, and phase.

ii)Phase Difference- When two alternating quantities of the same

frequency have different starting points, they are said to be phase
difference.

iii) Phasor Diagram- It is a pictorial representation of all phase voltage

and their respective phase current in a given network. It is not existable
for purely resistive network .It is used to analysing complex network.
 The projection of the phasor OP on the Y-axis at any instant
gives the value of current at that instant. Thus if we plot the
projection of the phasor on the Y-axis versus its angular position
point-by-point, a sinusoidal alternating current wave is
generated.

ω i

P
M
𝜋 2𝜋
0 𝜃 𝜃

OM = OPsinθ
OM = Imsinωt

Mentorseries.in
Page 38 of 166 AC CIRCUIT

i, the value of current at that instant. From the observation, it is resulted

out.
i)For Inductive load having VL(t) as voltage across inductor and IL(t)
current flows through it.
VL VL (ref.)
+ IL (t) 900

VL (t) L
- 900
IL (ref. ) IL
Phasor Diagram

Inductor Voltage leads with Inductor current by 900.

ii) For capacitive Load Having Vc(t) as voltage across capacitor and Ic(t)
current flows through it. I (ref.)
IC C
+ IC (t) 900
VC (t)
C

- 900
VC (ref. ) V
Phasor Diagram C
Capacitor current leads with capacitor voltage by 900.

Ques8: Three circuits in parallel take the following currents

𝛑 𝛑
I1=2o𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝟏𝟒𝐭; i2=30𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝟑𝟏𝟒𝐭 − ) ; 𝐢𝟑 = 𝟒𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬( 𝟑𝟏𝟒𝐭 + )
𝟒 𝟔
Find the resultant current.
Ans- We have i1=2osin 314t (Take as reference)
π
i2=30sin (314t − )
4
π π π
i3=40 cos( 314t + 6 ) = 40 sin( 2 + 314t + 6 )
2π
= 40 sin( 314t + )
3

Y Y
P
13.4A
40A
1200
20A
450
X
Mentorseries.in X
0
MENTORSERIES Page 39 of 166

X-component = 20+30cos 450 − 40 cos 600=21.2 Amp

Y-Component =20cos 900 + 40 cos 300 − 30 cos 450 =13.4Amp

Resultant OP = √(21.2)2 + (13.4)2 =25.1 Amp

13.4
tan∅ =
21.2

∅ = tan−1 (0.632) = 32.30

The Equation of resultant current is,

I = 25.1sin(314t+32.30 )

Ques9: If two alternating current represented by i1=7𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛚𝐭 and

𝛑
i2=10𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝛚𝐭 + ) are fed into a common conductor, then find equation
𝟑
for resultant current and it’s RMS value.(AKTU’14)

Ans:The individual component of current are,

π
i1 = 7sin ωtand i2 = 10sin (ωt + 3 )

Resultant Current (ir) = i1+i2

π
Ir = 7sin ωt +10sin (ωt + 3 )
π π
ir = 7sin ωt+10sin ωt cos 3+10cos ωt sin 3
π π
Ir = (7+10cos 3 )sin ωt+(10sin 3 ) cos ωt

ir(max) = √(12)2 + (8.66)2 =14.8 A

Multiplying and Dividing Equation (i) with 14.8

Mentorseries.in
Page 40 of 166 AC CIRCUIT
12 8.66
Ir = 14.8[sinωt × + cos ωt × ] ......(ii)
14.8 14.8

As we know standard equation

Ir = ir(max)[sinωt cos φ + cos ωt sin φ] = irmax sin(ωt + φ) … … (iii)

On Comparing Equation (ii) and(iii)

12 8.66
cos φ = 14.8 ; sin φ = 14.8

sin φ 8.66
tan φ = cosφ = 12

φ = 0.199πRadian.

Thus the resultant equation can be written as

Ir = 14.8sin(ωt + 0.199π)

i) Maximum value; irmax = 14.8A

14.8
ii) RMS value; irmax = = 10.46A
√2

Ques10: Discuss A.C. circuit containing resistive only.

Ans: When an alternating voltage is applied across pure
resistive network the free electrons flows (i.e. Current) in
one direction for the first half cycle of the supply and
then flows in the opposite direction + VR -
during the next half cycle. Let the i R
alternating Voltage be given by

the equation. V=Vm sin ωt

V = Vm sin ωt.....(1)
We know, V = iR
V
OR i =
R

Put the value of V

Vm sin ωt
i= Phasor Diagram:
R
I V

Mentorseries.in
MENTORSERIES Page 41 of 166

Thus we can write

I = Imsinωt ….... (2)
V
Where Im= m is the maximum value of current.
R
It is clear from the equation (1) and (2) that the applied voltage and the
circuit current are in phase with each other because they do not have
phase angle. Thus we can say in pure resistive load current is in phase
with voltage.
V,i
Same starting point hence no phase
Difference.
V
Instantaneous power; I
P = Vi
P = (Vm sinωt)(Im sinωt ) t
P = Vm Im sin2ωt
1−cos 2ωt
P = Vm Im ( )
2

Vm I m Vm I m
P = – cos 2 ωt
2 2
Vm Im
Thus power consist of two parts viz. a constant part( ) and a
2
Vm I m
fluctuating part ( 2 cos 2 ωt) therefore we can say pure resistive circuit
consume fluctuating instantaneous power not constant.

Average Power;
1 2π Vm Im 1 2π Vm Im
Pavg. = ∫ dωt + ∫ cos 2ωt dωt
2π 0 2 2π 0 2
Vm I m
Pavg. = 2
+0
Vm Im
Pavg .= ×
√2 √2

Pavg. = vrms × irms

Vrms = Rms value of the applied voltage

irms = Rms value of circuit current.

Mentorseries.in
Page 42 of 166 AC CIRCUIT

Ques11:Discuss AC circuit containing pure inductive

only.
Ans: When an Alternating Current flows through a pure
inductor coil a back EMF induced due to the inductance
of coil. This back emf opposes the change in current
through coil. .+ VL −

Applied alternating voltage = Back EMF. i

Consider an Alternating Voltage Applied V = Vm sinωt
To a pure inductance of L Henry
VL
V = Vm sinωt ... (1)
di
Clearly, Vm sinωt = L (Actually –ve)
dt

Vm
di = sinωtdt
L
900
On Integrating
I(ref)
Phasor Diagram
Vm
i=
L
∫ sinωtdt
VL
V
m
i = ωL ( -cosωt) 900
(
−Vm π
i= ωL
sin (2 − ωt)
Vm π
i= sin (ωt − )
ωL 2
π
i = Imsin (ωt − 2 )... (2) I

Vm
Where Im = is the maximum value of current
ωL

It is clear from equations (1) and (2) that the applied voltage and the
π
circuit current have phase difference of − 2 thus we can say in pure
inductor voltage leads with inductor current by 900 .

Waveform; V,i

V = Vm sinωt V
I
π
I = im sin(ωt − 2 )
2π
0 π π 3π
2 2
Mentorseries.in
MENTORSERIES Page 43 of 166

π
Starting point of voltage and current are differing by 2 phase.
Instantaneous Power
π
P = vi = Vm sinωt × imsin(ωt − 2 )
Vm im
P = −Vm im sinωt cosωt = − 2
sin2ωt

Average Power ;
1 2π Vm im
Pavg. = ∫ sin2ωt dωt
2π 0 2

Pavg. =0
Hence Power Absorbed in pure Inductance is zero.
Ques12: Discuss AC circuit containing Capacitive only.
Ans:When an alternating voltage is applied across
their plates of a capacitor, the capacitor is charged in
one direction and then in the other as the voltage
reverses.
Consider an Alternating Voltage is applied to a capacitor of capacitance C
farad.
V = Vm sinωt……(1)

We know, charge on capacitor

Q = CV = CVm sinωt + VC −

And,
dq d I C
i= = (cVm sinωt )
dt dt

d
i = cVm dt (sinωt) = ωcVm cosωt

thus, we can write V=Vm sinωt

π
V=Vm sin𝜔𝑡
i = Imsin(ωt + 2 ) ……(2)

where Im= ωcVm is the maximum value of current

Mentorseries.in
Page 44 of 166 AC CIRCUIT

It is clear from the equation (1) and (2) that the applied voltage and the
π
circuit current have phase difference of + thus we can say in pure
2
capacitive load capacitor current leads with capacitor voltage by 900 .

Phasor Diagram: Ic Ic (ref)

900

900
V(ref)
Waveform: V
i
V=Vm sinωt
π i
I =imsin(ωt + 2 )
v
Starting point of Voltage
π
and Current are differ by 2 phase. ω𝑡
Instantaneous Power:

P = VI
π
P = Vm sinωt × imsin(ωt + 2 )

P = Vm im sinωtcosωt
Vm im
P= sin2ωt
2

Average Power:
1 2π Vm im
Pavg. = ∫ sin2ωt dωt
2π 0 2

Pavg. = 0
Hence Power absorbed in pure Capacitive is zero.

Ques13: Discuss AC circuit containing Resistive-

Inductive(RL) load in series.
Ans:Consider an AC circuit consisting of resistance
(RΩ) and Inductance (L henry) connected in series
with AC supply voltage V.Individual voltage drop

Mentorseries.in
MENTORSERIES Page 45 of 166

across resistor is VR and across inductor is VL . Where VR is in phase with

I and VL lead I by 900 . + VR − + VL −

I
v
Phasor Diagram:

Normally For a series network we

Consider I as reference.

The applied Voltage (V) is the phasor sum V VL

of these two voltage drops. ∅ 900
VR I(ref)
2 2
V = √VR + VL

V = √(IR)2 + (IXL )2 = i√R2 + XL 2

V V
i= =Z
√R2 +XL 2

The quantity √R2 + XL 2 offers opposition of current flow and is called

impedance of the circuit. It is represented by Z and is measured in ohm
(Ω).
Where XL = 2πfL

Waveform: V, I
It is clear from the phasor diagram that
Circuit current(I) lags behind the applied
3𝜋
Voltage by ∅. The value of phase angle ∅
can be determined by phasor diagram. 2
𝜔𝑡
V IX X 0 𝜋𝜋
tan∅ = VL = IRL = RL
R 2
X
∅ = tan−1 ( RL)

If the applied voltage isV= Vm sinωt then equation for the circuit current
will be

I = imsin(ωt − ∅)

Mentorseries.in
Page 46 of 166 AC CIRCUIT
V
Where im = ZM
Where we can say in RL series network current lags behind the applied
voltage.

Instantaneous Power:

P = V I= Vm sinωt × imsin(ωt − ∅ )
1
P = 2 Vm im [2sinωtsin(ωt − ∅ )]
1
P = Vm im [cos(ωt − ωt + ∅)−cos(ωt + ωt − ∅)]
2

1
P = Vm im[cos∅ −cos(2ωt − ∅)]
2

1 1
P = 2 Vm im cos∅ − 2 Vm imcos(2ωt − ∅)

Thus instantaneous Power consists of two parts.

1
 Constant part 2 Vm im cos∅ whose average voltage value over a
cycle is same.
1
 A fluctuating part2 Vm imcos(2ωt − ∅) whose average value over
one complete cycle is zero.

Average Power:
Vm im
Pavg . = cos∅
2

Vm im
Pavg. = cos∅
√2 √2

Pavg. = Vrms Irms cos∅ = VIcos∅

(Where, cos∅ is termed as Power Factor)

From Phasor diagram:

IR R
Cos∅ = =
IZ Z

P = VIcos∅ = (IZ)I(R/Z ) = I 2 R

P = I2R

Mentorseries.in
MENTORSERIES Page 47 of 166

This is expected because power is consumed in resistance only

inductance do not consume any power.

Ques14: Explain the term Power factor, Apparent Power, True and
Reactive Power.
Ans: Power Factor - Power Factor is defined
as the cosine of the angle between voltage
and current.
Power factor describes the direction of resultant
current with the respect to resultant voltage.
From phasor diagram of RL series circuit.
VR I×R
Cos∅ = =
V V
where I = total Current

V = total Voltage

IR R
Power Factor: Cos∅ = IZ
= Z
Z>R
R
Cos∅ = Cos∅<1
√R2 +ωL2

 Therefore power Factor is always less than 1.

 If resultant current is leading with resultant voltage then circuit
is referred as leading power factor.
 If resultant current is lagging with resultant voltage then circuit
is referred as Lagging Power Factor.

ii) Apparent Power: The total power that appears to be transferred

between the source and load is called apparent power. It is equal to the
product of applied voltage (V) and circuit current (I). It is denoted by S. It
is measured in Volt Ampere. (unit: watt or volt-amp)

S = V× I
The phasor diagram of RL circuit, Apparent Power has two parts.

I
Isin ∅ Apparent Power, S=VI Reactive
Power,
Q=VIsin∅
R Mentorseries.in ∅
Icos ∅
 📚 Mentor Series AKTU
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📂 What You Get in Our App

Previous Year Question Notes Crash Course
Papers Handwritten and typed notes Quick revision crash courses
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Page 48 of 166 AC CIRCUIT

iii) Active Power/True Power: The Power which is actually consumed in

the circuit is called true power. We know that power is consumed in
resistance only since neither pure inductor nor pure capacitor consumed
any active power. (unit: watt)

True Power, P = Voltage×Copponent of total current in phase with

voltage.
P = VICos∅
iv) Reactive Power: The component of apparent power which is neither
consumed nor does any useful work in the circuit is called reactive
power.
Reactive Power, Q = Voltage×Copponent of total current 900 out of the
phase.
Q = VISin∅ (unit : volt-amp reactive VAR)
Therefore, from the phasor diagram by multiplying V , we got
True Power VICos∅
 Power Factor, cos∅ = Apparent Power = VI
 (Apparent Power)2 = (True Power)2 + (Reactive Power)2

(S)2 = (P)2 + (Q)2

 True Power = Apparent Power× Cos∅

 Reactive Power = Apparent Power× Sin∅

Ques15: Explain The cause of Low Power Factor, How can it be

improved and disadvantage of low Power Factor.
Ans: Causes of low Power Factor:
 Most of the AC motors and Transformer operate
at lagging Power Factor. The power factor
decrease with the decrease in load.
 Arc lamps operate at low Power Factor(lagging) due to typical
characteristics of the arc.

Mentorseries.in
MENTORSERIES Page 49 of 166

 Industrial heating furnaces such as arc and induction furnace

operate on very low lagging Power.

Disadvantages of low Power Factor : We know ,

P
I=
VCos∅

 If P and V are constant, the load current I is inversely

proportional to power factor (i.e. Cos∅), Lower the PF higher the
current. The higher current due to poor PF affects the system as
follow.
 Rating of generators and transformers are proportional to their
output current hence inversely proportional to power factor
therefore large generators and transformers are required to
deliver same current but at low Power Factor.
 Low lagging Power Factor results in large voltage drop in
generators, transformers, transmission lines and distributer
which results in poor regulation. Hence extra regulating
equipment required.
 Copper Losses are proportional to the square of the current
hence inversely proportional the square of the low power
factor.

Power Factor Improvement: The power Factor can be improved by

 Using induction motor with phase advantages.

 Connecting the static capacitor in parallel with the equipment
operating at lagging power factor such as Induction motor etc.
 By using synchronous condensers like shunt capacitors
connected across the supply.

Ques16): Discuss AC circuit containing

Resistive-Capacitive (RC) Load in series.
Ans: Consider an AC circuit consisting
Of resistance (RΩ) and capacitance (C
Farad) connected in series with AC supply + V − + VC −
R
voltage V. Individual voltage drop
measured across resistor is VR and a
cross capacitor isVC . Where VR is in I
0
phase with I and VC lags I by 90 .
Phasor Diagram- v

Mentorseries.in
Page 50 of 166 AC CIRCUIT

Taking Current as the reference phasor.

VR I(ref.)
Total applied voltage can be determined by
∅
Algebraic sum as shown in figure.
V
V =√VR 2 + (−VC )2 = √IR2 + (−IXC )2 −VC

V = i√R2 + XC 2

V
I=
√R2 +XC 2

The quantity √R2 + XC 2 offers opposition of current flow and is called

V,I
impedance of the circuit.
1
Where XC = 2πfc
I=IMsinωt
V=VM sinωt
V=VM sin𝜔𝑡
0 𝜋 2𝜋 ωt
Waveform:

It is clear from Phasor Diagram that circuit current I leads the applied
voltage V by ∅.The value of phase angle ∅ can be determine as under.
−VC −IXC
tan ∅ = =
VR IR

−XC
∅ = tan−1
R

Since current is taken as the reference phasor, negative phase angle

implies that voltage lags behind the current.

If the applied voltage is V=VM sinωt then equation for the circuit current
will be.
VM
i = IMsin(ωt+∅) where IM =
Z

Instantaneous Power:

Mentorseries.in
MENTORSERIES Page 51 of 166

P = VI = Vmsinωt × im sin(ωt + ∅ )
1
P = 2 Vm im [2sinωtsin(ωt+∅)]
1
P = Vm im [cos(ωt − ωt − ∅)−cos(ωt + ωt + ∅)]
2

1
P = Vm im [cos∅ −cos(2ωt + ∅)]
2

1 1
P = Vm im cos∅ − Vm im cos(2ωt + ∅)
2 2
Thus Instantaneous power consist of two parts similar to RL circuit

Average Power:
Vm im
Pavg. = 2
cos∅
Vm im
Pavg. = cos∅
√2 √2

Pavg. = Vrms Irms cos∅ = VIcos∅

Alternatively ,
Pavg. = Power in R+ Power in C
Pavg.= I 2 R+0 = IR×I
V
Pavg. = IR× Z
Pavg. = IRcos∅
Ques17:Discuss AC circuit containing Resistive-
Inductive-Capacitive (RLC) Load in series.
Ans: Consider an AC circuit consist of
resistance (R ohm) Inductance(L Henry)
and Capacitance(C Farad) in series with AC supply Voltage V. Individual
voltage drops across resistor, Inductor and Capacitor are VR ,VL ,and VC
respectively in which phase angle adopted as standard.
+ VR − + VC − + VL −

I VL
v

Phasor Diagram: As before, the phasor VR

I(ref. )

Mentorseries.in
Page 52 of 166 AC CIRCUIT

diagram is taking current as the referen

ce phasor. It may be seen VL is in phase
opposition to VC .It follows that the circuit
can be effectively inductive or capacitive
depending upon which voltage drop
(VL or VC ) is predominant. VC
Case 1: For 𝐕𝐋 > 𝐕𝐂 (Lagging power factor circuit)
From phasor diagram VL

V =√(VR 2 + (VL − VC )2 VL -VC

V
∅
V = √(IR2 + (IXL − IXC )2 I(ref.)
VR
V = I√(R2 + (XL − XC )2
V
I=
√(R2 +(XL −XC ) 2 VC
R R
Circuit Power Factor; Cos∅ = =
Z √(R2 +(XL −XC )2

VL −VC XL −XC
Also, tan∅ = =
VR R

XL −XC
∅ = tan−1 R
VL
Case 2: For 𝐕𝐂 > 𝐕𝐋 (Leading power factor circuit)

From Phasor Diagram

V = √(VR 2 + (VC − VL )2
∅ VR I(ref.)
V
V = √(IR2 + (IXC − IXL )2 Vc -VL
V = I√(R2 + (XC − XL )2
V
I= VC
√(R2 +(XC −XL )2

R R
Circuit Power Factor; Cos∅ = Z =
√(R2 +(Xc −XL )2

Mentorseries.in
MENTORSERIES Page 53 of 166

VC −VL XC −XL
Also, tan∅ = VR
= R

XC −XL
∅ = tan−1 R

Case 3: For 𝐕𝐂 = 𝐕𝐋 (Unity Power factor circuit ) VL

Fromm Phasor Diagram
∅=00
2
V =√(VR + (VL − VC )2 I
V=VR
VL = VC ⇒ V = VR
V VC
I= R

Circuit Power Factor; Cos∅ = Cos00 = 1

Ques18: Explain resonance in a series RLC circuit with the help of

impedance v/s frequency and drive an
expression for resonant frequency. Write
properties of series resonant circuit.
Ans:
An AC circuit containing reactive element (L and C) is
said to be in resonance when the circuit Power Factor is unity. When
applied Voltage and circuit current in an ac circuit are in step with (i.e.
phase angle is zero).If this condition exists in series AC circuit, It is called
series resonance. Resonance describe the circuit condition in which -

 Inductive and Capacitive effect neutralize to each other.

 Impedance of circuit will become resistive.
 Power Factor of circuit is unity.
 It describes the energy transformation between inductor and
capacitor at a constant frequency rate and this frequency is referred
as frequency of oscillation or resonance frequency(Fr ). Consider an
AC circuit containing a resistance R,
Inductance L, and Capacitance
C connected in series as shown ; + VR − + VC − + VL −

From the phasor diagram of RLC I

v

Mentorseries.in
Page 54 of 166 AC CIRCUIT

Circuit.We have circuit impedance

Given by;

Z = √(R2 + (XL − XC )2 )

Resonances will occur in this circuit when circuit power factor is unity.
This will happen when: XL = XC
V V
I= =
Z √(R2 +(XL −XC )2 )

At series Resonance,XL = XC
1
Angular Frequency ωr L =
ωr c

1
ωr = rad/sec
√LC
1
2πfr L =
2πfr c

1
fr2 = (2π)2Lc

1
Linear Frequency fr = 2π√LC

If L and C are measured in Henry and farad respectively then angular

frequency will be in rad/sec and Linear frequency in Hz.

ii) Impedance vs Frequency graphical analysis ;

Capacitive Inductive
1
XC |Z| ωc ωL
XL
Reactance

XL = P
XC e
Zmin. = R
X L<X Ce X L>X Ce ω ω0 ω
Series Rasonance Overall Impedance fig.

Mentorseries.in
MENTORSERIES Page 55 of 166

Note that at series resonance, the circuit impedance is minimum and is

V
equal to R therefore circuit current will be maximum and is equal to .
R
Where: I
ωL=Lower Frequency or Lower Po or Imax
V
Half power Frequency =R
ωH = Higher Frequency Po Imax
/
Or Higher 2 √2
Half power Frequency
=0.707 Imax
ωr = Resonant Frequency.

ωL ωr ωH
Resonance Curve ω
 The curve between current and frequency is known as
resonance curve and this shows that current reaches at
maximum value at the resonant frequency (ωr ) rapidly falling off
on either sides at that point because the net reactance is no
longer zero.

Properties:
 Series RLC resonance circuit is also referred as accepter circuit
because this circuit accepts maximum current at resonance.

𝛚 Circuit Behaviour Power Factor

ω < ωr Capacitive Leading P.F.
ω > ωr Inductive Lagging P.F.
ω = ωr Resistive Unity P.F.

Ques19: Derive the expression of half power

frequency in terms of resonant Frequency 𝐟𝐫 ‘’OR’’
Derive band width for series resonance (AKTU
14,15)
Ans: Consider resonance curve as show in figure.
Note that ωL and ωH are the limiting frequencies at which current is
exactly equal to 70.7% of the maximum value. The frequencies ωL and
ωH are called half power frequencies or 3db frequencies.

Mentorseries.in
Page 56 of 166 AC CIRCUIT

IN RLC circuit the current is maximum at resonance and its value is Im =Ir
V
= . The magnitude of circuit current at any frequency is given by
R

V
I = …(1) I
√(R2 +(XL −XC )2 )

V Po or Imax
I= 1 V
√(R2 +(ωL− )2 ) =R
ωc

Po Imax
When current reaches 70.7% of /
its maximum value then that 2 √2
frequencies will be 3-db =0.707 I max
frequencies(ω3db).
Imax V
= ω
√2 √ (R2 +(ω 3db L− ω
1
)2 ) ωL ωr ωH
3db C
V
R V
= 1
√2 √(R2 +(ω3db L− )2 )
ω3db C

1
2R2 = R2 + (ω3db L− ω )2
3db C

1
(ω3db L− ω )2 = R2
3db C

1
ω3db L − ω = ±R …(2)
3db C

From equation 2 we get

1 1
ωH L − = +R ….(3) And ωL L − ω = −R…(4)
ωH c Lc

From equation (3) ωH 2LC−1 =ωH RC

ωH 2LC −1 −ωHRC =0….. (5)

On solving equation (5) we get
R R 2 4
± √( ) +
L L Lc
ωH = Since Frequency always Positive.
2

(Higher 3-db frequency)

Mentorseries.in
MENTORSERIES Page 57 of 166

R R 2 4
+ √( ) + R R 2 1
L L Lc
ωH = 2
= 2L
+√(2L) + LC r/sec. .(6)

Similarly on solving equation (4) as equation (3) we get

(Lower 3-db frequency)
R R 2 4
− + √( ) + R R 2 1
L L Lc
ωL = 2
= − 2L+√(2L) + LC r/sec ....(7)

We know the Bandwidth:

B.W. =ωH − ωL
Subtracting Equation (7) from eq. (6)
R R
ωH -ωL = −(− )
2L 2L
R
Angular Band width:ω = rad/sec
L
R
Linear Band Width: F= 2πL Hz

Ques20: Derive the expression; 𝐟𝐫 = √𝐟𝐇 𝐟𝐋

Ans: From previous We have,

R R 2 1
ωH= +√( ) + and
2L 2L LC
R R 2 1
ωL = − +√( ) +
2L 2L LC

Multiplying half Power Frequencies each other

R 2 1 R 2
ωH × ωL =(2L) + Lc − (2L)

ωH × ωL = ω2r

ωr = √ ωH × ωL

2πfr = 2π√fH fL

Mentorseries.in
Page 58 of 166 AC CIRCUIT

fr = √fH fL

SECTION 2
Ques1: Explain Quality Factor and What is the
relation between Bandwidth and Quality Factor.
Ans:
V V
The ratio of VL or VC at resonance is a measure of the
quality of a series resonant circuit and this is referred as quality factor ( Q
Factor )
VL I r XL XL
V
= Ir R
= R

V I r XC XC
Also ) VC = Ir R
= R

XL ωr L
Quality Factor = = ......(1)
R R

XC 1
Quality Factor = R
=ω ....(2)
r CR

We know that ,
1
ωr =
√LC

Substitute the value of ωr in eq (1) or (2)

1 L
Quality Factor = ×R
√LC

1 L
Quality Factor = R
× √C

L
 Quality Factor depends on the value of R and ratio C.
 Quality Factor describes the energy storage capability of
inductor and capacitor.

We have,

1 L
Q= √
R C

Mentorseries.in
MENTORSERIES Page 59 of 166

And we know
R
B.W. = rad /sec ... (3)
L
1
ωr = rad/sec ...(4)
√LC

On dividing eq. (4) and (3)

ωr 1 L 1 L
= × = √ = Q.F.
B.W √LC R R C

ωr
Q.F. =
B.W
1
Q.F. ∝ B.W

Therefore, clearly we can say that greater the value of Q, the narrower
will be bandwidth.

Ques2: A coil when connected across a 100V DC supply dissipate 500W

of power when connected across a 100 V AC supply at
frequency 50HZ, It dissipates 200W. Calculate the
values of resistance and inductance of coil.
V2 V2
Ans :When DC supply; P= =R=P
R
1002
R= = 20 Ω
500

V R V2 R
When AC supply; P=VICos∅ = V× × =
Z Z Z2

V2 R 1002 ×20
Z=√ P
= √ 200
= 31.62 Ω

Reactance of coil; XL = √ZL 2 − R2

XL = √31.622 − 202 = 24.5 Ω

L X 24.5
Inductance Of Coil, L = 2πf = 2π×50

L = 0.078H = 78mH

Mentorseries.in
Page 60 of 166 AC CIRCUIT

Ques3: A Metal lamp rated at 750W, 100V is to be connected in series

with a capacitor across 230V, 50Hz supply. Calculate the value of
capacitor.
Ans:Actually lamp is a resistive element. Rated
power consumed100V VCW at100V
by lamp is 750

50Hz,230V

It state that circuit current can be calculate as.

P 750
I= = = 7.5 Amp
V 100
Now, Phasor Diagram
230=√(VR )2 + (VC )2

Vc=√(230)2 − (100)2 =207 V VR =100V

I
VC= I× XC V
900
207 V
XC = 7.5 A = 27.66Ω

1 1 VC V=230V
C = 2πfX = 2π×50×27.6 =115.33μF
C
I
Ques4: A resistance and inductance are connected in series
V with
voltage V=283sin314t. The expression is found to be i=4sin (314t-
450).Find the value of resistance, Inductanceand power factor.

Ans:Given That, V=283sin314t ...... (1)

i=4sin (314t-450)..... (2)

On Comparing both Equation we get current (1) lags

behind the applied voltage by phase angle ∅ = 450 andω = 314.

∅ = 450 (Lagging)

Cos∅ = Cos450 =0.707(lagging)

VMax
Circuit Impedance; Z = 𝑍 X = Zsinϕ
IMax

𝜙
Mentorseries.inR = Zcosϕ
MENTORSERIES Page 61 of 166

283
= =70.75Ω
4

Circuit Resistance; R=Zcos∅

R=70.75× 0.707 =50 Ω

Circuit Reactance;

XL = ZSin∅ =70.75× sin450 = 50 Ω

We have ;ω = 314

2πf = 314
314
f = = 50Hz
2π

Now, XL= 2πfL

50
L = 2π×50 = 0.159 H

Ques5: A Series RLC circuit is composed of 10 ohm resistor, 0.1H

Inductance and 50𝛍F capacitance. A Voltage v(t)=141.4cos(100𝛑𝐭)𝐕 is
impressed upon the circuit. Determine-
i)The expression for instantaneous current
ii) The Voltage drop VR,VL, and VC across resistor,
Capacitor and Inductor.
iii) Draw the Phasor diagram using all the voltage
relation. + VR − + VL − + VC −
Ans: The circuit formed as 10Ω 0.1H 50μF
We have,R=10Ω
V(t)=141.4cos(100𝜋)v
v(t)=141.4cos(100πt)V ......(1)

On Comparing equation (1) with standard equation

Vmax = 141.4V ω = 100π

Since, XL = ωL = 100π × 0.1 = 31.416 Ω
1 1
And , XC = ωc = 100×50×10−6 = 63.662 Ω

Mentorseries.in
Page 62 of 166 AC CIRCUIT

Now We Know ;
Z = √(R)2 + (XL − XC )2

Z = √(10)2 + (31.416 − 63.662)2 = 33.76 Ω

Vmax 141.4
And Imax = Z
= 33.76
Amp

Imax = 4.188 Amp

So the equation of instantaneous current

I(t) = 4.188cos(100πt ± ∅)
XL −XC
Where ∅ = tan−1 R

31.416−63.662
∅= tan−1 = -72.77(Lagging)
10

So, i(t)=4.188cos(100πt − 72.770 )

ii) Voltage drop across Element Are,

VR = IR=4.188× 10 = 41.88 Volt

VL = IXL =4.188×31.416=131.57 Volt

VC = IXc=4.188× 63.662 = 266.62 volt

VC = 266.6V
Phasor Diagram:
VL VC − VL = 135.05

VR =41.88 Volt VR I
0
I
72.77

Vc−VL
V
=135.05
VL =131.57
Volt
VC

Mentorseries.in
MENTORSERIES Page 63 of 166

V=√(41.88)2 + (135.05)2 =191 Volts.

Ques6: A 46mH inductive coil has a resistance of

10ohm.How much current will it draw ,if connected
across 100V,50Hz source? Also determine the value of
capacitance that must be connected across the coil to
make the power factor of the circuit to be unity.

Ans: A coil is made up of an inductor with resistor connected in series.

Given Frequency =50Hz

So, XL=2πfL

XL=2π × 50 × 46 × 10−3
R=10 Ω L=46mH
XL=14.44Ω Type equation here
Now ,Impedance can be written as (R+jX)

Z=10+j14.14 =17.56∠55.300 100∠00 V ,50Hz

V 100∠00
So, I= = = 5.7∠(00 − 55.300 )
Z 17.56∠55.300

I= 5.7∠−55.300

If a capacitor of value C farad is connected in series with RL

No, Impedance is formed as R=10 Ω 𝑋𝐿 = 14.44 Ω 𝑋𝐶
Z=R+j(XL − XC )
Or
Z=R+j(XC − XL )
|Z| =√R2 + (XL − XC )2
V=100∠00
V
We Have , Power Factor =1

We know at unity power factor XL = XC

XC = XL
1
= 14.44Ω
2πfc

Mentorseries.in
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questions for exams. questions. knowledge.

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📝 100+ Question Banks
 🚀 Our App Demo

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© 2025 Mentor Series | All rights reserved.

Disclaimer: Mentor Series is not officially affiliated with AKTU. All content is created to help students in their exam
preparation, collected from online resources or submitted by students. We are not responsible for any copyright
violations. If any content infringes your copyright, please email us at mentorzseries@gmail.com for immediate
removal.
Page 64 of 166 AC CIRCUIT
1
C= 2π×50×14.44
= 2.20× 10−04 = 220μf

Ques7: Two Impedances 𝐙𝟏 =5+j10Ω and 𝐙𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎 −

𝐣𝟏𝟓Ω𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐧𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐢𝐧 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐥. 𝐈𝐟 𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝟐𝟎𝐀, Then Find;
i)Current taken by each branch
ii) Power Factor
iii)Power consumed in each branch.
Ans: We have ,

Z1=5+j10 Ω andZ2 = 10 − j15 Ω

I1 = (20+J0)A

Using Current Division Rule

Z2 (10−j15)
I1 = I × Z =(20 + j0) × (5+j10)+(10−j15)
1 ×Z2

(20+j0)(10−j15) 200−j300 I1 Z1
= =
15−5j 15−5j

360.55∠ − 56.310 Z2
= I=20A I2
15.81∠ − 18.430
= 22.80∠-37.880 Amp
Z1 (5+j10)
And) I2 = I × Z =(20 + j0) × (5+j10)+(10−j15)
1 ×Z2

(5+j10) 100+j200
I2 = 20× (5+j10)+(10−j15) =
15−j5

223.60∠63.430
I2 =
15.81∠−18.430

I2 = 14.14∠81.860 Amp

Power Factor :

We have , i=20+j0

I=20∠00 ;∅ = 00

Power factor = cos∅ , cos0 = 1

Mentorseries.in
MENTORSERIES Page 65 of 166

iii) Power Consumed : We know that there is no power consumption by

inductor So that the power consumed in each branch is by resistor.

For Branch-1 P1=I12 R1 = (22.80)2 × 5 = 2599.2 Watt

For Branch-2 P2=I22 R 2 = (14.14)2 × 10 = 1999.4 Watt

Ques8: A coil having a resistance of 6Ωand an inductance of 0.0255H is

connected across a 230V, 50Hz ac supply .
Calculate;
i)Current ii) Power Factor
iii) Active Power iv) Reactive Power
v) Apparent Power
vi) It is desired to improve PF to 0.8 what values of capacitance is to be
connected in series with R and what is reduction in reactive power.
Ans: Given That
R=6Ω, L=0.0255H, Supply voltage V=230v, F=50Hz
Inductive reactance of coil
XL =2πfL=2π × 50 × 0.0255 =8Ω
Impedance of coil Z=√R2 + XL2 =√62 + 82 =10Ω
V 230
i) Current, I = = = 23A
Z 10
R 6
ii)Power Factor = cosϕ = = = 0.6(lagging)
Z 10
iii)Active Power = P= VIcosϕ = 230× 23 × 0.6 = 3114W or 3.114Kw
iv) Reactive Power Q = VIsinϕ = 230× 23 × 0.8 =4232VAR or 4.232KVAR

V) Apparent Power S = VI = 230× 230 = 5.29KVA

Now, we have new PF Cosφ = 0.8(lagging)

R 6
New impedance, Z ′ = cos φ = 0.8 = 7.5Ω

Reactance of Circuit, XL − XC = √Z 2 − R2 = √7.52 − 62 =4.5Ω

XC = XL-4.5 = (8-4.5)Ω = 3.5Ω

Capacitance to be connected in series with R to improve PF to 0.8(lag)

1 1
= 2πfc
= 2π×50×3.5
= 910μF

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Page 66 of 166 AC CIRCUIT
V 230
So new current I ′ = Z′ = 7.5
= 30.667A

New reactive power Q′ = VI ′ sinφ = 230× 30.667 × 0.6 = 4232 VAR

Same as previous hence no Reduction in Reactive Power.

Ques9: Voltage and Current for a circuit with two elements in series are
expressed as follow;
𝛑
V(t)=170sin(6280t+ )
𝟑
𝛑
I(t)=8.5sin(6280t+𝟐)
i)Plot the two waveform
ii) Determine the frequency in Hz
iii) Determine the power factor stating its nature
iv) What the value of element
π π
Ans:Given; V(t)=170sin(6280t+3 ) I(t)=8.5sin(6280t+2 )

Peak Value of applied Voltage, Vmax =170v

Peak Value of circuit current ,Imax=8.5A

i)Wave form V(t)

I(t)

π π 2π
6 3

coefficient of timr in expression of voltage or current

ii)Frequency; f=
2π
6280
= 2×3.14 = 1000Hz

iii)Phase angle between Voltage and Current

π π π
∅=( − ) = or 300
2 3 6

Since current leads Voltage ,Phase angle between V and I

∅ = 300 (leading)

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MENTORSERIES Page 67 of 166

PF = Cosφ = Cos300 = 0.866(leading)

Vm
Vrms √2 Vm 170
Z= irms
= Im = Im
= 8.5
= 20Ω
√2

Resistance, R= zcosφ =20× 0.866 =17.32Ω

Reactance, X = zsinφ = 20sin300 =10Ω

Since the current leads the voltage the reactive element is capacitive
1 1
C = 2πfc = 2π×1000×10 = 15.92μF

Ques10: Explain an AC Circuit containing R and L connected in parallel.

Ans: Consider an AC circuit having supply current I

the complex resultant current in

can be written as.

I = IR–jIL
IR
I = √IR2 + IL2 I V R L
−IL I
∠I = tan−1 = -tan−1 I L
IR R

V V
I = R –jX
L

I 1 1
V
= Y = 𝑅 –j𝑋
𝐿

1 1
Y= 𝑅 –j𝑋
𝐿

Y = G-jB

1 1 1 1
|𝑌| = √ 2 + 2 = √ 2 + 2
R X R X L L

Where , G= Conductance, Y = Admittance and B= Susceptance

Phasor Diagram: Take voltage as a reference in parallel AC circuit.

IR
∅
Mentorseries.in V(ref.)
Page 68 of 166 AC CIRCUIT

Lagging P.F. Circuit

Phase Angle
−1
−1 [ XL ] R
∅ = tan 1 = -tan−1 [ ]
XL
R

Power Factor
V
IR R 1
Cos∅ = I
= VY
= RY
Z
Cos∅ = Cos∅<1
R

Ques11: Explain an AC circuit Containing R and C connected in parallel.

Ans: Consider an AC circuit having supply current I. The

complex resultant current in Parallel RC network can be
written as

I = IR+jIC

|I| = √IR 2 + IC 2 IR Ic

OR I V R c
V V
I = R+jX
C

I 1 1
= +j
V R XC

1 1
Y = R+j 1
ωc

1
Y = R +jωc

12
|𝑌|= √ + ωc 2
R

∠Y=tan−1 [R ωc]
IC
Phasor Diagram

Leading Power Factor Circuit I

∅
IR V(ref. )
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MENTORSERIES Page 69 of 166

Ques12: Explain an AC circuit containing R,L and C connected in parallel.

Ans:Consider an AC circuit having supply current I.
The complex resultant current can be written as

I = IR+jIC -jIL
I = IR+j(IC -IL )

|I| = √IR 2 + (IC − IL )2 IR Ic IL

I R c L
∠I = tan−1 ( C
I −IL
) V
IR L
V V V L
OR) I = R+j[X − X ]
C L

I 1 1
= R+j(ωc-ωL)
V

Case -1 if 𝐈𝐋 > 𝐈𝐂 IC

I = IR+j(IC -IL )

|I| = √IR 2 + (IC − IL )2

IR
Lagging P.F. Circuit
∅ V

Power Factor I
IR
IL − IC
Cos∅ =
I
V IL
R 1
Cos∅ = =
VY RY
Z
Cos∅ = (Same for all cases ) IC
R

Case -2 if 𝐈𝐂 > 𝐈𝐋
I IC − IL

∅
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Page 70 of 166 AC CIRCUIT

I = IR+j(IC -IL )

|I| = √IR 2 + (IC − IL )2

Leading P.F. Circuit

Case -3 If 𝐈𝐂 = 𝐈𝐋
IL = IC
V V
= IC
XL XC

1
ω0 L =
ω0 C

1
ω0 = rad /sec
√LC
∅ = 00
Unity Power Factor IR v

Power Factor :
𝑍 IL
Cos ∅ =
𝑅

Z < R
Zmax = R [if XL = XC ]
Which is opposite to as in case of RLC series circuit.
Ques13: Derive an expression for parallel resonance
and mention its silent feature. (AKTU 18’)

Ans: A parallel AC circuit containing reactive

elements (L and C) is said to be in resonance
when the circuit power factor is unity i.e. reactive
component of line current is zero.
Consider parallel RLC circuit can be written as

Complex Resultant Current of parallel RLC circuit can be written as

I = IR +j(IC -IL )
IR Ic IL
I R c L
V
Mentorseries.in L
MENTORSERIES Page 71 of 166

Condition For resonance

IM(I) = 0 OR IM(Y) = 0

IC − IL = 0

IC =IL
V V
Xc
=X Xc = XL
L

1 1
ωr L = ωr = r/sec(same as in series RLC series)
ωr C √LC

The action of resonant circuit is best explained by referring to the curve

illustrating the variation in the circuit conditions.
|Y|
1
1 |Y| ωC
ωL
ωL ωc

1
R 1
Ymin. =
R
ωr ω ω
Admittance v/s Frequency Curve Overall Curve

 In Admittance – Frequency curve the impedance of the circuit is

maximum at resonance. As the frequency changes from
resonance,the circuit impedance decreases very rapidly. For
frequencies below the resonance,the capacitive reactance will
be higher and thus more current will flow through the coil.
 With the help of admittance – frequency curve we can plot
current- frequency curve and we can see that the value of line
current is minimum at resonance. As the frequency changes
fromresonance,theline current increases rapidly.
Current

V
Ir =
Mentorseries.in
Zr
Page 72 of 166 AC CIRCUIT

ii)Silent feature of parallel –resonance circuit:

 The circuit admittance is minimum (i.e. the impedance is

maximum) and is equal to the conductance G of the circuit.
 The circuit current is minimum.
 The circuit current is in phase with the supply voltage. i.e. Circuit
Power Factor is Unity.
 Parallel RLC network referred as rejecter circuit because it have
minimum impedance at resonance.

Ques14: Derive the expression for bandwidth in case of

parallel RLC circuit.

Ans:The Voltage – frequency curve as shown in below

|V|
Vmax
We have,
I
|V| = Vmax
1 1
√R2 +(ωC − ω )2
0.707Vmax =
L
√2

At 70.7% voltage of its maximum value .

Vmax I
=
√2 2
√ 12 +(ω3db c− 1
) ωL ωr ωH ω
R ω3db L

IR I
B.W
= .
√2 2
√ 12 +(ω3db C− 1 )
R ω3db L

1 1 2 2
R2
+ (ω3db c − ω L
) = 2
R
3db

1 1
ω3db c − ω = ±R
3db L

Mentorseries.in
MENTORSERIES Page 73 of 166

1 1 1 1
Here, ωH c − =+ , ωL c − =−
ωH L R ωL L R

ωH L
ωH 2 LC − 1 = R

1 ωH
ωH 2 − =
LC RC

ωH 1
ωH 2 − − =0
RC LC

1 1 2 4
± √[ ] + 1 1 2 1
ωH = RC RC
2
Lc
= 2RC
+ √[2RC] + Lc

Similarly,

1 1 2 1
ωL = − 2RC + √[2RC] + Lc

We know , B.W. = ωH–ωL

1 1
B.W. = 2RC - (− 2RC)
1
B.W. = RC

Ques15: Derive the Quality Factor of the parallel

RLC circuit at resonance. (AKTU 2015)
Ans:The Q-Factor or current magnification factor of a
parallel resonant circuit is the ratio of IC to the line
current Ir .
IC
Quality Factor = Ir

V
Now, IC = X = ωr CV
C

V V CR
And, Ir = L = L
CR

Substitute the value of IC and Ir in equation (i)

ωr CV ωr L
Quality Factor = VCR = R
L

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Page 74 of 166 AC CIRCUIT

2πfr L
Quality Factor = ….(ii) [same as in case of series RLC resonance
R
circuit]
1
We know, fr = 2π√LC

Put the value of fr in equation (ii)

1 1
Q-Factor = 2π × 2π√LC × R

1 L
Q-Factor = √
R C

Ques16: A Capacitor of 50𝛍F shunted across a non- inductor resistance

of 100𝛀 is connected in series with a resistor of 50 𝛀 to a 200V, 50Hz
supply. Find
i)The circuit current
ii)The current in the capacitor
iii)The current through the shunted resistor.
I1 50μF
Ans:The circuit can be formed as
I3 50Ω C
1
YAB = +jωc A B
𝑅 I3 I2 100Ω
1
YAB = +j314 × 50 × 10−6
100
200V, 50Hz
YAB = (0.01+j0.0157)S

YAB = 0.0186∠57.50 S
1 1
ZAB = Y = 0.0186∠57.50
= 53.76∠-57.50Ω = (28.89-j45.36) Ω
AB

ZAC = ZAB+ZBc

ZAC = (28.89-j45.36) Ω+(50+j0) Ω

ZAC = (78.89-j45.36) Ω
ZAC = 91∠−29.90 Ω
200
Circuit current , I3 = 91
= 2.20A

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MENTORSERIES Page 75 of 166

Capacitive admittance
Capacitor Current , = I3 × YAB

0.0157
= 2.20× 0.0186 = 1.85 A
Conductance
Current in 100 Ω = I3 ×
YAB

0.01
= 2.20× = 1.18 A
0.0186

Ques17: Forthe circuit shown below determine

i)Resonant Frequency
ii)Total Impedance of the circuit at resonance
iii)Bandwidth 5μF
iv)Quality Factor

Ans: Given that

R= 25Ω L=0.5H and C= 5× 10−6F 25Ω 0.5H
We know

1 1 R2
fr = 2π √LC − L2

1 1 252
fr = √ − Hz = 100.34
2π 0.5×5×10−6 0.52

ii)Impedance of the circuit at resonance:

L 0.5
Z= CR
= 25×5×10−6 = 400Ω

iii)Bandwidth:
R 25
B.W. =2πL = 2π×0.5 = 7.958Ω
iv)Quality Factor:

1 L 1 0.5
Q.F. =R √C = 25 √5×10−6 =16.65

Ques18: In series parallel circuit A and B are in series with C.

𝐙𝐀 =4+j3 Ω, 𝐙𝐁 = 4-j5 Ω ,𝐙𝐂 = 2+j8 Ω .If the current 𝐈𝐂 =25+j0
Calculate
i)Branch Voltage
ii)Branch Current

Mentorseries.in
Page 76 of 166 AC CIRCUIT

iii)Total power
iv)Phasor Diagram
Ans:We have 𝐙𝐀 =4+j3 = 5∠36.870

𝐙𝐁 = 4-j5= 6.4∠−51.340 4Ω j3
ZA
2Ω j8
𝐙𝐂 = 2+j8= 8.25∠760
I ZB
𝐈𝐂 = 25+j0 = 25∠0 0 4Ω -j5
i)Branch Voltage:

VC = IC ZC = 25∠00 ×8.25∠760 = 206∠760

ZA ZB (4+j3 )(4−j5 ) 31−j8
ZAB = ZA Parallel with ZB = = =
ZA +ZB 4+j3+4−j5 8−j2

31−j8
ZAB = =3.88 - j0.029 =3.88∠-0.430
8−j2

VAB = I× ZAB = 25∠00 ×3.88∠-0.430 = 97∠−0.430

Z =ZAB +ZC = 3.88 - j0.029+2+j8

= 5.88-j8.029

=9.95∠−53.780

V = I×Z = 25∠00 ×9.95∠−53.780 = 248.75∠-53.780

ii) Branch current – IB

VAB 97∠−0.430
IA = = = 19.4∠-37.30
ZA 5∠36.870

VAB 97∠−0.430 50.910

IB = = = 15.156∠50.910
ZB 6.4∠−51.34 0
37.30 IC
Total Power:

P = VI IA
= 247.75∠53.61 ×25∠0 0 0 IA
4Ω j3 IC
ZA ZB 2Ω
=6193.75∠53.610 j8
Phasor Diagam: We have 4Ω -j3
I
IB
VAB VC
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MENTORSERIES Page 77 of 166

Ques19: Explain Star(Y) and Delta (∆) connection in electrical circuit and
its conversion.
Ans:Delta to Star Transformation :When three
resistors are connected such as formation of a mesh
then it is said to be delta connection and when three
resistors are connected with one common point then it is
said to be star- connection.
 Replacement of delta connected resistors in its equivalent star-
connected circuit called as Delta – Star conversion and vice-
versa.
A A

Ra
Rab Rac
Rb RC

B Rbc C B C

Detla Connection Star Connection

R bc × R ac
Ra =
R ab + R ac + R bc
(R ab × R bc )
Rb =
R ab + R ac + R bc
R bc × R ac
Rc =
R ab + R ac + R bc
Here , we get R a , R b and R c resistor in equivalent star
connection. If all resistors of delta connection is equal to R then
each resistors of equivalent of Y connection will be decreased by
3-times.
R2 R
Therefore, R a =3R = 3
R2 R R2 R
Rb = = Rc = =
3R 3 3R 3

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Page 78 of 166 AC CIRCUIT

 Star To Delta Transformation:

A A

Ra Rab Rac
Rb RC
B Rbc C
B C
RaRc R𝐚Rb
R ac = R 𝐚 + R c + R ab = R 𝐚 + R b +
Rb Rc
Rc Rb
R bc = R b + R c + R𝐚

If all resistors of star connection(Y) is equal to R then each resistors of

equivalent Delta connection(∆) will be increased by 3 times.
RR
R ac = R + R + = 3R
R
RR
R ab = R + R + = 3R
R
RR
R bc = R + R + R
= 3R

Ques20: Explain Star(Y) connected system and

express the relations of current and voltage
between Line and Phase terminals.
Ans: The three phases of the alternator are joined
together to form a common joint N (called neutral point). The three line
conductors are run from the three ends and are designated as R, Y and B.

 The voltage between any line and neutral point is called phase
voltage and current flow through it called phase current.
 While the Voltage between any two lines is called line and
current flows through it called line current.
 In star – connected system line current is equal to phase
current. While the phase voltage and line voltage is different
with each other.

Mentorseries.in
MENTORSERIES Page 79 of 166

The star-connected system can be formed as:

R IR

R1 V VRY
NR
INR
INY VBR
VNB VNY
INB
R3 R2 IY
B Y
VYB

IB
Line Quantities: Phase Quantities:

a) Line Voltages: a) Phase Voltages:

VRY ,VYB ,VBR :VL VNR ,VNY ,VNB :Vph
b)Line Current: b)Phase Current:
IR,IY ,IB:IL INR, INY,INB: Iph

a)For A balanced System: 3-𝝓 balanced System

Line Current:
Here, IR = IY = IB = IL
Line Voltage:
VRY = VYB = VBR = VL
Phase Current:
INR = INY = INB = Iph
Phase Voltage:
VNR = VNY = VNB = Vph
b)Relation between line and Phase-current:
INR = IR
INY = IY
INB = IB Iph = IL
ii)Relation between Line and Phase Voltages:

Applying KVL in mesh.... (i) Applying KVL in mesh.... (ii)

Mentorseries.in
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Page 80 of 166 AC CIRCUIT

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
VNR +V ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
RY − VNY = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
VNY +V ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
YB − VNB = 0

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
VRY = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
VNY − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
VNR .....(i) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
V ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
YB = VNB − VNY .....(ii)

Applying KVL in mesh (iii)

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
VNR − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
VBR − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
VNB = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
VBR = V⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
NR − VNB .....(iii)

From equation (i)

2 2
VRY = √VNY + VNR + 2VNY VNR cos ϕ

2 2 2
VRY = √Vph + Vph + 2Vph cos 600

2 2 2
VRY = √Vph + Vph + Vph

VRY = √3Vph

Similarly from Equation (ii) and (iii)

VYB = √3Vph

And; VBR = √3 Vph

VL = √3 Vph

Ques21: Explain Delta(∆) connected system and

express the relation of current and voltage between
line and phase terminals.
Ans: In this method of interconnection, the dissimilar ends of the three
phase windings of the alternators are joined together the arrangement is
referred to as mesh connection because it forms a closed circuit. In delta
connection, No neutral is exist.
Line Quantities:
a) Line Voltages
VRY = VYB = VBR = VL
b)Line Current
IR= IY =IB= IL

Mentorseries.in
MENTORSERIES Page 81 of 166

1 IR
I31 R
I12
V31 V12
VRY VBR

IY
B
3 I23 V23 2Y
VYB
IB

Balanced Delta Connection

Phase Quantity:
a)Phase Voltages
V12 = V23 = V31 = Vph

b)Phase Current

I12 = I23 = I31 = Iph

i) Relation between line and Phase voltages:

VRY = VYB = VBR = VL

V12 = V23 = V31 = Vph

VRY = V12 , VYB = V23 , VBR = V31

: VL = Vph

ii) Relation between line and Phase current:

 Line Current: IR = IY = IB = IL
 Phase Current I12 = I23 = I32 = Iph

Using KCL at junction R Using KCL at junction Y

I⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗

31 +I12 − IR = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
I12 − I⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
23 − IY = 0

I⃗⃗⃗R = I⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

31 − I12 ....(i)
⃗⃗⃗
IY = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
I12 − I⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
23 ....(ii)

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Page 82 of 166 AC CIRCUIT

Using KCL at Junction B

I⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗

23 − I31 − IB = 0

I⃗⃗⃗B = I⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

23 − I31 ....(iii)

Taking Equation (i)

2 2
IR = √I31 + I12 + 2I12 I31 cos 𝜑

2 2
IL = √Iph + Iph + 2Iph Iph cos 600

IL = √3Iph

Ques22: A 3-∅ load consisting of 25 𝛀, inductance of

0.15H and a capacitor of 100𝝁F is connected to 400V
,50 Hz calculate line current, Power Factor, Total
Power.
i)When connected in star.
ii)When connected in Delta.
Ans:We have R=25 Ω
L=0.15H, C=100× 10−6
V=400V f= 50 Hz
Inductive Reactance, XL = 2πfL = 314×0.15 = 47.12Ω
1 1
Capacitive Reactance, XC =2πfC =314×100×10−6 = 31.83Ω

Net reactance X = XL -XC = 15.29 Ω

Circuit impedance , Z = √R2 + X 2 = √252 + 15.292

Z = 29.305 Ω
X 15.29
Phasor Angle ϕ = tan−1 R = tan−1 25

𝜙 = 31.44

i)When connected in Y :

Mentorseries.in
MENTORSERIES Page 83 of 166

VL
√3 Vp
Line Current We know, IL = Iph = =
Z Z
400
√3
= 29.305
= 7.88A

Power Factor:
R 25
Cos 𝜙 = Z = 29.305
= 0.853(lagging)

Total Power: = √3VL IL

=√3 ×400×7.88

= 5459.42W
ii)When connected in Delta :
Vph 400
Phase Current, Iph = = 29.305 = 13.65A
Z

Line Current ,IL = √3Iph =√3 ×13.65 = 23.64A

Total Power =√3VL IL = √3 ×400×23.64

=16378.27 A

Ques23: A balanced Delta Connected Load impedance 16+j12 Ω/phase

is connected to a 3 𝛟 400 V supply. Find the power current Line Power
Factor , Active Power ,Reactive Power and total power. Also draw the
phasor diagram
Ans:We have Vph = VL = 400V ( Since delta
connected)

Vph =400∠00

Z = 16+j12 Ω = 20∠36.860
400∠00
Phase Current: Iph = = 20∠−36.860 =20∠-370
20∠36.860

Power Factor:
Cos 𝜙= Cos370 = 0.8(lagging)

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Page 84 of 166 AC CIRCUIT

And IL =√3 × 20 = 34.64 A

Active Power P = √3 ×400×34.64×0.8 = 19.2 Kw

Reactive Power Q = √3 ×400×34.64×sin36.90 = 14.4 KVAR

Total Power , S = √P2 + Q2 = √19.22 + 14.42

S= 24KVA .

VCA

VAB

VBC

Mentorseries.in
MENTORSERIES Page 85 of 166

PRACTICE QUESTION
Ques1: Draw the phasor diagram for the following. Calculate resultant
voltage .Also find the RMS voltage [AKTU’17]𝐕𝟏 = 100sin500t 𝐕𝟐 =
𝛑 𝛑
200sin(500t+𝟑) 𝐕𝟑 = -50cos500t 𝐕𝟐 = 150sin(500t –𝟒)

Ans: Resultant Voltage: 306.5sin(500t+0.018 𝛑)

𝐕𝐫𝐦𝐬 = 216.41Volt
Ques2: Three sinusoidal alternating currents of RMS currents 5A, 7.5A
and 10A are having the same frequency with phase angle of 𝟑𝟎𝟎 , −𝟔𝟎𝟎
, and 𝟒𝟓𝟎 .
i)Find the Average Values
ii)Write equations for their instantaneous value
iii) Draw phasor Diagram taking first current as reference.
iv) Find the instantaneous values at 100ms from the original reference.
Ans:
Average value of First current = 4.50A
Average value of Second current = 6.76A
Average value of third current = 9.01A
𝐈𝟏 = 5√𝟐sin(314t+𝟑𝟎𝟎 ) 𝐈𝟐 = 7.5√𝟐sin(314t-𝟔𝟎𝟎 ) 𝐈𝟑 = 10√𝟐sin(314t+
𝟒𝟓𝟎 )
Instantaneous Value: 𝐈𝟏 = 3.536 A 𝐈𝟐 = -9.816A 𝐈𝟑 = 10A
Ques3: A voltage source of e(t) = 141sin377t is applied to two parallel
branches. The time expression for the current in the first branch is
𝛑 𝛑
𝐢𝟏 (t)=7.07sin(𝛚t –𝟑) . In the second branch it is 𝐢𝟐 (t)=10sin(𝛚t + 𝟔) .
Compute the total power supplied by the source.[AKTU’2009]
Ans: 859.8Watt

Ques4: Obtain the [power factor of a two branch parallel circuit where
the first branch has 𝐳𝟏 = 2+j4 and second 𝐳𝟐 = 6+j0 to what value must
the 6𝛀 resistor be changed to result in the overall power factor 0.9
lagging .
Ans: R= 3.2 𝛀

Ques5: A 3-phase Y connected balanced load is supplied by 400V 50Hz .

The load takes a reading current of 100√𝟑A and power 20KW. Calculate
PF of load and resistance and inductance per phase.

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Ans: P.F. = 0.167(Lead)

𝐑 𝐩𝐡 = 0.221 ohm
𝐋𝐩𝐡 = 4.17× 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 H

Ques6: A non inductive resistance of 10 ohm is connected in series with

an inductive coil across 200V 50 Hz AC supply. The current ddrawn by
the series combination is 10 Amp the resistance of coil is 2 ohms
determine:
i) Inductance of the coil
ii)Power Factor
iii)Voltage across of coil
Ans: L =51mH
Cos∅ =0.6(lagging)
𝐕𝐜 = 161.245V
Ques7: A 230V, 50 Hz, AC supply is applied to a coil of 0.06H inductor
and 2.5 ohm resistance connected in series with a 6.8𝛍F
Capacitor
i)Impedance
ii)Current
iii) Phase angle between Current and Voltage
iv)Power Factor and
v)Power consumed
Ans : z=449.2ohm
I=0.512Amp
∅ = 89.7(lead)
P.F. = 0.00557
P = 0.656Watt

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 UNIT 3
Transformer

2 Marks Question
Ques1) Define the term: Permeability,
Relative Permeability applied to magnetic circuits.

Ans- Permeability: The property of a magnetisable substance that

determines the degree in which it modifies the magnetic flux in the
region occupied by it in a magnetic field.

ii) Relative permeability: Relative permeability is the ratio of flux density

in a particular medium produced by a magnet to the flux density in air or
vacuum by the same magnet under the identical operating condition.

Ques2) Define Reluctance and Magnetic motive force.

Ans- Reluctance: The opposition offered in a magnetic circuit to a

magnetic flux specifically. It is the ratio of the magnetic potential
difference to the corresponding flux.

ii) Magnetic motive force: MMF is analogous to the electromotive force

and is responsible for flow or generation of flux.

MMF = N×I

N = No. Of turns

I = Current Through Coil

Ques3) what will happen if the primary of a transformer is connected to

DC supply?

Ans- If the primary of a transformer is connected to the DC supply.The

flux produced in the primary will be of constant magnitude because of DC

MENTOR SERIES 87
Page 88 of 166 TRANSFORMER

current and frequency in DC supply is zero. Hence there will not any
induction in transformer. So it will get heated up and the insulation start
to get burn then finally the windings will also burn.

Ques4) what do you understand by the term “Ideal Transformer”.

Ans- An ideal transformer has ideal properties and is hypothetical in
reality. This has following characteristics.

i)No winding loss.

ii) No Core loss.

iii) No leakage flux.

iv) Constant relative permeability.

Ques5) Draw equivalent circuit diagram of a Single – phase

Transformer.

Ans-
R1 X1 R2 X2
I2
L
Iω Im
O
R0 X0 E1
V1 E2 A
D

Equivalent Circuit of transformer

Ques6) Write two differences between transformer and auto
transformer.

Ans-

Conventional Transformer Auto Transformer

It has two separate winding i.e. It has only one winding wound on
primary and secondary a laminated core.
The primary and secondary The primary and secondary are
winding are electrically not electrically insulated

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insulated from each other

Mutual induction concept based Self-induction concept based
Larger in size Smaller in size

Ques7) Write EMF equation of Single Phase Transformer.

Ans- RMS value of EMF, E = 4.44fNϕ

RMS value of induced EMF in primary

E1 = 4.44fN1 ϕm

RMS value of Induced EMF is

E2 = 4.44fN2 ϕm

Ques8) Large ampere- turns are needed to create flux in the air gap
why?

Ans- Since permeability of air is less as compared to steel, hance large

ampere turns are needed to create flux in the air gap.

Ques9) If in a 1-𝛟 transformer core, hystresis and eddy current losses

are 80 W and 50 W at normal voltage and frequency then, calculate
losses [when voltage] and frequency are increased by 20 %.

Ans- When Voltage and Frequency are increased in same ratio flux
density remain unchanged.
f2 120
f1
= 100 = 1.2

f
Hystresisloss:𝐏𝐡′ = Ph × f2 = 80×1.2 = 96W
1

f 2
𝐏𝐞′ = Pe × (f2) = 50× 1.22 = 72W
1

Ques10) A 400/200V 1- 𝛟 transformer has primary winding resistance 1

ohm and secondary winding resistance 0.2 ohm what will be total
resistance of transformer referred to the primary side?
N1 2
Ans – R1e = R1 + [ ] R2
N2

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400 2
= 1.0+ [ ] (0.2)
200

𝑅1𝑒 = 1.8Ω
Ques11) Define Transformation ratio of transformer.
Ans: We know the EMF equations of transformer are as:

E1 = 4.44 × 4fϕ𝑚 N1
E2 = 4.44 × 4fϕ𝑚 N2
E2 N2
= =K
E1 N1

N2
E2 = K E1 , Where K =
N1

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SECTION 1
Ques1) Explain briefly the following
i) Diamagnetic ii) Paramagnetic
iii) Ferromagnetic iv) Anti Ferromagnetic
v) Ferrimagnetic
Ans – Diamagnetic: Diamagnetic is a fundamental property of all matters
although it is usually very weak. Diamagnetic substances are composed
of atoms which have no net magnetic moments. However when exposed
to a field, a negative magnetization is produced and thus the
susceptibility is negative. When subjected to the magnetising field they
are feebly magnetized in opposite direction field and rippled by a
magnet.

Diamagnetic 0 ≤ 𝛍𝐫<1

Examples; Bismuth, Copper, Lead , Silicon, Glass etc.

ii) Paramagnetic : In this class of materials some of the atoms or ions in

material have a net magnetic moment due to unpaired electrons in
partially filled orbital.

The magnetization is zero when the field is removed. In the presence of

a field, there is now partial alignment of the atomic magnetic moment in
the direction of the field resulting in a net positive magnetization and
susceptibility. They are feebly attracted by a magnet.

Paramagnetic 1<𝛍𝐫 <1+∈𝟎

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[E.g. : aluminium, Platinum, Magnese, Oxygen etc.]

iii) Ferromagnetic: The atomic moments in these materials exhibit very

strong interactions Ferromagnetic materials exhibit parallel alignment of
moments resulting in large net magnetization even in the absence of a
magnetic field. They are strongly attracted by a magnet.

Ferromagnetic 𝛍𝐫 >>>1 eg. Iron, Cobalt, Nickel

iv) Anti Ferromagnetic Material: Anti Ferromagnetic materials are

similar to ferromagnetic materials in the sense that their magnetism. The
one that shows the commonly known property that the material is
attracted to the magnetic field wholly. In case of anti-ferromagnets, the
magnetic moments of each atom are arranged in such a way that every
second moment is the opposite direction to the first.

E.g.-Maganese Oxide (Mno), Chromium Oxide (Cr2 O3).

v) Ferrimagnetic Material: Ferrimagnetic materials contain magnetic

moments aligned anti parallel to one another as illustrated in fig. Similar
to antiferromagnetic however instead of having a zero net magnetic
moment, different number of unpaired electron in the component
transition metals result do not cancel one another out, resulting in a
spontaneous magnetization.

Ques2) Discuss the B-H curve for a magnetic

material and identify the retentivity and the
coercive field the curve.

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MENTORSERIES Page 93 of 166

Ans- Ferromagnetic material when subjected to a temporary magnetic

field can exhibit a lag or delay in the demagnetization process due to the
material from which they are made. This lag or delay of a magnetic
material is commonly known as magnetic hysteresis.

B: Magnetization Intensity

H: Magnetic Field Intensity

 The magnetic Hysteresis loop above, Shows the behaviour of a

ferromagnetic core graphically as the relationship between B and H
is non-linear. Starting with an unmagnetized core both B and H will
be at zero.
 If the magnetising current I is increased in a positive direction to
some value the magnetic field strength H increases linearly with I
and the flux density B will also increase as shown the curve attains
maximum and this maximum value is called saturation value.
 When H is reduced, I reduces but is not zero when H = 0 the
remainder OB of magnetisation when H = 0 is called the residual
magnetism or retentivity OB is retentivity.
 When magnetic field H is reversed, I reduces and becomes zero i.e.
H = OC, I = 0 this value of H is called the coercively.
 When Field H is further increased in reverse direction, the intensity
of magnetisation attains saturation value in reverse direction (i.e.
point D)

Ques3) Differentiate between soft magnetic materials

and hard magnetic materials.
Ans-

Soft Magnetic Material Hard Magnetic Material

1-Soft magnetic materials are 1-Hard magnetic material are

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Those materials which have a Those materials which have a

smaller area enclosed by their larger area enclosed by their
Hysteresis loop. Hysteresis loop.
They have low remnant They have high remnant
magnetization. magnetization.
They have low coercivity. They have high coercivity.
Hysteresis loss is less. Hysteresis loss is higher.
Eddy Current loss is less. Eddy current loss is more for
metallic types and low for
ceramic types.
Used in transformer cores, Used in making permanent
Motors, generators etc. magnets.

Ques4) What is transformer? Explain the constructional

features of different types of transformers. [AKTU’15]

Ans:

 The transformer is a static device for transferring electrical

energy from one alternating current circuit to another without a
change in frequency.
 A transformer may receive energy at one voltage and deliver it
at higher voltage in this case it is called a step-up transformer.
 When the energy is received at a higher voltage and deliver at a
lower voltage, it is called a step-down transformer.
 A transformer has no rotating parts therefore it referred as
static device and have much higher efficiency when compared
to other electrical machine.

Types Of Transformers:

i)Core Type: In core type construction of the transformer, the magnetic

core consists of two vertical lags called limbs and two horizontal section
called yokes. In order to reduce the leakage flux to its minimum value,
half of each winding is placed on each lag of the core.
Yoke

HV Winding LV Winding

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MENTORSERIES Page 95 of 166

The low Voltage (LV) winding is placed next to the core and the high
voltage (hv) winding is placed arround the low voltage winding. This
reduces the requirement of insulating material.

ii)Shell Type Transformer: In the shell type construction of the

transformer, the magnetic core consists of three vertical lags and two
horizontal sections. Both the primary and secondary windings are wound
on the central limb and the two outer limbs provide the low reluctance
flux path.

High Voltage Low Voltage

winding winding
Shell-Type Transformer
 This shell type construction of the transformer provides better
support against the electromagnetic forces between the current
carrying conductor, But natural cooling is not possible in shell
type because the coils are placed on the central limb.

Ques5) Explain Ideal transformer and compare

the features of Ideal transformer and Practical
transformer.

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Page 96 of 166 TRANSFORMER

Ans: For better understanding and easier explanation of practical

transformer, certain Idealizing assumptions are made.

A transformer having these ideal properties is hypothetical (has no

existence) is referred as ideal transformer.

Idealizing assumption for ideal transformation are as follow:

i)No Winding loss: The Primary and secondary windings have zero
resistance .It means that there is no ohmic power loss and no resistance
voltage drop.

ii)No Leakage Flux: There is no leakage flux and all the flux set up is
confined to the core and links both the winding.

iii)No Iron loss: Hysteresis and Eddy current losses in transformer core
are zero.

Ideal Transformer Practical Transformer

The core loss and copper loss are A practical transformer has finite
zero. core and copper loss.
The efficiency of an ideal Efficiency depend on loading and
transformer is 100%. Power Factor and it cannot be
100% in any case.
There is no ohmic resistance drop The voltage regulation is always
in an ideal transformer so its more than 0%.
voltage regulation is 0%.
An ideal transformer cannot be Practically possible.
realized practical.

Ques6) Explain the principle of operation

of transformer. Derive EMF equation of
single-phase transformation. [AKTU]
Ans: The transformer is based on the principle that
energy may be efficiently transferred by induction from one set of coils
to another by means of a varying magnetic flux. Provided that both sets
of coils are on a combined magnetic circuit.

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MENTORSERIES Page 97 of 166

The winding connected to the supply main is called the primary and the
winding connected to the load circuit is called the secondary.
Laminated
Steel core

Secondary
Primary Winding
Winding

Operation: When the primary is connected to an AC supply mains a

current flows through it. Since this winding links with an iron core, so
current flowing through this winding produces an alternating flux ϕ in
the core. Since this flux is alternating and links with the secondary
winding also. So induces an EMF in the secondary winding with same
frequency. The induced EMF in the primary winding opposes the applied
voltage and therefore it is known as back EMF.
Flux,
EMF Equation: ϕ 1
Let f

ϕ𝑚 = Maximum flux in core(wb).

N1 = No. Of Primary Turns. 1 ωt

4f
N2 = No. Of Secondary Turns.
1/2𝐹
f = Supply Frequency

And

E1 = RMS value of primary induced EMF.

E2 = RMS value of Secondary induced EMF

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Here, Average EMF induced in each turn is equal to average rate of

change of flux.
dϕ
Average EMF per turn =
dt

Where, dϕ = Change in Flux

dt = Time required for change in flux.

ϕ𝑚−0
= 1
4f

Average EMF induced per turn = 4ϕ𝑚 wb/sec or Volts for a sinusoidal
Quantity.
RMS Value
Form Factor = = 1.11
Average Value

RMS Value = 1.11 × Average Value

RMS value of induced EMF per Turn

= 1.11 × 4fϕ𝑚 volts

If the number of turns on primary and secondary windings are N1and N2

Respectively then.

RMS value of EMF induced in primary,

E1 = EMF induced per turn ×Number of turns.

E1 = 4.44 × fϕ𝑚 N1

Similarly for secondary,

E2 = 4.44 × fϕ𝑚 N2 Hence,

E1 = 4.44 fϕ𝑚 N1

E2 = 4.44 fϕ𝑚 N2

Equations are called EMF equation of transformer.

Ques7) Derive EMF equation for a single phase

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transformer.[AKTU’15 16]

Ans: We know that the flux at any instant be written as:

ϕ = ϕ𝑚 sin ωt

The induced EMF per turn is given by the rate of change in flux.
dϕ
E1 = − dt

Induced EMF in primary:

dϕ d(ϕ𝑚 sin ωt)
E1 = −N1 = −N1 Volt
dt dt

E1 = −N1 ωϕm cos ωt

The Maximum EMF is:

E1 = −N1 ωϕm

E1 = −2πfN1 ϕm
2π
Erms1 = − fN1ϕm or −√2πfN1 ϕm = −4.44fN1 ϕm Volts
√2

Similarly For Secondary,

Erms2 = −4.44fN2 ϕm Volts

Hence EMF equation of transformer is,

E1 = 4.44 × 4fϕ𝑚 N1

E2 = 4.44 × 4fϕ𝑚 N2.

Ques8) Derive and Explain the equivalent

circuit of a transformer.

Ans:

 Equivalent circuit is simply a circuit representation of the

equation describing the performance of the device.
 The simplified equivalent circuit of a transformer is presented by
considering all the properties of the transformer either on
primary or secondary side. The main equivalent circuit of the
transformer is shown below.

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Page 100 of 166 TRANSFORMER

R1 X1 I1 I1′ R2 X2
I2
Iω
L
Im
O
R0 X0 E1
V1 E2 A
D

Exact Equivalent circuit of transformer

Where,

R1 = Primary Winding Resistance R 2 = Secondary Winding Resistance

X1 = Primary Leakage Reactance R 2 = Secondary Leakage Reactance

R 0 = Core Loss Resistance I1 = Primary Current

X0 = Magnetising Reactance

i) Equivalent circuit of transformer when all the quantities are reffered

to primary side.

In this method, to derive the equivalent circuit of transformer all feature

are to be considered as the primary section as in below fig.

Z1 Z2′
R1 X1 R′2 X2′

I0
Iω Im L
R0 O
V1 X0 E2
A
D

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MENTORSERIES Page 101 of 166

N 2 N 2 N 2
Where R′2 = R 2 [N1] ,X2′ = X2 [N1] , V2′ = V2 [N1]
2 2 2

And V2 = Load Voltage

Approximate Equivalent Circuit of Transformer: Due to small value of I0

in compression with I1′ (I0<<I1′ ) so the voltage drop across shunt
component is very small and can be consider as neglected.
I2
I1 K
+ I0 R e1 jxe1 +

V1 R e1 jxm1 KV2

− −
Shunt Component moved towards primary

N 2
Where, R e1=R1+R′2 = R1+ R 2 [N1]
2

N 2
And, Xe1 =X1 +X2′ = X1 +X2 [N1]
2

ii)Equivalent circuit of transformer when all the quantities are referred

to secondary side.

Ans: The equivalent circuit of transformer or the basic diagram is

presented below when all the features are designed based on the
secondary side as per same approximation.
R′1 X1′ R2 X2

′
Iω ′
Im
L
V1′ R′0 X0′ O
A
D

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N 2 N 2 N 2 N 2
R′1 = R1 [N2] , X1′ = X1 [N2] , R′0 = R [N2] , X0 = Xm [N2]
1 1 1 1

N N
And I1′ = I1 [ 1] ,I0′ = I0 [ 1]
N2 N2

N
V1′ = V1 [N2]
1

Approximate Equivalent Circuit Of Transformer: Due to small value of I0

we can neglect shunt component.
aI1 I2
Re xe +
V1 R′e X0′ V2
a
−

N 2
Where, R e2= R 2+R1 [ 2]
N1

N 2
Xe2 = X2 +X1 [ 2]
N1

Assumptions:

 No load Voltage drop ignored.

 No Cu loss.
 Core Loss is over estimated.

Ques9) Explain why the hysteresis loss and

eddy current loss occur in a transformer?
Explain how these losses can be reduced in a
transformer.

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Ans: Transformer in general has a very high efficiency because it does

not have rotating parts there are no friction or winding losses. The
various power losses occurring as follow:

i) Iron or core losses: Iron losses mainly occur through alternating flux
within the transformer’s core. This kind of loss mainly depends on the
material’s magnetic properties within the core.

a) Hysteresis Loss: Hysteresis loss is caused by the magnetization and

demagnetization of the core as current flows in the forward and reverse
direction. As the magnetizing current increases, the magnetic flux
increase. But when the magnetizing current decrease, the magnetic flux
doesn’t decrease at the same rate.

 Minimization: To reduce this loss, the high-grade core material

can be used. CRGO (cold rolled gain-oriented Si steel) can be
used for the core of the transformer.

b) Eddy current losses: Since the core is made of conducting material,

these EMFs circulate currents within the body of the material and
referred as eddy current. They will occur when the conductor
experiences a changing magnetic field. As these currents are not
responsible for doing any useful work, and it produces a loss known as
eddy loss.

 Minimization: The eddy current loss is minimized by making the

core with thin laminations.

ii) Copper or Ohmic Loss: Copper losses occur because of the ohmic
resistance in the windings of the transformer. If the current in primary
and secondary windings of the transformer are I1and I2 with resistances
R1 and R 2 respectively then copper losses occurring in primary and
secondary windings will be I12 R1 and I22 R 2 respectively so total copper
losses are (I12 R1 + I22 R 2).

 Minimization: These losses can be reduced by using wire with

large cross-sectional area in the manufacturing of the coils.

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b) Stray loss: These types of losses in transformer can be occurred

because of the occurrence of the leakage field, stray losses are
completely less so these losses can be neglected.

Ques10) what do you understand by the

efficiency of a transformer? Deduce the condition
for maximum efficiency. [AKTU’17,18]

Ans: The efficiency (ⴄ) of a transformer, like that of any other apparatus,
is defined as the ratio of useful power output to the input power.
Output Output
Transformer Efficiency ⴄ = Input
= Output+Losses

Output
ⴄ=
Output+Iron loss+Copper loss

Iron loss+copper Loss

ⴄ = 1-
Output+Iron loss+Copper loss

ii)Condition For maximum Efficiency: Core loss, which is also referred as

iron loss (Pi ) are constant whereas copper losses (Pcu )are called variable
losses.
Rating of load(KVA)
Loading(x) =
Rating Of transformer

The efficiency of transformer can be written as

x × KVA × cos ∅
ⴄ=
x × KVA × cos ∅ + Pi + Pcu

Where Pcu = (xI)2 R

Let x = 1, Full load / Rated Load

Now efficiency can be written as

KVA×cos ∅
ⴄ= KVA × cos ∅ + I2 R + Pi

VI ×cos ∅
ⴄ= VI × cos ∅ + I2 R+ Pi

V ×cos ∅
ⴄ= P
V × cos ∅ + IR + i
I

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MENTORSERIES Page 105 of 166

Differentiate ⴄWith respect to I

P P
dⴄ (V cos ∅+IR+ i ) × 0−(0+R− 2i )
I I
= P
dt (V ×cos ∅+IR+ i )
I

P
–(R− 2i )×V cos ∅
I
0=
R

Pi
R=
I2

Pi = I 2 R

Hence the efficiency will be maximum when variable loss (copper loss) is
equal to constant loss (iron loss)

Ques11) A single phase 50 Hz core type transformer

has square cores of 20 cm side permissible
maximum flux density is 1 wb/m2. Calculate the
number of turns per limb on high and low voltage
side for a 300/220 V ratio.
Ans: We have core length = 20 Cm, N = 300/200

f = 50 Hz

Bmax = 1wb/m2 per limb

To find no of turns per limbs

Area of core = 20 × 20= 400cm2 = 0.04m2

Maximum value of permissible flux ∅max = Bmax × a

= 1×0.04= 0.04 wb

No. Of turns on low voltage (secondary) winding.

E2 220
N2 = = = 24.77 = 26
4.44fϕm 4.44×50×0.04

No. Of turns on high (primary windings)

E1 300
N1 = × N2 = × 26 = 35.4 = 36
E2 220

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36
No. Of HV turns on each limb = = 18
2

26
No. Of LV turns on each limb = = 13 Ans.
2

Ques12) The efficiency of a 400 KVA, Single phase

transformer 98.77% full load 0.8 PF and 99.13% at
half load unity PF find the iron and Cu losses at half
load.
Ans: Let the iron loss and full load copper losses be Pi
and Pc respectively

At Full load and 0.8 Power Factor:

Output Power P = 400×0.8 = 320 Kw

Transformer Efficiency, ⴄ = 98.77%

ⴄ= 0.9877
P 320
Input Power = = = 323.985 Kw
ⴄ 0.9877

Transformer Losses (Pi +Pc) = Input – Output = 323.985-320 = 3.985

KW

At half-Full load and unity power factor:

1
Output Power, P′ = ×400×1 = 200KW
2

Transformer Efficiency, ⴄ′ = 99.13% = 0.9913

P′ 200
Input power = = = 201.755 Kw
ⴄ′ 0.9913

1 2
Total Losses = Pi + [ ] P𝑐 = Input – Output
2

1
Pi + P𝑐 = 210.755-200
4

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MENTORSERIES Page 107 of 166

1
Pi + P𝑐 = 1.755Kw ….(2)
4

On Solving (i) and (ii) we get

i)Iron Loss at full- load = iron Loss At half load = Pi =1.0117 kw

ii)Copper loss at full load = 2.9733 Kw

1 2
Copper Loss at half load = [ ] ×2.9733 = 743.325 w
2

Ques13)In a 25 kVA, 2000v/200v transformer

the iron and copper losses are 200W and 400W
respectively. Calculate the efficiency at half load
and 0.8power factor lagging. Determine also the
maximum efficiency and the corresponding load.[AKTU’15’16]
Ans: Full load Copper loss PC = 400W = 0.4KW

Iron Loss Pi = 200W = 0.2 KW

1
Output at half –full load And 0.8 PF = 2 × 25 × 0.8 = 10Kw

12
Copper Losses at half full load = 2 × 0.4 KW = 0.1KW
Pout
So efficiency at Half load And 0.8 PF, ⴄ = ×100
Pin

10
ⴄ = 10+0.1+0.2 ×100

ⴄ = 97.087%

P
Load corresponding to maximum efficiency, = Rated KVA × √P i
C

0.2
𝐒𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 25× √0.4 = 17.68 KVA

17.68×1.0
Maximum Efficiency assuming power factor unity = 17.68+0.2+0.2
× 100

= 97.788%

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PRACTICE QUESTION
Ques1) The EMF per turn of a single phase to 10 KVA,
2200/220V 50Hz transformer is 10V. Calculate

i) The number of primary and secondary turns.

Ii) The net cross-sectional area of core for maximum flux density of 1.5T
ANS-0.03m2

Ques2)A 25 KVA, 2000/200V transformer has full load copper and iron
losses are 1.8KW and 1.5 KW respectively find.
i) The efficiency at half the rated kVA and at unity power factor.

Mentorseries.in
MENTORSERIES Page 109 of 166

ii) The efficiency at full load and 0.8 power factor lagging.

iii)KVA load for maximum efficiency and value of maximum efficiency.

[AKTU’18]

ANS- i) efficiency – 86.5%

ii) At full load = 85.84%

iii) 88.38%

Ques3) A single phase 250KVA transformer has an efficiency of 96% on

full load at 0.8 PF and 97% efficiency at half of full load unit power
factor calculate on half load:
a)Iron losses

b) Full load copper losses

Ans: : Iron loss: 2.37Kw

Copper loss: 1.49Kw

Ques4) The maximum efficiency of a 100KVA, 1100/400V 50 Hz

transformer is 96%. This occur at 75% of full load at 0.8 PF lagging .Find
𝟑
the efficiency of transformer at 𝟒 Full load at 0.6 pf leading .

Ans: 94.74%

Ques5: A transformer has a primary winding of 600 turns and secondary

winding is of 150 Turns. When the load current on the secondary is 60 A
at 0.8 PF lagging. The primary current is 20 A at 0.707 Pf lagging.
Determine the no-load current of the transformer and its phase with
respect to the voltage.

Ans: 5.59∠-𝟔𝟔. 𝟖𝟑𝒐

Mentorseries.in
 UNIT 4
ELECTRICAL MACHINES
2 MARKS QUESTION
Ques1: Explain the term slip and slip speed?
Ans:
Slip -The difference between the speed of the stator
field, known as synchronous speed (Ns), and the actual speed of the rotor
(N) is known as slip and is denoted by S.

Synchronous speed(Ns)−Rotor speed(Nr )

Fraction Slip (s) = Synchronous speed(Ns)

Slip speed - The difference between the synchronous speed and the
actual speed of the rotor is known as slip speed.

Ques2: What are the advantages of wound rotor motors over squirrel
cage motors?
Ans:
Advantages are as follows:
1. High starting torque and low starting current.
2. Smooth acceleration under heavy load.
3.No abnormal heating during starting.
4. Adjustable speed.

Ques3: Write down the EMF equation of a DC generator?

PфN Z PZфN
Ans: E= 60
×A= 60A
Volts
𝑃ф𝑍𝑛
E= 𝐴
Volts

𝑁
Where, n = 60

Ques4: Draw speed - torque characteristics of DC series motors

MENTOR SERIES 110
MENTORSERIES Page 111 of 166

Ans:

speed

torque
Ques5: What do you mean by back emf in DC motors?
Ans:
In accordance with law of electromagnetic induction Emf is induced in
motors that opposes the current flowing through the coil when the
armature rotates.

Ques6: What is the function of commutator in DC generator?

Ans:
The main function of commutator in DC generator is to convert
alternating current into direct current.

Ques7: Define Electromotive force?

Ans:
 The Electromotive force (E.M.F) of a device is a measure of energy
the device gives to each coulomb of charge.
 Emf maintains potential difference while potential difference causes
current to flow.

Ques8: Give the expression of speed in terms of poles and frequency of

supply?
Ans:
For an induction motor synchronous speed can be expressed as
120 f
NS =
P

Where, NS = synchronous speed (rpm)

f = frequency (Hz)

p = number of poles

Ques9: What is a typical use of starter in motor?

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Page 112 of 166 ELECTRICAL MACHINE

Ans:
The main function of starter in motor is:

 To safely start a motor.

 To safely stop a motor.
 To reverse the direction of motor.
 To protect the motor from low voltage and over current.

Ques10: Write down the applications of induction motor.

Ans:
Application includes industrial fans, blowers, and pump machine tools,
household and appliances.

Ques11: Write down the application of synchronous motors.

Ans:
Application includes:
 Used in generating station and in substations connected to the
busbars to improve busbars.
 They can be employed for loads which require constant speed.
 Synchronous motors are used to regulate the voltage at the end of
transmission lines.

Ques12: Write down the application of single - phase induction motors.

Ans:
Application includes:
Pumps, Small fans, mixers, vacuum cleaner, toys, Drilling Machines etc.

Ques13: What is meant by terms speed regulation.

Ans: The speed regulation of a motor is defined as the change in the
speed from full to no-load and is expressed as a percentage of the full
load speed.

Ques14: How will you change the direction of the rotation of DC motor?
Ans: Direction Reversal of the separately excited DC motor
 By changing the polarity of the DC voltage
Direction Reversal for DC series motors
 The polarity of either field.

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MENTORSERIES Page 113 of 166

 Or the polarity of the armature winding.

Ques15: Draw slip versus torque characteristics of a three-phase

induction motor and indicate.
I. Stable operating zone.
II. Induction generator operating zone.
Ans:

Torque
Motoring Generating
mode mode

(maximum torque)

Tmax

(Starting torque)
TS
S=
S=1 ST (max) 0 Slip
S = -1
Unstable Stable
region region

Types of electrical machines

Electrical Machines

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Page 114 of 166 ELECTRICAL MACHINE

SECTION - 1

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MENTORSERIES Page 115 of 166

Ques1: Explain the basics of Electric Machine and its construction

Ans: [AKTU - 2022]
The rotating electric machine has two parts, stator
and rotor, Separated by the air gap. The stator of the
machines does not move and normally is the outer
frame of the machine. The rotor is free to move and
normally is the inner part of the machine.
DC machine construction
A DC machine consists of 3 main parts:
I. Magnetic field system
II. Armature
III. commutator and Brush gear

I. Magnetic Field Construction:

The magnetic field system is the stationary part of the machine. It
produces the main magnetic flux. The outer frame or Yoke is hollow
cylinder. An even number of pole cores are bolted to the Yoke. The yoke
serves the following two purposes.
a. It supports the pole cores and act as protecting cover to the
machine.
b. It forms a part of the magnetic circuit.
Since the pole cores inwards they are called salient poles. Each pole
core has a pole shoe having curved surface.
a. It supports the field coils.
b. It increases the cross - sectional area of the magnetic circuit and
reduce its reluctance.

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Page 116 of 166 ELECTRICAL MACHINE

II. Armature:
The rotating part of the DC machine is called the armature. The armature
consists of a shaft upon which laminated cylinder, called armature core,
is mounted. The armature core has grooves or slots on its outer surface.
The laminations are insulated from each other and tightly clamped. The
purpose of using laminations is to reduce eddy current. The Insulted
wires housed in armature slots are suitably connected. This is called the
armature winding.
III. Commutator and Brush gear:
Alternating voltage is produced in a coil rotating in magnetic field. To
obtain current in the external circuit a commutator is needed. The
commutator, which rotates with the armature is made from a number of
Wedge-shaped hard drawn copper bars insulated with each other.
Current is collected from the armature winding by means of two or more
carbon brushes mounted on the commutator.

Ques2: Explain the working principle of DC motor

Ans:
Parts of DC motor
 Armature or Rotor
Armature of a DC motor is a cylinder of magnetic lamination that are.
Insulted from one another. The armature perpendicular to the axis of the
cylinders.
 Field coil or stator
A DC motor field coil is a non - moving parts on which winding is wound
to produce a magnetic felid. This electromagnetics has a cylindrical cavity
between its poles.
 Commutator and Brushes
a. The commutator of a DC motor is a cylindrical structure that is made
of copper segments and insulted each other by using mica. The
primary function of commutator is to supply electrical current to the
armature winding
b. Brushes
 The brushes of a DC motor are made with graphite and carbon
structure. These brushes conduct electric current from the external
circuit to the rotating commutator.

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MENTORSERIES Page 117 of 166

 Hence the commutator and brushes unit are concerned with

transmitting the power from the static electrical circuit to the
mechanical rotating region of the power.
I
Brush

S N
Brush I If
If

Back EMF: When the motor armature rotates, the Conductor also rotates
and hence cut the flux. In accordance with law of electromagnetic
induction EMF induced into them whose direction is opposite direction. It
is referred to counter EMF or back EMF and is given by
𝑁𝑃ф𝑍
Back emf Eb =
𝐴

Where, N = rotation per sec.

P = no. of poles.
Z = total no. of conductors in armature.
Ф = useful flux per pole.
A = no. of parallel paths through armature.

 The working principle of DC motor is based on the fact that if a

current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field,
mechanical forces is experienced on the conductor
 The direction of which is given by Flemings left hand rule and
hence the conductor moves in the direction of force.
 The magnitude of the mechanical force experience on the
conductor is given by.

F = BIL Newton
Where, B is the magnetic field strength Wb/m2
I is the current flowing through conductor

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Page 118 of 166 ELECTRICAL MACHINE

L is length of conductor

Eb

Ra +
V
Eb -

Ia V

Ques3: Why the DC motor is Self-regulating

machines?
Ans:
 Presence of back EMF makes the DC motor self-regulating
When the motor is operating in no load condition, small torque is
required to overcome friction and windage losses. So back EMF (E b)
is approximately equal to the applied voltage
 When the motor is loaded, the driving torque is decreased to
reduced armature back EMF allows the large current to flow through
armature resulting in high electromagnetic driving torque.
The motor slow down the electromagnetic torque develops matches
the load torque.
 When the load on motor falls electromagnetic torque developed is
momentarily in excess so armature accelerates i.e., speed (N) and so
back emf ( Eb ) increases and hence armature current (I a) decrease
which results in decrease in electromagnetic torque till the steady
state condition is attained.
 In this way EF makes the rotor self-regulating so that it draws as
much current as just required.

Ques4: Derive the EMF makes and torque equation of DC. machine
Ans:
Induced EMF in DC machines

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MENTORSERIES Page 119 of 166

P = No. of poles
Ф = Flux per pole
N = Speed in rpm
Z = Total no. of conductor
A = No. of parallel conductor
If = 2 ; wave wound
= P; loop wound
𝑍
And, = no. of conductors connected in series per parallel path
𝐴

Flux cut by one conductor in One Direction = Pф

𝑁
Number of rotations per sec = 60 (rps)
𝑃ф𝑁
Flux cut by one conductor in one sec = 60
𝑃ф𝑁
Average induced EMF per conductor =
60
𝑃ф𝑁 z
Average induced EMF in armature = 60
× [A]
Also,
𝑷𝒁ф𝐍
E=
𝟔𝟎𝑨
EMF Equation S

N N

𝑃𝑍 S
E = [60𝐴] × фN

PZ
K = 60A is machine constant

Ea = kфN
2πN
ωm =
60
60
N= × ωm
2π

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Page 120 of 166 ELECTRICAL MACHINE
PZ 60
Ea = 60A
×ф × 2π
× ωm
PZ
Ea = × фωm
60A

𝑃𝑍
Ea = K’ф𝛚𝒎 where , K’ =
2𝜋𝐴

Now for the torque equation

Let, Ia= armature current
Armature power = EaIa = τ × ω𝑚
P a = E aI a= τ × ω m
Ea Ia K′ ωm фIa
τ = =
ωm ωm
PZ
τ = K’фIa where, K’ =2πA

Ques5: What are the different types of DC machine? Also write the
applications of each. [AKTU - 2018]
Ans:
 There are two methods of excitation, namely
separate excitation and self-excitation. In separate
excitation the field coils are energized by a separate
d.c source. In self excitation the current flowing
through winding is supplied by the machine itself.
 Direct Current machines are named according to the connection of
the field winding with the armature.

The principal types are:

1) Separately excited d.c machine
2) Shunt wound or shunt machines
3) Series wound or series machine
4) Compound wound or compound machine

1) Separately excited d.c machine

When a separate DC source is used to energize the fields coils it is called
as separately excited DC machine.
+ +
+
E
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-
MENTORSERIES Page 121 of 166

Application:
 Separately excited DC generators are used in laboratories as testing
purpose.
 Used as a supply source of DC motors.

2) Shunt wound DC machines

Shunt wound dc machines is the machine in which field coils are
connected in parallel with the armature. Since the shunt field receives
the full output voltage of a generator or the supply voltage of a motor.

Shunt +
Rsh E V
field
-

Application: Owing to the fairly constant speed and medium starting

torque of shunt DC motors, they are used in:
 Lathe machines
 Blowers and fans
 Drilling machines

3) Series wound DC machine.

Series wound dc machine is the machine in which the field coils are
connected in series with the armature.
The series field winding carries the armature current, the armature
current is large.

+
+
Series Mentorseries.in
Rse
field
Page 122 of 166 ELECTRICAL MACHINE

Application:
Due to high starting torque and variable speed of series DC motors, they
are used in
 Conveyors
 Hoists
 Cranes

4) Compound wound DC machine

A compound machine is a machine which has both shunt and series
fields. Two windings are carried out by each pole of the machine. The
series winding has few turns of large cross-sectional area the shunt
windings have many turns of fine wire.
Application:
They are used in the following applications.
 Elevators
 Heavy planers

Rse
Rsh V
+
E
-
-

Ques6: What are the different types DC generator and its voltage and
power equation.

Mentorseries.in
MENTORSERIES Page 123 of 166

Ans:
According to the connection of the field winding with armature the
principal types are:
I. Separately - excited DC generator
A DC generator whose field winding is excited from an independent
external dc source. Such as battery the generator is called a separately -
excited DC generator.

In this case current flowing through the armature IA and load IL the same
and the terminal voltage, V is equal to generated EMF, E g less voltage
drop in armature
Ia = IL = I (say)
V = Eg – IRa where Ra is the armature resistance
Power developed, Pg = EgI
Power delivered to external load, PL = VI

II. Series wound generators

In series wound generator, there is only one field winding which is
connected in series with armature winding so that the whole current
flows through the field winding as well as load.
The relations are given as
Ia = Ise = IL = I (say)
V = Eg – I(Ra + Rse)
where are Rse is the resistance of series field
Power developed, Pg = Eg I
Power delivered, PL = VI

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 Page 124 of 166 ELECTRICAL MACHINE

III. Shunt wound generator

In shunt wound generator there is only one field winding and is
connected across the armature circuit forming a shunt circuit.
In operation total armature current Ia flowing from positive brush divides
between two parallel paths; the external circuit and the field circuit. The
load current IL and the shunt field current Ish is equal to armature current.
Ia = IL + Ish
𝑉
Shunt field current, Ish =
𝑅𝑠ℎ
Armature current, Ia = IL + Ish
Terminal voltage, V = E g - I aR a
Power developed, P g = E gI a
Power delivered, PL = VIL

Ques7: Classify DC motors and write current and voltage equation for
each type.
Ans:
The DC motors can also be classified as
I. Separately excited
II. Series wound
III. Shunt wound DC motors

I. Separately excited DC motors

Mentorseries.in
MENTORSERIES Page 125 of 166

These motors have a field coils are similar to those of a shunt wound
machine but the armature and the field coils are fed from different
sources.

Here,
Armature current Ia = line current IL = I (say)
Back emf developed, Eb = V - IRa
Power drawn from supply mains, P = VI
Mechanical power developed,
Pm = power input to armature - power lost in armature
Pm = VI – I2Ra
= I(V -IRa)
Pm = EbI
II. Series wound DC motors
As the name implies, the field coils are connected in series with the
armature.

In a dc series motor,
Armature current Ia = series field current = line current I L = I (say)
Back emf developed, Eb = V – I(Ra + Rse)
Power drawn from supply mains, P = VI

Mentorseries.in
Page 126 of 166 ELECTRICAL MACHINE

Mechanical power developed, Pm = power input – Losses in

armature and field
Pm = VI – I2 (Ra + Rse)
= I[V -I(Ra + Rse)]
Pm = EbI

III. Shunt wound DC motors

These motors are so named because they basically operate with the
field coils connected in parallel with the armature.

Here the current supply to the motor is divided into two paths.
Input line current (IL) = Ia + Ish
𝑉
Where Ish = 𝑅
𝑠ℎ
Back emf developed, Eb = V – IaRa
Power drawn from supply mains, P = VIL
Mechanical power developed, Pm = power input – Losses in
armature and shunt field
2
Pm = VIL - VIsh – I𝑎 Ra
= V (IL - Ish )– I𝑎2 Ra
= VIa – Ia2Ra
= Ia (V - IaRa)
Pm = EbIa

Ques8: Find torque equation of a DC motor. [AKTU – 15,17,20]

Ans: When the current carrying current is placed in the

magnetic field, a force is exerted or torque F×r . This
torque is produced due to electromagnetic effect, hence
it is called electromagnetic torque. Some part of it gets
lost due to mechanical losses.

Mentorseries.in
MENTORSERIES Page 127 of 166

The torque which is used for doing useful work in known as the shaft
torque.
Since, V = Eb + IaRa …(1)
VIa = EbIa + Ia2Ra …(2)
Where,
VIa = Electrical power input to the armature.
Ia2Ra = copper loss in the armature.
We know,
Total electrical power = mech. Power developed by armature + losses
due to armature resistance
And, Pm = EbIa …(3)
Also, Pm = ωT = 2πnT …(4)
Where, n = revolution per seconds (rps)
T = Newton - meter
2πnT = EbIa
𝐸𝑏 𝐼𝑎
Or, T= 2𝜋𝑛
ф𝑍𝑁𝑃
But, Eb = 60𝐴
ф𝑍𝑛𝑃 𝑁
Eb = [n = 60 ]
𝐴

So, the torque equation is given as

ф𝑍𝑃
T = 2𝜋𝐴 × Ia

For a particular DC motor, the number of poles (P) and the number of
𝑍
conductors per parallel path (𝐴) are constant.
𝑍𝑃
T = KфIa [ Where, K = 2𝜋𝐴 ]

Ques9: How can the speed of DC motor be varied? Explain the method
by which you can vary speed above and below the base speed.
[AKTU - 14]
Ans:
A) Armature resistance control.
If external resistance Rg is inserted in series with
armature resistance. By varying the external resistance
Rg1 the speed is controlled.

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Page 128 of 166 ELECTRICAL MACHINE

If Rg3 > Rg2 > Rg1 then speed is reduced from no – load speed as shown

Speed

RRg1g0
Rg2
Rg3
We have,
V Ia (ra + Rg )
Torque
N= −
Kn ф Kn ф
At no load, Ia = 0 then
V
N0 =
Kn ф
Using armature resistance control, speed can be controlled only below
base speed. As flux remain constant at a constant current.
Power = torque × speed
P=τ×N
If constant torque drive then, for constant power drive
P=τ×N
If speed is low then torque is high for constant power and when speed is
high then torque is low hyperbolic characteristics.

B) Field flux control

V
Field current, If =
Rf + Rext
 Here, external resistance is inserted with field winding in series by
varying external resistance Rext field flux we know very well that
1
N∝ф
 The speed control is possible only above base speed. Above the
base speed due to flux weakening higher current required to be
drawn to maintain constant torque generally motor will not be
permitted to run beyond its rated current, so current is kept
constant, hence torque will reduced.

Ques10: 10A, 4 pole generator with wave wound armature has 51 slots,
each having 24 conductors. The flux per pole is 0.01Wb.

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MENTORSERIES Page 129 of 166

At what speed must the armature to rotate an induced emf of 220V.

What will be the voltage developed if the winding is lap connected and
the armature at the same speed?

Ans: Emf generated, Eg = 220V

Number of armature conductors,
Z = number of slots × number of conductors per slot
= 51 × 24 = 1224
ф = 0.01 Wb
Number of poles, P=4
Number of parallel paths A = 2
Eg ×60 A
Speed of armature, N= ф×Z
×P
220 ×60 2
= × = 540 rpm
0.01 ×1,224 4
When armature is lap connected
number of parallel paths, A = P = 4
ф×Z×N P
Generated emf Eg = 60
×
A
0.01×1224×540 4
= 60
×4
= 110 V
Ques11: The armature of a four-pole dc machine has the 100 turns and
runs at 600 rpm. The EMF generated in open circuit is a
220V. Find the useful flux per pole when armature is
1. Lap connected
2. Wave connected
Ans: EMF generated in open circuit, E = 220 V
Speed, N = 600 rpm
No. of poles, P = 4
No. of armature conductors, Z = 2 × no. of turns
= 2 × 100 =200
1. When armature is lap connected
No. of parallel paths, A = P = 4
𝐴 60 1
Flux per pole, ф = E× × ×
𝑃 𝑁 𝑍
4 60 1
= 2.20 × 4 × 600 × 200
= 0.11 Wb

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2. When armature is wave connected

No. of parallel paths, A’ = 2
220×2 60 1
And flux per pole ф’ = × ×
4 600 200

= 0.055 Wb

Ques12: Calculate the emf generated by 4 pole wave wound generator

having 65 slots with 12 conductors per slot when driven at 1200 rpm.
The flux per pole is 0.02 Wb. [AKTU 2022]
𝑷ф𝒁𝑵
Ans: EMF =
𝟔𝟎𝑨

For wave wound, A = 2

Z = No. of conductor

But according to question given that, 12 conductor / slot

Since, Z = 12 × 65
4×0.02×12×65×1200
EMF =
60×2

EMF = 624 Volts

SECTION – 2
Ques:1 Describe the constructional details of three
phase induction motor.
Ans: The three-phase induction motor is very simple in
construction compared to a DC motor or synchronous
motor. A 3-phase induction motor consists of two main parts namely
stator and rotor.
i. Stator:
It is the outer body of the motor and consist of outer frame, stator
core and windings.
a) Outer frame:
The outer frame acts as housing for the motor and supports the
stator core. It also protects the inner parts of the motor.
b) Stator core:

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It is made of high-grade silicon which are insulated from each other

by varnish layer to minimize the hysteresis and eddy current losses.
c) Stator winding:
 Coils of insulated wires are inserted wires are inserted into the slots
of the stator. Fin

Stator core

Stator winding

Feet

Stator of 3-ф I.M

Each grouping of coils together with the core it surrounds, forms an
electromagnet (a pair of poles) on the application of AC supply.
 The number of poles of an AC induction motor depends on the
internal connection of the stator winding.

Rotor:
The rotor comprises are cylindrical laminated iron core with slots, around
the core, carrying the rotors conductors. The rotor has a smaller number
of slots than the stator and must be a non-integral multiple of the stator
slots. So as to prevent magnetic locking of rotor and Stator teeth at the
starting instant.
Ques2: What are the types of rotor give its details.

Ans: The induction motor has two types of rotors:

i. Squirrel cage rotor
ii. Wound rotor (slip ring rotor)

i. Squirrel cage rotor

 Rotor windings consist of uninsulated conductors in the form of
copper or aluminum bars embedded in semi closed slots. Solid bars
are short circuited by end rings of same material.

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 The squirrel cage rotor windings are perfectly symmetrical and have
the advantage of being adaptable to any number of pole pairs.
 Since the rotor winding is permanently short circuited in cage
construction. There is no possibility of Any external resistance in the
rotor circuit.

I. Wound rotor
 The rotor winding is uniformly distributed and is usually connected
in star. The three loads from the star connection are connected to
three slip rings mounted on but insulated from the shaft slip rings.
 The external resistors are inserted in series with the rotor windings
for speed and starting torque control.
 The rotor is wound for the same number of poles as that of the
stator. The rotor winding is always 3-phase windings is even when
the stator is wound for two phases.
 Wound rotor IM used where the speed control is required
 High starting torque is required
 Wound rotor types of IM costs more that cage rotor IM.

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Ques3: Explain the principle of operation of 3-ф induction motor. [AKTU

2014]

Ans:
 When the stator or primary winding of a 3 phase
induction motor is connected to a 3- ф a.c supply a
rotating magnetic field is established which rotates at synchronous
speed.
 The direction of a rotation of this rotating field will depend upon the
phase sequence. As the rotating magnetic field produced by the
primary currents sweeps across the rotor conductors just as an EMF
is induced in the secondary winding by the flux setup.
 The direction of these induced current according to Lenz’s law is
such as to Oppose every cause of its production.
 The cause of there production is the relative speed between stator
field and rotor conductors. Hence to oppose the relative speed
between them rotor also starts rotating in the same direction as
magnetic field at a speed Nr < NS.
 The rotor speed always less than NS as if rotor runs as NS. as if rotor
runs as NS there will be no relative motion, stator field and rotor
conductor hence no induced EMF, no induced current, no torque
production hence no rotation.

(Direction of induced
Motion EMF outward) Force

(Stationary
(Rotating field) Field Field field)
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Page 134 of 166 ELECTRICAL MACHINE

Ques4: How the induction machine starts?

Ans:
 Induction machine (motor) always runs at rotor
speed less than synchronous speed.
 When a 3-ф stator displaced in space by 1200
supplied by 3-ф current displaced in time by 1200 . A rotating
magnetic field is produced which rotates in between the stator and
rotor at synchronous speed.
 This rotating field cut the rotor conductors and induces EMF in the
rotor conductor, since rotor circuit is completed through the
external resistance and through the end rings this current induced
EMF passes current to flow because of current there are polls
formation of rotor due to the poles of rotor and stator attraction
rotor starts rotating in the direction of field.

Ques5: Define the terms slip-speed, slip and frequency of voltage and
current with their expression.
Ans:
I. Slip Speed: difference between the synchronous
speed of rotating and actual speed of rotor.
Slip Speed (SNs) = NS - Nr
Where, NS = Synchronous speed
Nr = rotor speed

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II. Slip: slip in induction motor is the relative speed between the
rotating magnetic flux and rotor expressed in terms of a per unit
synchronous speed. It is a dimensionless quantity. The value of a
slip in induction motor is never be zero.
If 𝑁𝑆 and 𝑁𝑟 being the synchronous speed of rotating magnetic flux and
rotor speed respectively. The slip is defined as,
NS−Nr
Slip (s) =
NS

For induction motor, 0 < s < 1

III. Frequency of voltage and currents.

Frequency of induced EMF in rotor due to stator field
𝑃ΔN
= 120

[ here, ΔN is relative speed between stator field and stator winding]

P×(NS −Nr )
= 120
P(SNS )
f2 = …(1)
120

and frequency of induced EMF in stator due to stator field

𝑃ΔN
=
120

[here, ΔN is relative speed between stator field and stator winding]

𝑃𝑁𝑆
f1 = 120
…(2)

from eqn (1) and (2)

PSNS
f2 120
= PNS
f1
120

𝐟𝟐 = s𝐟𝟏

Where, f1 = frequency of current / voltage through stator

f2 = frequency of current voltage through rotor

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Ques:6 Derive the expression for developed torque for a three-phase

induction motor and obtain the condition for maximum torque. [AKTU -
2016]
Ans:The torque of an induction motor, being due to
interaction of the rotor and stator field.
The Thevnin’s equivalent model for induction model
can formed as,
A

From equivalent model Rth JXth JX2 𝑅2′

Vth 𝑆 𝐼2′
Vth
|I2′| = ′
√(Rth + R2 ) 2 +(Xth + X′ )2
S 2

B
Power generated in motor
R′2
Pg = 3 × |I2′|2 × [due to 3-phase]
S

V2th R′2
Pg = 3 × [ R′2 2
]×
S
(Rth + ) +(Xth + X′2 )2
S

We know,
Pg
τ=W
SM

3 v2th R′2
τ= ×[ R′2 2
]×
𝛚SM S
(Rth + ) +(Xth + X′2 )2
S

on neglecting stator impedence (JX1 = 0, R1 = 0)

⇒ 𝑉𝑡ℎ = 𝑉1

And, Rth = 0 , Xth = 0

3 v21 R′2
Since, τ=𝛚 ×[ 2 ]×
SM R′2 2 S
+ X′2
S

3 v2 ′
1 SR2
τ= × 2
2πNs R2 +(SX′2 ) 2
′

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3
here, 2𝜋𝑁 = K = constant
𝑠

𝐾𝑣12 𝑆𝑅2′
τ= 2
𝑅2 + (𝑆𝑋2′ )2
′

 Condition for maximum torque

3 v2th R′2
We have, τ= ×[ R′2 2
]×
𝛚SM S
(Rth + ) +(Xth + X′2 )2
S

For maximum torque

𝛿 𝑅2′ 2
𝝎𝑆𝑀 [{(𝑅𝑡ℎ + ) + (𝑋𝑡ℎ + 𝑋2′ )2 }𝑠] = 0
𝛿𝑆 𝑆

δ (R′2
2 )
{sR2th + + 2R th R′2 + s(Xth + X2′ )2} = 0
δS s

R′2 2
R2th – ( ) + 0 + (Xth + X2′ )2 = 0
S

R′2
= √R2th + (Xth + X2′ )2
S

R′2
ST(Max) =
√R2 ′
th +(Xth +X2 )2

On neglecting stator impedence [Vth = V1 , RTH = 0 ,Xth = 0 ]

𝑹′𝟐
ST(Max) =
𝑿′𝟐

(Slip at which τ is maximum)

Ques7: Draw and explain the torque-slip characteristics of three phase
induction motor.[AKTU 2016, 2020, 2021, 2022]
Ans:
Torque developed by an induction motor is given by
equation
Kv2 ′
1 SR2
τ= 2
R2 + (SX2′ )2
′

and torque-slip characteristics are divided into three regions.

Torque (τ)

τmax
(𝑅2′ )3
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 Page 138 of 166 ELECTRICAL MACHINE

(𝑅2′ )1 > (𝑅2′ )2 > (𝑅2′ )3

From the above characteristic it can be observed that

 When speed is synchronous i.e. when slip S is zero, the torque T is
zero so the torque slip curve starts from origin.
 When the speed is very near to synchronous speed Ns i.e. when slip
is very low the term (SX2) is very small and is negligible in
comparison with rotor resistance therefore T is proportional to slip
(S).
 As the sleep increase i.e., as the speed drops with the increase in
𝑅′
load, torque increases reaches its maximum value when slip S = 𝑋2′ .
2
 With further increase in slip, with higher value of slip, R2 becomes
negligible as compared to (SX2) and the torque varies according to
new relation and curve will form as rectangular hyperbola.

Ques8: What are the application of a 3-ф induction

motor?
Ans:
In order to meet the various starting and running
requirements of variety of applications.
i. Application of the 3-ф wound rotor induction motor.
The slip ring or wound rotor 3-ф induction motors are used in the
following applications.
 Slip rings induction motors are suitable for loads requiring high
starting torque and for applications where the starting current is
low.
 They are used for loads that requires speed control.

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 Typical applications are crushers, Plunger pump, cranes, Elevator,

Conveyors etc.
ii. Application of squirrel cage induction motor.
Squirrel cage induction motors are commonly used in many
industrial applications. They are particularly suited for applications
where motor must maintain a constant speed. These motors are
commonly used in
 Centrifugal pumps
 Industrial drives
 Large blowers and fans.

Ques9: A 3-phase 4-pole induction motor is supplied from 3-phase 50

Hz supply. Calculate[AKTU 2014]
i. NS
ii. rotor speed when slip is 4%
iii. rotor frequency when rotor runs at 600 rp
Ans: Given that,
P=4
f = 50
i. Synchronous Speed (NS):
120𝑓
We know that, NS =
𝑃
120×50
NS = = 1500 rpm
4

ii. Motor speed (NR) when

S = 0.04
𝑁𝑆 – 𝑁𝑟
S= 𝑁𝑠

Nr = Ns(1- s)
= 1500(1 – 0.04)
= 1440 rpm
iii. rotor frequency when (Nr = 600 rpm)
we know, fr = sfs
NS – Nr
and s=
Ns

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Page 140 of 166 ELECTRICAL MACHINE
1500 − 600
=
1500
9
= = 0.6
15

Now, fr = 0.6 × 50
fr = 30 Hz

Ques10: A 6.6 kV, 20 poles, 50 Hz, 3 phase star-connected induction

motor has rotor resistance of 0.12Ω and a still reactance of 1.12 Ω. The
motor has a speed of 292.5 rpm at full load. Calculate the slip at
maximum torque. [AKTU 2015]

Ans: Give that,

Rotor resistance = 0.12 Ω
Reactance = 1.12 Ω
We know, the slip at maximum torque is
𝑅′ 0.12
S 𝜏(max) = 𝑋2′ = 1.12 = 0.107
2

Ques11: A 12 pole alternator is coupled to an engine running at 500

rpm. It supplies a 3-ф induction motor having full load speed at 1440
rpm. Find percentage slip and number of poles of the motor.
[AKTU 2018]
Ans: Given that Pg = 12, Nm = 1440 rpm
Ng = 500 rpm
Frequency of generated emf;
Pg × Ng 12 × 500
f= = = 50Hz
120 120

since the generator and motor are coupled with each other so the
frequency will be some and we know that poles are always in even count
and nearest to the integer value

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120𝑓 120 × 50
Pm = 𝑃𝑚
= 1440
= 4.17 ≃ 4

Now, synchronous speed of motor ;

120𝑓 120 × 50
NS = 𝑃𝑚
= 4
= 1500 rpm

𝑁𝑆 – 𝑁𝑚
Then, slip S=
𝑁𝑠

1500−1440
= 1500

S = 0.04 or 4%

Ques12: The induced EMF between Slip ring terminals of three phase
induction motor, when the rotor is stand still is 100V. The rotor
windings are star connected and have resistance and stand still
reactance of 0.05W and 0.1W per phase respectively. Calculate the
rotor current and phase difference between rotor
voltage and current at 4% slip. [AKTU 2017]

100
Ans: Given that; E2 = , 𝑅2′ = 0.05 Ω , X2 = 0.1 Ω
√3

And S = 4% or 0.04
To find; current (I2) and phase difference between V and I.
100
SE2 0.04 ×
√3
1. Rotor current (I2) = =
√R2 2 √(0.05)2 +(0.04×0.1)2
2 +(SXL )

I2 = 46.04 A
2. Phase difference:
𝑅2 0.05
cosф = =
𝑍2 √(0.05)2 +(0.04×0.1)2

ф = cos-1(0.9968)
ф = 4.574

Ques13: Using double revolving theory, explain the principle of

operation of a single-phase induction motor.
Or

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Why single-phase induction motor is not a self-starting machine?

Explain it. [AKTU 2015-21]
Ans:
Rotating field theory or double field theory
According to the double revolving field theory, an alternating variable
quantity can be represented by two oppositely rotating vectors of half
magnetic field. An alternating sinusoidal flux can be represented by two
revolving fluxes each equal to half the value of alternating flux and
rotating synchronously in opposite direction
 The magnetic field rotating in positive and direction is known as the
forward rotating field.
 The rotating field in the negative θ direction is as the backward
rotating field.
ff = Forward field
fb = Backward field
Фf = Фb = Фm/2 ФR = ФM
Фb Фf

Фb Фf

ФR = 0 ФR = ФM
Rotor slip w.r.t rotating fields
If however the rotor is made to run at a speed N and by some external
means in forward field direction.
The slip of the rotor with respect to the forward rotating field f f
𝑁𝑆 −𝑁
Sf = 𝑁𝑆
=S

The slip of the rotor with respect to the backward rotating field
NS−(−N) 2NS −(NS −N)
Sb = = = (2 – S)
NS NS

The normal operational (2 – S) >> S and therefore the backward torque is

several time lower than the forward torque as a result there is a net
running torque.

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Assuming a torque developed by the forward field it as positive and by

the backward field as negative.

Torque due to
Resultant
forward field
torque
(Tf)
-NS N=0 N = NS
S=0
S=2 S=1

Torque due to
backward field
(Tb)

Ques14: Describe the various starting methods of 1-ф induction motor

and its applications. [AKTU 2014, 2018, 2020]
Ans:
 Single-phase induction motors are not self-starting
without an auxiliary stator winding driven by an
out of phase current of near 900 once you started
the auxiliary is optional.
 The auxiliary winding of a permanent split capacitor motor has a
capacitor in series with it during starting and running.
There are four types of starting method
1) Split phase induction motor

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Page 144 of 166 ELECTRICAL MACHINE

 The split phase motor is known as resistance start motor. It has a

single cage rotor, and its stator has two windings known as main
winding and starting winding. Both the windings are displaced by 90 0
in this space.
 The main winding has very low
resistance and a high inductive
reactance whereas the starting
winding has high resistance and
low inductive reactance.

Application: Split phase induction

motors have low starting current and moderate starting torque. Used in
blowers, centrifugal pumps, washing machine etc.

2) Capacitor start induction motor

 A capacitor start in motor is a single-phase motor induction motor
that employs a capacitor in the auxiliary winding circuit to produce a
greater phase difference between the current in the main and
auxiliary windings the name suggests that the motor uses a capacitor
to start.
 The main and auxiliary winding are connected in parallel during
motor starting. A start capacitor stays in the circuit long enough to
rapidly bring the motor up to a predetermined speed.
Application:
 Used in refrigerators and compressor in air-conditioner compressors.
 Used for conveyors and machine tools etc.

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3) Capacitor start and capacitor run induction motor or two value

capacitor motor.
 This motor not only uses a capacitor for starting but also remain
connected in the circuit during running condition. Hence the motor
is called capacitor start and the capacitor run motor.
 Two capacitors C1 and C2 are connected in the auxiliary winding for
the purpose of starting and the capacitor C1 remains connected
during the running of the motor.

Application: The two-value capacitor motor are used in pumping

equipment, refrigeration etc.

4) Permanent capacitor run motor

 If the start capacitor is not connected at all in the two value
capacitor, the motor is self-starting as the run capacitor is still
present through this result in reduced starting torque. Such a motor

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is called permanent capacitor or capacitor run motor. It has a simple

construction and reduced cost.
 It has high starting torque but slightly lower than the capacitor
between starting and running performances and the capacitor cost.

Application:
 Used in fans and blowers in heaters and air conditioners.
 Used in refrigerator compressor.

Ques15: Explain the principle of operation of an alternator.

[AKTU 2015]
Ans:
 An alternator is defined as a machine or
generator which produces AC (alternating
current) supply and it converts mechanical energy
into electrical energy. It also called as AC generator or synchronous
generator.

N
Two pole
rotor Excitation
voltage
S

 The main component of an alternator are stator and rotor. It

operates on same fundamental principle of electromagnetic
induction as a DC generator.

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 The rotor winding energized from DC exciter and alternator N and S

poles are developed on the rotor.
 When the rotor is rotated in the anti-clockwise direction by a prime
mover, the stator or armature conductor are cut by the magnetic
flux of rotor poles. Consequently, EMF is induced in the armature
conductors due to electromagnetic induction.
 The induced EMF is alternating since N and S poles of rotor
alternately pass the armature conductors. The magnitude of a
voltage induced in each phase is given by,
e = Blv
Where, B = Flux density in (Wb/m2)
l = Length of stator conductor (m)
v = Speed of the conductor in (m/s)

and frequency is given by

𝑃𝑁
f = 120 Where, N = Speed of rotor in rpm
P = No. of rotor poles
Ques16: Illustrate the operating principle of synchronous motor with
suitable figures and its application. [AKTU 2014, 2015, 2015,2017]
Ans:
Working principle of synchronous motor
 Working of synchronous motors depends on the
interaction of the magnetic field of the stator with
the magnetic field of the rotor.
 As the stator is supplied with the three phase balanced voltages and
the rotor is excited from DC supply, so the poles of the rotor retain
the same polarity throughout but the polarity of the stator poles
changes as it is connected to an AC supply.
 The rotor enters into the rotating magnetic field produced by the
stator winding and rotates in synchronization. Now, the speed of
motor depends on the frequency of the supplied current.
 Speed of the synchronous motor is controlled by the frequency of
the applied current the speed of a synchronous motor can be
calculated as

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Page 148 of 166 ELECTRICAL MACHINE

120𝑓
NS =
𝑃

Where, f = Frequency of the ac current

P = No. of poles
Hence to obtain a continuous torque the rotor should rotate at
synchronous speed as NS.

3-ф Salient pole rotor

supply
N stator

DC rotor
excitation supply

Application: The various classes of service for which synchronous motors

are employed mainly classified as
 Power factor correction
 Voltage regulation
 Constant speed constant drives

Ques17: Why a 3-ф synchronous motor is not a self-starting? Discuss

use of damper winding for starting a synchronous motor in
synchronous motor.
Ans:
 In synchronous motors, the stator has a 3-ф
windings and is excited by 3-ф supply whereas
the motor is excited by DC supply. The 3-ф windings provide a
rotating flux whereas the DC supply provides constant flux and due
to this torque produced on the rotor is a pulsating one and not
unidirectional.

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MENTORSERIES Page 149 of 166

 And due to the inertia of the rotor it is unable to rotate in any

direction due to attractive and repulsive force and because of this,
the motor cannot start on its own.
Methods of starting :-
To make the rotor self-starting, the rotor of the synchronous motor is
speeded up to synchronous speed by some arrangement. There
are two commonly used methods so to start the synchronous
motor.
I. Auxiliary motor starting:
This is a rarely used method on auxiliary DC motor or pony motor (small
rated induction motor) are used to speed up the rotor to
synchronous speed. The number of poles required in the auxiliary
motor should be slightly less than the number of poles of the
synchronous motor. In order to speed up the rotor upto
synchronous speed.
II. Use of damper bars or damper winding
In this method, the rotor bars are imbedded in the pole shoe which
solve the purpose of damping. When the motor is suddenly loaded
or unloaded. Also at the time of start when the stator of
synchronous motor is fed from 3-ф AC supply and rotor is
unexcited. The motor produces the starting torque as per the
principle of induction motor and start like induction motor as seen
as motor starts approximately equal to synchronous speed.

Mentorseries.in
 UNIT NO. 5
ELECTRICAL
INSTALLATION
2 MARKS QUESTION
Ques1: Write full form of:
i. MCB
ii. MCCB
iii. ELCB
iv. SFU
Ans:
i. MCB; Miniature Circuit Breaker
ii. MCCB;Molded Case CircuitBreaker
iii. ELCB; Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker
iv. SFU; Switch Fuse Unit

Ques2: What is RCCB?

Ans:
A Residual CurrentCircuit Breaker (RCCB) is a current sensing device,
which can automatically measure and disconnect the circuit whenever a
fault occurs.

Ques3: Name the types of wires.

Ans:
i. Triplex wire
ii. Main feeder wires
iii. Panel feed wires
iv. Non-metallic sheathed wires
v. Single stranded wires

Ques4: What is the difference between MCB and MCCB?

Ans:
MENTOR SERIES 150
MENTORSERIES Page 151 of 166

Both MCB and MCCB are circuit breaker but the major difference
between MCB and MCCB is that interrupting rating of amperes.

Ques5: Why are bus bars used?

Ans:
A bus bar is used to connect high voltage equipment at electrical
switchyard, and low voltage equipment in battery banks.

Ques6:How is earthing done?

Ans:
It is done by connecting the neutral or non-current carrying part of the
equipment to the ground.

Ques7: What is lightning?

Ans:
Lightning is a sudden electrostatic discharge between the electrically
charged region of the cloud. It occurs due to electrically charged.

Ques8: What are the factors that affects battery capacity?

Ans:
There are various factors that affects capacity of battery
a) Surface area
b) Electrode Activity of electrode materials
c) Strength of electrolyte

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Page 152 of 166 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

SECTION 1
Ques1: What is the switch fuse unit?
Ans:
 Switch fuse unit is a compact combination,
generally metal enclosed of a switch and a fuse.
 Switch fuse units boasts to the most quintessential design for
utilization in industrial, commercial and domestic application.
 It is a combined unit and is known as an iron clad switch, being made
of iron.
 It may be double pole for controlling single phase two wire circuits
or triple pole for controlling three phase circuits.

Ques2: Explain the construction and working principle of miniature

circuit breaker (MCB).
Ans:
 Miniatures circuit breaker is a device which
provides definite protection to the wiring
installations and sophisticated equipment
against over-current and short-circuit faults.
 Thermal operations (overload protection)is achieved with a
bimetallic strip, which deflects when heated by any overcurrent
flowing through it.
Construction:
 The thermal tripping mechanism consist of a thermal magnetic
arrangement where thermal action is provided by a bimetallic strip
and in same cases by a heater.
 A low resistance bimetal is used for high current MCBs and a higher
resistance bimetal is used for low current MCBs.
 The magnetic tripping mechanism consist of a coil which is bounded
around a tube.
 The tube has a spring-loaded slug and the slug movement operate
the tripping mechanism.

Working of MCB:

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 This device can automatically open the circuit when the circuit
current goes beyond a set value or limit.
 As the current flows through the bimetallic strip, it gets heated up
and deflects by bending and releases the mechanical latch.
 The deflection of the bimetallic strip depends on the amount of a
current flowing through the strip. More the current, the faster the
deflection of bimetallic strip.

 During the short circuits, the transient current flowing through the
solenoid forces the plunger towards the latch. This action is rapid
and releases the mechanical latch and opens the contacts
immediately.

Ques3: Explain the operations of MCB. What are the

advantage over fuse and write its application.
Ans:
Operations of MCB:
 Under normal working conditions, MCB operates as
a Switch (manual one) to make the circuit ON or OFF. Under
overload or short circuit condition, it automatically operates or tips
so that the current interruption takes place in the load circuit.
 As a secondary function the miniature circuit breaker can be used as
an isolating switch or for local control switching.
Advantages:
 During abnormal conditions such as overload and fault conditions,
automatically switches off the electrical circuit.

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 MCB is more sensitive to current than fuse.It detects any

abnormality in the circuit flow and automatically switches off the
electrical circuit.
 In case of MCB, the fault zone of the electrical circuit can be easily
identified faulty circuit trips to the off position.
Application of MCB
 MCB is used in new construction home, shops instead of the older
types of fuses.
 MCB is designed to protect the house from circuit overload.
 MCB can be used with ground fault or arcfault mechanism because
of the Breakers consist of the system that opens the contact if a line
to ground fault occur.
Load
N L E

Trip coil

Test
button

Test Resistor
N L F
Supply
Ques4: Explain the working principle of ELCB (earth leakage circuit
breaker). Write down the function and its
application.
Ans:
ELCB: Earth leakage circuit breaker is a type of
circuit breaker that is used for protection against
leakage current. It breaks the circuit anddisconnects the power supply to
the load and it senses the leakage current.

Working principle:
Under normal conditions, the current from the source flows into the load
through the neutral wire. In fact, both the current are equal in amount. If

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the current leaks through unintended path, an imbalance between the

live and neutral wire occurs.
The ELCB can sense the imbalance using a current transformer and break
the contacts using electromagnetic relay.
Application of ELCB
The earth leakage circuit breakers are used in application to prevent
electrical shock and electrical fires that are caused by short circuit or
overload.

Ques5: Explain the different types of ELCB.

Ans:
There are two types of ECB classified based on its
operation principle.
i. Voltage ELCB
ii. Current ELCB
Both types of ELCBs detect the leakage current but their sensitivity and
the level of protection they offer as different.
Voltage ELCB
 Voltage ELCB operates on the voltage level between the earth and
the body of equipment.The voltage difference is used to detect the
leakage current.
 It has terminals for both phases and neutral on the both supply and
load sides.These terminals are actually connected with the
electromagnetic relay.
 It helps in protection against electrical shocks.
 They are less sensitive and do not trip unnecessarily.
i. Current ELCB
 Current ELCB or commonly known as RCD (Residual Current Device)
is another type of ELCB that breaks the circuit upon sensing any
leakage current. It operates on the current difference between the
phase and neutral line.
 It has four terminals having two inputs and two output terminals for
phase and neutral.
 RCD breaks the circuit when the circuit leaks from any part of the
circuit.

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 It is very reliable in providing protection against electrical shock.

Ques6:Discuss about a device Moldedcase circuit

breaker (MCCB).
Ans:
 A Molded case circuit breaker (MCCB) is a type of
electrical protection device that is used to protect
electrical circuit from excess current flow, which can cause overload
or short circuit.
 These Breakers are used instead of miniature circuit breaker (MCBs)
in large scale PV systems for system isolation and protection
purposes.
 The MCCB uses a temperature sensitive device with a current
sensitive electromagnetic device to provide the trip mechanism for
protection and isolation purposes.
Features of MCCB:
 Overload protection
 Electrical fault protection against short circuit currents.
 Electrical switch for disconnection.

Ques7: Write a short note on a ACB (air circuit

breaker)
Ans:
 Air circuit breaker is an electrical device used to
provide overcurrent and short circuit protection for
electric circuits over 800 amps to 10kA.
 It is a circuit operation breaker that operates in the air as an arc
extinguishing medium, at a given atmospheric pressure.
 The construction of an air circuit breaker can be done by using
different internal and external paths.
 The external parts of the ACB mainly include the ON and OFF
button,an indicator.For position of main contact, LED indicator
handle for energy storage, fault trip rest button.
 The internal parts of ACB mainly include the current
transformer,arcing chamber, CB operating and closing control.

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 The air circuit breaker also works the same but in a different way.
While interrupting an arc.It makes an arc voltage in place of the
voltage supply.
 The advantage of an air circuit breaker includes:
 High speed reclosures facility
 Used for frequent operation
 Need less maintenance
 High speed operation

Ques8: Discuss the various type of wires.

Ans:
A wire is defined as one electrical conductor, while a
cable is defined as a group of individually insulated
wires (conductors) encased together in sheathing.
Types of wire:
1) Main feeder wires:
The main feeder wire supply the power from the service weatherhead to
the building. The cable used for this purpose are 600V THHN, solid or
stranded with a rating of 25% more than the maximum required load.
2) Panel feed wires:
The panel feed wires supply power to the main distribution junction box.
It is usually black insulated THHN cables with rating of 25% more than
maximum load current.
3) Non-metallic sheathed wires:
The non-metallic or NM sheathed wires are used for in housing wiring.It
may consist of two or more than two insulated conductors with
aninsulated or bare ground conductor.
There is another layer of plastic XLPE sheathing for more protection.
4) Single conductor wire:
Single conductor wire is the most popular choice for electrical layout
inside a home.It is available in multiple gauges, counter (for phase,
neutral and ground identification) and solid or stranded conductors.
Ques9: Discuss the construction of cable.
Ans:
Electrical cable construction

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The construction of electric cables can be done by using a copper

material. Generally, a cable includes three essential components like
conductor, insulator and sheath.
Various parts of cables are:
a) Core or conductors
b) Insulators
c) Metallic sheath
d) Bedding
e) Armoring
f) Serving

 Core or Conductors
A cable may have one or more than one core (conductors) depending
upon the type of service. The conductors are made of tinned copper or
aluminum and are usually stranded in order to provide flexibility to the
cable.
Armouring
Lead Sheath

Conductor

Insulation
Bedding
 Insulators
Each core or conductor is provided with a suitable thickness of
insulation,the thickness of layer depending upon the voltage to be
withstood by the cable.
 Metallic sheath
In order to protect the cable from moistures, gases or other damaging
liquids (acids or alkalis) in the soil and atmosphere, a metallic sheath of
load or aluminum is provided.
 Bedding

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The purpose of bedding is to protect the metallic sheath against the

corrosion and from mechanical injury due to armoring.
 Armoring
Over the bedding, armoring is provided which consists of one or two
layers of galvanized steel wire or steel tape.It’s purpose is to protect the
cable from mechanical injury during handling.
 Serving
In order to protect the armoring from atmospheric condition a layer of
fibrous material similar to bedding is provided over armoring.

Ques10: What are the various type of Bus Bar?

Ans:
The conducting material or a conductor used to collect
power from input terminals of an electrical system
and distribute it to various output circuits is known as
electrical busbar or bus system.
 Single bus bar arrangement
 The single bus-bar arrangement is very simple and easy.This type of
arrangement consists of a single bus with a switchboard.

 Main and transfer arrangement

This type of bus bar is designed by combining the auxiliary type and the
main bus bar by using a bus bar by using a bus coupler to connect the
circuit breaker and isolated switches.
In case of overloading, the load is transferred from one to another bus
bar by using a bus coupler.

 Double Bus double breaker arrangement

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Page 160 of 166 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

G2 G2

C.B. C.B. C.B. C.B.

MAIN BUS BAR

AUXILLARY BAR

C.B. C.B. C.B. C.B.

FEEDER FEEDER
 In this type,two bus bars with two circuit breaker are used.So,
that it doesn’t require any special type of equipment like a
switch and buscoupler.
 One and a half breaker arrangement
 Ring arrangement

Ques11: Why proper earthing is necessary?What is the importance of

earth’s resistance value? [AKTU 2015]
Ans:
Earthing:
 Earthing is to connect any electrical equipment to
earth with a very low resistive wire, making it to
attain earth’s potential.
 The important of methods of earthing are the plate
earthing and the pipe earthing.The earth resistance for copper wire
is 1 ohm and that of GI wire less than 3 ohms.
Necessity of earthing
 To protect the operating personnel from danger of shock in case
they have come in contact with the charged frame due to defective
insulation.
 To maintain the line voltage constant under unbalanced load
condition.

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MENTORSERIES Page 161 of 166

 To protect the equipment.

 To protect large buildings and all machines fed from overhead lines
against lightning.
Importance of earth’s resistance value
 Earth is also a conductor and like an any other conducting material,
it has its conductivity (or resistivity).However,earth’s resistivity
varies at each point depending upon temperature, moisture level,
presence of rocks beneath etc.
 Earth resistance is an important parameter for calculating the
amount of short circuit / leakage current dissipating in the ground.
 Soil ohmic resistance is most important when determining the
design of the grounding system for new installation to satisfy the
ground resistance requirements
 The content of the moisture changes seasonally, varies according to
the sub layer of the earth and also the depth of the permanent
water table.

Ques12: Enlist the various type of earthing

system.
Ans:
There are several methods of earthing but most
commonly used methods of earthing are rod
earthing, pipe earthing and plate earthing.

1) Pipe earthing:
 This is the most common and best system of earthing as compared
to other systems suitable for the same earth and moisture
conditions.
 This method, the galvanization steel and perforated pipe of
approved length and diameter in place upright in a permanently
wet soil.

GI wire
Moisture level
Ground level
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Page 162 of 166 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

Pipe earth electrode

 The size of a pipe depends upon the current to be carried and type
of soil.
2) Plate earthing
 In plate earthing anearthing plate either of copper or dimension
60cm × 60 cm ×3 cm of galvanized iron of dimensions 60 cm ×60
cm ×6mm isburied into the ground with its face vertical at a depth
of not less than 3 meters from ground level.
 The earth plate is inserted into auxiliary layers of coke and salt for
a minimum thickness of 15 cm.

GI wire
Moisture level
Ground level

1.5 meter
Salt and charcoal
mixture powder

Plate earthing

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3) Rod earthing
 Earth rods and their fitting are used to provide the interface to
ground in all soil conditions in order to achieve satisfactory earthing
system is overhead.
 Depending on corrosive condition and electrical conductivity of
ground condition the road can be specified to achieve safe, reliable
and long-term earthing protection.

Ques13: What are the various type of batteries.

Ans:
Battery:
A battery is a collection of one or more cells that
undergo chemical reactions to create the flow of
electrons within a circuit.
Batteries come into play due to the need to store generated electrical
energy.
Batteries generally can be classified into different categories and types
but the two major battery types:
1. Primary battery
2. Secondary batteries
1. Primary batteries
Primary batteries are batteries that cannot be recharged once depleted.
Primary batteries are made of electrochemical cells whose
electrochemical reaction cannot be reversed.
Example of devices using primary batteries:
Wristwatches, remote control, pacemaker etc.
2. Secondary batteries
Secondary batteries are batteries with the electrochemical cells whose
chemical reactions can be reversed by applying a certain voltage to the
battery in the reversed direction.Also referred as rechargeable batteries.
Example of secondary batteries:
Mobile phone batteries, electric vehicles etc.

Ques14: Discuss the various types of primary

batteries.

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Ans:

 Alkaline batteries

This type of battery drives the energy by a reaction of zinc metal and
manganese oxide and we named it an alkaline battery because instead of
using an acidic electrolyte, we use an alkaline electrolyte like potassium
hydroxide (KOH).
Advantages
More life

Small in size

Highly efficient

 Dry cell

This is another type of primary battery and most of the us used it in our
toys and TV remote control but these batteries are now getting replaced
by alkaline batteries because of their high lifetime.
The dry cell is named after its electrolyte type as we use the dry
electrolyte in it instead of liquid or wet electrolyte.

 Zinc carbon batteries

A zinc-carbon batteries provides a direct electric current from the

electrochemical reaction between zinc and manganese dioxide in the
presence of an electrolyte.These are found in appliances throughout the
home.

 Coin cell batteries

A coin-cell batteries a small single cell battery usually shaped as a squat

cylindrical in diameter to resemble a button.These types of batteries
have a separator that technicians contact and electrolyte between them,
and the control the flow of ions that create electricity.

They have a long service of life and are found in small portable devices
such as watches and pocket calculators.

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Ques15: Discuss the various types of secondary

batteries.

Ans:

Different type of rechargeable batteries that are

commonly used.

 Nickel-cadmium batteries
 The nickel-cadmium batteries is a type of rechargeable battery which
is developed using nickel oxide hydroxide and metallic cadmium as
electrodes.
 Ni-cd batteries excel at maintaining voltage and holding charge when
not in use.
 Ni-cd batteries offers good life in cycle and performance at low
temperature with the fair capacity.
 Lead-acid batteries
 Lead-acid batteries are a low-cost reliable power workhorse used in
heavy-duty application usually very large because of their weight.
 Lead-acid batteries have very low energy to volume and energy to
weight ratio but it has a relatively large power to weight ratio and as
a result, can supply huge surge currents and whenneeded.

Ques16: Enlist the various type of cables.

Ans:
There are various types of cables available today,
designed for applications ranging from
transmission to heavy industrial use.

 Non-metallic sheathed cable

These cables are also known as non-metallic building wire or NM

cable.They feature a flexible plastic jacket with two or four wires and a
bare wire for grounding.

 Underground feeder cable

 These cables are quite similar to NM cables, but instead of each wire
being individually wrapped in a thermoplastic, wires are grouped
together and embedded in flexible material.

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Page 166 of 166 ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

 Their are higher water-resistance makes them ideal for damp areas
like gardens as well as pumps.
 Metallic sheathed cable

Also known as armored or BX cables, metal-sheathed cables are often

used to supply mains electricity or for large appliances.They feature the
three plane standard copper wires (one wire for the current, one
grounded wire and one neutral wire) that are insulated with cross-linked
polyethylene, PVC bedding and black PVC sheathing.

SQues17: Discuss lightning protection system

components.

Ans:
A lightning protection system includes the following
parts.
 Air terminals:
 Air terminals are metal rods installed at every projecting high point
of a building.
 Strategic installation of rods on a structure ensures that thunderbolt
will strike the rods rather than another part of the building.
 Conductors:
 Conductors are made-up of copper clad steel or aluminum to
provide the connection between the air terminals and the earth to
direct the lightning strike deep into the earth where it can safely
disperse.
 Ground connections:
 Earthing rods, provide contact with the earth to securely dissipate
the lightning charge. The type of grounding connection may depend
on the resistivity of the surrounding soil.
 Bonding:
 Bonding involves branch conductors that offers protection against
side flashes by connecting metals objects with the grounding system.

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Disclaimer: Mentor Series is not officially affiliated with AKTU. All content is created to help students in their exam
preparation, collected from online resources or submitted by students. We are not responsible for any copyright
violations. If any content infringes your copyright, please email us at mentorzseries@gmail.com for immediate
removal.