by

Dr. Eng. Pribadi Mumpuni Adhi

▪ Dynamics : How and why do objects move?
▪ 3 Newton’s Law of motions

2
Hi, I’m Isaac
Newton.

3
Isaac Newton (1643 - 1727) published Principia
Mathematica in1687. He proposed 3 “laws” of motion:

1st Law: If no net force acts on a body (Fnet=0), the body’s

velocity cannot change; that is the body cannot
accelerate

2nd law: The net force on a body is equal to the product of

the body’s mass and its acceleration,
FNET =  F = ma

3rd law: When two bodies interact, the forces on the bodies
from each other are always equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction:
FA ,B = - FB ,A

4
▪ If no external force acts on a body, the body will
remain at rest or moves with the constant
velocity if observe from an inertial reference
frame, IRF.
▪ Definition of inertial reference frame
▪ an IRF is a reference that is not accelerating
relative to “fixed stars”.

6
▪ The bowling ball is more resistant to changes in its velocity, we
say it has greater inertia than the basketball.
▪ Mass is that property of an object that specifies how much
inertia the object has.
▪ The greater the mass of an object, the less that object
accelerates under the action of an applied force.
▪ Mass is an inherent property of an object and is
independent of the object’s surroundings and of the method
used to measure it
▪ Mass and weight are two different quantities.
▪ the weight of an object is equal to the magnitude of the
gravitational force exerted on the object and varies with
location

7
▪ Acceleration a from an object is proportional
with total force FNET acts on it.

▪ For any objects, FNET =  F = ma.

▪ this equation is a vector expression

▪ Unit of force is [M]x[L / T2] = kg m/s2 = N (Newton)

9
▪ What is force?
▪ A force has magnitude and direction (vector)
▪ Addition of force the same with addition of vector.

a
a
F1 FNET = ma
F1 FNET
F2
F2

10
▪ Components of F = ma :
FX = maX
FY = maY
FZ = maZ
▪ If we assume that m and FX is known, we can
solve aX and we can apply the kinematics
equation as we learn before.

1 2
x = x0 + v 0 x t + ax t
2
v x = v 0 x + ax t

11
▪ A skater is pushing a heavy box (mass m = 100 kg)
on ices (horizontal & without friction). He employs
50 N force in i direction. If at beginning a box was at
rest, determine the velocity v after it pushed 10m

v=0
F
m a

12
▪ A skater is pushing a heavy box (mass m = 100 kg)
on ices (horizontal & without friction). He applies 50
N force in i direction. If at beginning a box was at
rest, determine the velocity v after it pushed 10m

F
m a

i
d

13
▪ Start with F = ma.
▪ a = F / m.
▪ Remember v2 - v02 = 2a(x - x0 )

▪ Therefore v2 = 2Fd / m
2 Fd
v =
m
v

F
m a

i
d

14
 2 Fd
v=
m

▪ Applying F = 50 N, d = 10 m, m = 100 kg:

▪ We get v = 3.2 m/s.

F
m a

i
d

15
 FORCE AND ACCELERATION
▪ If force F is applied on mass m1 produces an
acceleration a1. The same force is applied on different
mass m2 produces acceleration a2 = 2a1.

m1 m2
F a1 F a2 = 2a1

❑ if m1 & m2 are combined and the same force F is acted on

this combination, What is the resultant of acceleration?

m1 m2
F a=?

(a) 2/3 a1 (b) 3/2 a1 (c) 3/4 a1

16
▪ Two bodies are said to interact when they push or
pull on each other.

▪ convention: Fa,b means “force on a by b”.

Fhead,thumb
▪ So that Fhead,thumb means “force on
head by thumb”.

19
▪ FA ,B = - FB ,A is true for contact force:

Fm,w Fw,m

Ff,m

Fm,f

20
▪ Since Fm,b = -Fb,m, why is not Fnet = 0 and a = 0 ?

Fm,b Fb,m
a ??

ice

21
▪ See only box as a system!
▪ Fon box = mabox = Fb,m
▪ Free body diagram

Fm,b Fb,m
abox

ice

22
EXAMPLE:
NEWTON’S 3RD LAW
▪ Two blocks are stacked on the ground. How many
action-reaction pairs of forces are present in this
system?

(a) 2
a
(b) 3

(c) 4
b

23
▪ Newton’s law expresses for a body,
F = ma.

▪ Keyword is a body.

▪ Therefore, before we apply F = ma on a

body, first we separate force that acting on
that body:

25
▪ See this case
▪ Determine the force that acted on plank ?

P = plank
F = floor FP,W
W = wall FW,P
E = earth
FP,F FP,E

FF,P
FE,P

26
▪ See this case
▪ Determine the force that acted on plank ?

Isolate the plank from FP,W

the rest of the world.
FW,P

FP,F FP,E

FF,P
FE,P

27
▪ Forces that acted on a plank have to describe their
condition...

FP,W

FP,F FP,E

28
▪ In this case lank is at rest...
▪ Of course no acceleration!
▪ since FNET = ma maka FNET = 0

FP,W

FP,W + FP,F + FP,E = 0

FP,F FP,E

▪ This is the basic idea of statics

29
 a box with mass m = 2 kg is sliding on the slippery
flat floor. A force Fx = 10 N pushes the box to positive
x-axis. Determine the acceleration of the box?
y
F = Fx i a =?
m x

30
▪ Describe all the forces

y
FB,F
F
x

FB,E
FF,B

FE,B

31
▪ Describe all the forces
▪ Separate the force that only acting on a
box

y
FB,F
F
x

FF,B FB,E =
mg
FE,B

32
▪ Describe all the forces
▪ Separate the force that only acting on a box
▪ Draw the free body diagram .

▪ Solve the Newton equation for each

components.
y
▪ FX = maX
▪ FB,F - mg = maY
x
FB,F
F

mg

33
▪ Describe all the forces
▪ Separate the force that only acting on a
box
▪ Draw the free body diagram y

FB,F x
F

mg

34
▪ FX = maX
▪ hence aX = FX / m = (10 N)/(2 kg) = 5 m/s2.

▪ FB,F - mg = maY
▪ however aY = 0
N y
▪ Therefore FB,F = mg. FX

▪ a vertical component of force from floor

mg
on a box(FB,F ) always called normal force (N).
▪ since aY = 0 , N = mg in this case.

35
 N = mg
FX y
a X = FX / m

x
mg

36
▪ Can pull object from distance.
▪ Tension (T) in some positions on a cord is
magnitude of force that acting on cord’s cross
section in that position..
▪ The force that we feel when we cut a rope and hold the
tip.
▪ Pair of action and reaction.
T

cut

T
T

37
▪ Pay attention on a horizontal of the cord of
the mass m:
▪ Draw the free body diagram (neglect the
gravitation).
m

T1 T2
a x

▪ Apply Newton’s 2nd law (in x direction):

FNET = T2 - T1 = ma

▪ Therefore, if m = 0 (mass less cord) then T1 = T2

38
▪ An ideal cord (no mass) has a constant tension
through out the cord.

T T
▪ If the cord has a mass, the tension may vary through
out the cord.
▪ E.g: a hanging heavy cord
T = Tg
T=0
▪ In many cases it was assumed that the cord has
no mass.

39
▪ The force direction that given by the cord is
through out the cord direction:

T
since ay = 0 (bos=x is not moving),

m T = mg

mg

40
 EXAMPLE: FISHING A BABY SHARK
▪ A baby shark is fished out from the ocean by using
a fishing cord that break off after the tension
reaches 180 N. The cord break off when shark
acceleration becomes 12.2 m/s2. Determine the
mass of the shark?

snap !

a = 12.2 m/s2
m=?

41
▪ Use to change the direction of the force.

▪ An ideal pulley has no mass or slippery peg will

change the direction of force without affect the its
magnitude :

F1
ideal peg | F1 | = | F2 |
or pulley
F2

43
▪ Use to change the direction of the force
▪ An ideal pulley has no mass or slippery peg will
change the direction of force without affect the its
magnitude :

FW,S = mg T

m T = mg

mg
44
EXAMPLE: FORCE AND ACCELERATION
▪ A box with the weight 4 N is hanged with a scale
that connect the rope. The scale then tied to the
wall and measure 4 N. What is the weight that
measure by the scale if the wall is changed by
another box with the same weight 4 N ?

m m m

(1) (2)

45
SOLUTION: FORCE AND ACCELERATION
T
▪ Draw the free body diagram
m T = mg
Apply Newton’s 2nd law
In y direction:
mg
a = 0 sin the box is at rest

FTOT = 0
T - mg = 0
T = mg = 4 N.

46
 SOLUTION: FORCE AND ACCELERATION

▪ Scale measure the tension that acting on the

rope, which is T = 4 N in both of case!

T T T T

T T T

m m m

47
▪ A hockey puck of mass 0.30 kg slides on the
horizontal, frictionless surface of an ice rink. Two
forces act on the puck, as shown in Figure. The force
F1 has a magnitude of 5.0 N, and the force F2 has a
magnitude of 8.0 N. Determine both the magnitude
and the direction of the puck’s acceleration.

48
50
▪Friction
▪ What is friction?
▪ How to identify?
▪ Friction model
▪ Static and Kinetic friction

▪Example of friction

52
▪How it works?
▪ Oppose the motion!
▪How to identify?
▪ Friction makes a force that direction is
opposite with the direction of the
body’s motion! j
N
FAPPLIED i
ma

fFRICTION
mg

53
▪ Friction caused by a “microscopic”
interaction between two surfaces :

54
▪The force acting with the opposite
direction of the motion:
▪ Parallel the surface.
▪ Perpendicular with Normal force.

N j

F i
ma

fF
mg

55
▪ Direction of friction vector is perpendicular with
normal force vector N.

▪ The magnitude of friction force|fF| is

proportional with the magnitude of normal
force|N |.

▪ |fF| = K | N |

▪ Something “heavier” give more friction.

▪ The constant K is called “coefficient of kinetic

friction.”
56
▪Dynamics:
i: F −ma
j: N = mg
KN = friction force
so F − Kmg = ma

N j

F i
ma

K mg
mg

57
EXAMPLE: FRICTION AND MOTION
▪ A box of mass m1 = 1.5 kg pulled parallel
with the rope which has tension T = 90 N. The
box is moving (k = 0.51) on the top surface
of the second box of mass m2 = 3 kg. The
second box is moving on the frictionless
floor.
▪ What is the acceleration of the second box ?

T m1 slides with friction (k=0.51 )

a=? m2 slides without friction

58
EXAMPLE: FRICTION AND MOTION …
▪ First draw the free body diagram box no1:

N1

T m1 f = KN1 = Km1g

m1g

59
EXAMPLE: FRICTION AND MOTION …
▪ Newton’s 3rd law said box 2 employ a force
on the box 1 with the same magnitude but
opposite direction with box 1 employ a
force on the box 2.
As mentioned in this chapter, this is a friction force :

m1 f1,2 = Km1g

f2,1 m2

60
EXAMPLE: FRICTION AND MOTION …
▪ Now look on free body diagram of box 2:

N2

f2,1 = km1g m2

m1g
m2g

61
EXAMPLE: FRICTION AND MOTION …
▪ Finally, solve F = ma in horizontal direction:

m1 1.5 kg
Km1g = m2a a= k g =  0.51  9.81 m s 2
m2 3 kg

a = 2.5 m/s2

f2,1 = Km1g m2

62
▪ Draw the free body diagram

ma
KN

j N 
mg


63
▪ See the components i and j from FNET = ma :

i mg sin  − KN = ma
j N = mg cos 
KN
ma
mg sin  − Kmg cos  = ma
j N 

a / g = sin  − Kcos 
mg 
mg cos 
i
mg sin 

64
▪ So far we only talk about the friction that acted
only when the body moves.

▪ We also know that the friction force also acts on

the system at rest, “static”.

▪ In these cases, the force that given by the friction

is depend on the force that given by the system.

N j

F i

fF
mg

65
▪As in the case of shift, otherwise a = 0.
i: F − fF = 0
j: N = mg

◼ Box in static condition: fF = F

N j

F i

fF
mg
66
▪ The maximum friction force that possible
between two bodies is fMAX = SN, where s is
called as“static friction coefficient.”
▪ therefore fF  S N.
▪ if F is increasing, fF will increase until fF = SN and
the body start to move.

N j

F i

fF
mg
67
▪ S can be found by increasing F till the box
start to move :
i: FMAX − SN = 0
j: N = mg

S = FMAX / mg
N j

FMAX i

Smg
mg
68
▪ Let’ see S on an inclined plane.

▪ In this case, the force that given by the friction

is depend on the angle of the plane .

69
▪ The force that given by the friction, fF , depend on .

fF
ma = 0 (box at rest)

mg sin  − ff = 
j N 
(2nd law of Newton through out x-axis)
mg


70
▪ We can find s by increasing the angle so that the
box moves:

mg sin  − ff = 
In this case:
ff = SN = Smg cos M
SN
j mg sin M − Smg cos M = 

N
M mg
 S = tan M
i

71
▪ since fF = N , friction force is not depend on
the total area of the contact surface.

▪ By definition, S > K is correct for any kind

of systems.

72
▪ Graphic between friction
force vs applied force:

FA

73
▪ A box of mass m is put on the truck. Static
friction coefficient between box & truck is
S. What is the maximum acceleration of
truck a so the box doesn’t shift?

m S

74
▪ Draw the free body diagram of box:
▪ Review the case when fF is maximum...
(i.e. if the acceleration is higher, the box will slip).

fF = SN mg

75
▪ Apply FNET = ma for i and j components
▪i SN = maMAX
▪j N = mg

aMAX = S g N

j
aMAX
i

fF = SN mg

76
A sled is on the surface of frozen pond and given a
constant initial velocity 20 m/s. If the train keeps
on the ice and slides 115m before it stops,
determine the friction coefficient between train
and ice.

77
▪ we found that a particle moving with uniform speed
v in a circular path of radius r experiences an
acceleration ar that has a magnitude

𝑣2
𝑎𝑟 =
𝑟

▪ The acceleration is called the centripetal acceleration

because ar is directed toward the center of the circle.
Furthermore, ar is always perpendicular to v

80
▪ Consider a ball of mass m that is tied to a string of
length r and is being whirled at constant speed in a
horizontal circular path, as illustrated
▪ Why does the ball move in a circle?
▪ Because of its inertia, the tendency of the ball is to
move in a straight line; however, the string
prevents motion along a straight line by exerting
on the ball a force that makes it follow the circular
path.

81
▪ If we apply Newton’s second law along the
radial direction, we find that the value of the
net force causing the centripetal acceleration
can be evaluated:

82
▪ If that force should vanish, the object would no
longer move in its circular path; instead, it would
move along a straight-line path tangent to the circle.
▪ This idea is illustrated in Figure below for the ball
whirling at the end of a string.

83
▪ A ball of mass 0.500 kg is attached to the end of a
cord 1.50 m long. The ball is whirled in a horizontal
circle as was shown in Figure. If the cord can
withstand a maximum tension of 50.0 N, what is the
maximum speed the ball can attain before the cord
breaks? Assume that the string remains horizontal
during the motion.

84
▪ A 1 500-kg car moving on a flat, horizontal road negotiates a
curve, as illustrated in Figure below. If the radius of the curve is
35.0 m and the coefficient of static friction between the tires
and dry pavement is 0.500, find the maximum speed the car
can have and still make the turn successfully.

86
A pilot of mass m in a jet aircraft executes a loop-the-loop, as
shown in Figure below. In this maneuver, the aircraft moves in a
vertical circle of radius 2.70 km at a constant speed of 225 m/s.
Determine the force exerted by the seat on the pilot (a) at the
bottom of the loop and (b) at the top of the loop. Express your
answers in terms of the weight of the pilot mg

89
▪ Draw the free body diagram at the bottom
and at the top

90