Lab 1: Introduction to SQL & Database Creation

OBJECTIVE: Create a new database and understand the basic structure of SQL.

SQL Query:
CREATE DATABASE CollegeDB;

USE CollegeDB;

CREATE TABLE Students (

Student_ID INT PRIMARY KEY,

Name VARCHAR(50),

Age INT,

Department VARCHAR(50)

);

OUTPUT: Database CollegeDB

Student_ID Name Age Department

Lab 2: Creating and Managing Tables

OBJECTIVE: Learn to define tables with constraints and data types.

SQL Query:
CREATE TABLE Courses (

Course_ID INT PRIMARY KEY,

Course_Name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,

Credits INT CHECK (Credits BETWEEN 1 AND 5)

);

INSERT INTO Courses(Course_ID, Course_Name, Credits)

VALUES(101,’CS’,4),
 (102, ‘Advanced Mathematics’,3),

(103, ‘Physics Principles’ ,5);

OUTPUT: Table Courses created with proper constraints.

Course_ID Course_Name Credits

101 CS 4
102 Advanced Mathematics 3
103 Physics Principles 5

Lab 3: Inserting and Retrieving Data using SELECT

OBJECTIVE: Perform INSERT and SELECT queries with different conditions.

SQL Query:
INSERT INTO Students VALUES (1, 'Alice', 20, 'CS');

INSERT INTO Students VALUES (2, 'Bob', 21, 'Math');

INSERT INTO Students VALUES (3, 'Charlie', 22, 'Physics');

SELECT * FROM Students;

SELECT * FROM Cources;

INSERT INTO Enrollments(Enrollment_ID, Student_ID, Course_ID,Enrollment_Date)

VALUES(1,1,101,’2024-06-01’),

(2,2,102,’2024-06-05’),

(3,3,103,’2024-06-15’);

SELECT * FROM Enrollments;

OUTPUT: Student Table

Student_ID Name Age Department

1 Alice 20 CS
2 Bob 22 Math
3 Charlie 23 Physics
Cources Table

Course_ID Course_Name Credits

 101 CS 4
102 Advanced Mathematics 3
103 Physics Principles 5
Enrollment Table

Enroll_ID Student_ID Course_ID Enrollment_Date

1 1 101 2024-06-01
2 2 102 2024-06-05
3 3 103 2024-06-15

Lab 4: Filtering Data with WHERE and LIKE

OBJECTIVE: Apply WHERE , LIKE , In, BETWEEN, and ORDER by clauses.

SQL Query:
-- Select students older than 21

SELECT * FROM Students

WHERE Age > 21;

-- Select students whose names start with 'A'

SELECT * FROM Students

WHERE Name LIKE 'A%';

);

-- Select enrollments between specific dates

SELECT * FROM Enrollments

WHERE EnrollmentDate BETWEEN '2024-06-01' AND '2024-06-10';

-- Display all students ordered by Age descending

SELECT * FROM Students

ORDER BY Age DESC;

OUTPUT:Students older than 21:

Student_ID Name Age Course

2 Bob 21+ Maths
3 Charlie 21+ Physics
Students with names starting with "A": Alice

Student_ID Name Age Course

1 Alice 20 CS
Enrollment between 2024-06-01 and 2024-06-15:

Enroll_ID Student_ID Cource_ID Enrollment_Date

1 1 101 2024-06-01
2 2 102 2024-06-05
3 3 103 2024-06-15
Student order by Age

Student_ID Name Age Course

3 Charlie 23 CS
2 Bob 22 Maths
1 Alice 20 Physics

Lab 5: Updating and Deleting Data

OBJECTIVE: Use UPDATE and DELETE queries efficiently.

SQL Query:
UPDATE Students SET Age = 24 WHERE Name = 'Charlie';

DELETE FROM Students WHERE Name = 'Bob';

SELECT * FROM Students;

OUTPUT:

Student_ID Name Age Department

1 Alice 20 CS
3 Charlie 24 Physics

Lab 6: Applying Constraints

OBJECTIVE: Understand and apply various SQL constraints: NOT NULL, UNIQUE , CHECK , PRIMARY KEY ,
FOREIGN KEY.

SQL Query:
CREATE TABLE Faculty(
 Faculty_ID INT PRIMARY KEY,

Name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,

Department VARCHAR(50) ,

Email VARCHAR(100) UNIQUE,

Salary DECIMAL(10,2) CHECK (Salary>=30000)

);

-- Inserting valid data

INSERT INTO Faculty (Faculty_ID, Name, Department, Email, Salary) VALUES

(1, 'Dr. Mehta', 'Computer Science', 'mehta@example.com', 55000),

(2, 'Dr. Sharma', 'Mathematics', 'sharma@example.com', 48000),

(3, 'Dr. Khan', 'Physics', 'khan@example.com', 60000);

OUTPUT: Facult y Table

Faculty_ID Name Department Email Salary

1 Dr. Mehta CS Mehta@gmail.com 55000.00
2 Dr. Sharma Maths Sharma@gmail.co 48000.00
m
3 Dr. Khan Physics khan@gmail.com 60000.00

Lab 7: Sorting and Aggregate Functions

OBJECTIVE: Use SQL aggregate functions ( Count() , Sum() , AVG() , MAX() and MIN() ) .

SQL Query:
SELECT

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Students;

SELECT AVG(Age) FROM Students;

SELECT MAX(Age) FROM Students;

OUTPUT:

COUNT
 Total Students
3
AVG

Average of Student(Age)
22
MAX

Maximum Age
24
Min

Minimum Age
20

Lab 8: Joins in SQL

OBJECTIVE : Understand and use different types of SQL joins to combine data from multiple tables.

SQL Query:
SELECT s.Name, c.CourseName

FROM Students s

JOIN Enrollments e ON s.Student_ID = e.Student_ID

JOIN Courses c ON e.Course_ID = c.Course_ID;

OUTPUT: List of students and their enrolled course

Student-ID Name Course Name Enrollment_Date

1 Alice CS 2024-06-01
2 Bob Advanced Mathematics 2024-06-05
3 Charlie Physics Priciples 2024-06-15

Lab 9: Subqueries and Nested Queries

OBJECTIVE: Use Subqueries to perform advanced data retrieval operations in SQL.

SQL Query:
SELECT Name FROM Students
WHERE Student_ID IN (

SELECT Student_ID FROM Enrollments WHERE Grade = 'A'

);

OUTPUT: Students who received grade "A".

Name
Alice
Bob
Charlie

Lab 10: Creating Views for Complex Queries

OBJECTIVE: Learn how to create and use SQL views to simplify complex queries and enhance reusability
and security.

SQL Query:
CREATE VIEW StudentCourseView AS

SELECT s.Name, c.CourseName, e.Grade

FROM Students s

JOIN Enrollments e ON s.Student_ID = e.Student_ID

JOIN Courses c ON e.Course_ID = c.Course_ID;

SELECT * FROM StudentCourseView;

OUTPUT:

Returns Student names, courses, and grades.

Name Course_Name Grade

Alice Maths A
Alice CS B
Bob Physics A
Bob Maths C
Charlie CS A
Lab 11: Stored Procedures and Functions
OBJECTIVE: Create reusable SQL stored procedures and user-defined functions for modular code.

SQL Query (SQL Server):

CREATE PROCEDURE GetStudentDetails

AS

BEGIN

SELECT * FROM Students;

END;

EXEC GetStudentDetails;

OUTPUT: Returns all student records.

Student_ID Name Age Grade

1 Alice 20 A
2 Bob 22 C
3 Charlie 24 A

Lab 12: Transactions and Rollback Mechanism

OBJECTIVE: Understand how to use BEGIN TRANSACTION, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK in SQL to ensure data
consistency.

SQL Query:
BEGIN TRANSACTION;

DELETE FROM Students WHERE Student_ID = 1;

ROLLBACK;

SELECT * FROM Students;

OUTPUT:

Student_ID Name Age Department Grade

2 Bob 22 Physics ‘A’
3 Charlie 24 CS ‘A’
Lab 13: Indexing for Performance Optimization
OBJECTIVE: Learn about indexes and their impact on query performance.

SQL Query:

CREATE INDEX idx_name ON Students(Name);

OUTPUT:

Index Name
1 Alice
2 Bob
3 Charlie

Lab 14: Triggers in SQL

OBJECTIVE: Create and message SQL triggers to automate tasks.

SQL Query (MySQL-style):

CREATE TABLE LogTable (Message VARCHAR(100));

CREATE TRIGGER after_student_insert

AFTER INSERT ON Students

FOR EACH ROW

BEGIN

INSERT INTO LogTable VALUES ('Student record inserted');

END;

OUTPUT:

Message
Student record inserted
Lab 15: Backup and Restore Databases
OBJECTIVE: Learn how to take database backups and restore them .

SQL Query (MySQL example):

-- Backup:

mysqldump -u root -p CollegeDB > CollegeDB_backup.sql;

-- Restore:

mysql -u root -p CollegeDB < CollegeDB_backup.sql;

OUTPUT:

Database backup and restored successfully.