Enthalpy

1. In an experiment to find the enthalpy change for the reaction

Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
a student was given the following list of instructions:
• weigh out 5.0 g of zinc powder into a weighing bottle
• use a measuring cylinder to transfer 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm–3 aqueous copper(II) sulphate into a polystyrene cup, firmly held in a
250 cm3 beaker
• stir the solution with the thermometer and record the temperature to the nearest 0.5 °C
• continue to stir the solution, recording its temperature every minute
• at exactly 3.5 minutes, add the zinc powder to the aqueous copper(II) sulphate, stirring continuously
• record the temperature of the solution every minute from 4.0 to 9.0 minutes.
The temperature readings obtained are shown in the table below.
Time/min 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
Temperature/°C 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 63.0 60.5 59.0 57.0 55.5 53
(a) (i) Plot a graph of temperature against time on the grid below.

(2)
(ii) Use the graph to calculate the maximum temperature change, ΔT. Show clearly on the graph how you obtained your answer.
ΔT = ...................................................................................................°C
(2)
(iii) Give ONE reason why a series of temperature readings is obtained instead of just the starting and maximum temperatures.
(1)
(b) (i) Calculate the heat change, in joules. The specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.2 J g–1°C–1.
(1)
(ii) What assumption have you made about the solution in your calculation in (i)?
(1)
(iii) Calculate the amount (moles) of copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4, in 50 cm3 of a 1.0 mol dm–3 solution.
(1)
(iv) Calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction in kJ mol–1.
(2)
2. A student carried out an experiment to find the concentration of a solution of nitric acid and also its enthalpy of neutralisation.
• The solutions of nitric acid and sodium hydroxide were allowed to reach the same temperature.
• 50.0 cm3 of the nitric acid was pipetted into a polystyrene cup.

1
• A burette was filled with a solution of 2.0 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH.
• The initial temperature of the acid was recorded.
• The sodium hydroxide was added to the acid in 5.0 cm3 portions.
• After each addition, the mixture was stirred and the maximum temperature recorded.
• This was repeated until 45 cm3 of the sodium hydroxide solution had been added.
The temperature readings obtained are shown in the table below.
Temperature/°C 18 19.8 21.6 23.2 25.0 26.8 27.2 27.0 26.8 26.6
Volume of NaOH sln. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

(a) Plot a graph of temperature against volume on the grid by drawing two intersecting straight lines of best fit. (1)
(b) The point where the lines cross represents the neutralisation of the nitric acid by the sodium hydroxide solution.
Use the graph to find:
(i) the volume of 2.0 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH, that reacts exactly with the 50 cm 3 of the nitric acid. (1)
(ii) the maximum temperature change, ΔT, in the reaction. (1)
(c) The information in (b)(i) and the equation below can be used to calculate the concentration of the nitric acid.
NaOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) → NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
(i) Calculate the amount (moles) of sodium hydroxide used to neutralise the 50 cm3 of nitric acid. (1)
(ii) Write the amount (moles) of nitric acid in 50.0 cm3 of the solution. (1)
(iii) Hence calculate the concentration of nitric acid, HNO3, in mol dm–3. (2)
(d) (i) Use the data from (b) to calculate the heat change for this reaction. The density of the mixture produced at neutralisation is
1.0 gcm–3 and the specific heat capacity of the mixture is 4.2 J g–1°C–1.
Heat change = mass × specific heat capacity × ΔT (2)
(ii) Use your answer from (d)(i) and (c)(iii) to calculate the enthalpy of neutralization per mole of nitric acid, HNO 3. Include a sign and
units with your answer. (3)
(e) The enthalpy of neutralisation found by this method may be less exothermic than the data book value because of heat loss.
Suggest ONE way to reduce the error due to heat loss. (1)
3. The first stage in the production of nitric acid is the oxidation of ammonia.
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g ) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) ΔH = –910 kJ mol–1
Complete the table to show what effect, if any, each of the changes in conditions will have on the position of equilibrium and on
the rate at which equilibrium is reached.

Change in conditions Effect on position of Effect on rate at which

equilibrium equilibrium is reached
Increasing the Temperature
Increasing the pressure
Adding a catalyst

2
 (6)
4. (a) Pentane is hydrocarbon , which is a liquid at room temperature. An experiment was carried out, using the apparatus below,
to estimate the standard enthalpy change of combustion of pentane.

After burning the methanol for a few minutes, the temperature of water in the beaker had risen by 30 °C and the mass of methanol
burnt was 0.36 g.
(i) Calculate the amount of energy transferred to the water.
Energy transferred (J) = mass of water × 4.2 × temperature change
(2)
(ii) Calculate the relative formula mass of C5H12. .
(1)
(iii) Calculate the number of moles of methanol, C5H12 burnt during the experiment.
(1)
(iv) calculate the experimental value for the standard enthalpy combustion in one mole , which should be given to three significant
figures.
(1)
(b) The following equation represents the complete combustion of pentane.
C5H12 + 8O2 → 5CO2 + 6 H2O
Following table shows bond dissociation energy
Bond Bond dissociation energy in/KJ
C ̶ C 346
C ̶ H 413
O =O 497
C =O 740
H ̶ O 463

(i) Use the table to find out the complete combustion of enthalpy change ( ΔH)
(4)
(ii) Suggest a reason why the answers a (iv) and b (i) are different.
(1)
5. When ethanol is burnt in oxygen, the reaction represented by the following equation occurs.

Some average bond dissociation energies are given in the table below.

Type of bond Average bond dissociation energy/KJ mol -1

C C 350
C H 410
C O 360
O H 460
O O 495
C O 745
(i) Calculate the total energy needed to break all the bond in the reactant molecules. (2)

(ii) ) Calculate the total energy released when the bonds are formed in the product molecules. (2)

(iii) Hence calculate the enthalpy change ΔH for the combustion 1 mole of ethanol. (1)

3
6.Consider the formation of nitrogen monoxide , using the reversible reaction.

N2(g) + O2 (g) 2NO (g) ΔH = + 180 KJ/mol-1

In order to obtain the maximum yield of nitrogen monoxide at equilibrium it is necessary to control the conditions very carefully.
(i) State with a reason, whether a high or low temperature should be used.

Temperature_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Reason______________________________________________________________________________________________________
(ii) State with reason, what effect, if any an increase in pressure would have on the equilibrium yield.

Effect of an increase in
pressure_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Reason______________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2)
(iii) State with reason, what effect, if any an increase in pressure would have on the rate of reaction.

Effect of an increase in
pressure_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Reason______________________________________________________________________________________________________
(3)
7.The following equation represents an industrial process for making methanol
CO2(g) + 3H2(g) CH3OH (g) + H2 (g) ΔH= -49KJ/mol-1
State what effect, if any, each of the following actions will have on the equilibrium position and on the rate at which equilibrium is
reached.
Action Effect on position of Effect on rate at which
equilibrium equilibrium is reached
Increasing the Temperature
Increasing the pressure
Adding a catalyst
(6)
8. Some average bond dissociation energies are given below.

Type of bond Average bond dissociation energy/KJ mol -1

C−C 350
C−H 410
C−Br 275
Br−Br 195
C=C 610
The reaction between an unsaturated molecule and bromine is shown in the equation below.

(i) Calculate the total energy needed to break the entire bond in the reactant molecules. (2)

(ii) ) Calculate the total energy released when the bonds are formed in the product molecules.

(iii) Hence calculate the enthalpy change ΔH for the reaction. (1)

9. The manufacture sulphuric acid is based on the equilibrium reaction

State and explain the effects of following on the equilibrium position:

4
(i) an increase of temperature (2)

ii) an increase in pressure; (2)

10. Methanol, CH3OH, can be made industrially by the following reactions.

Reaction 1 : methane is reacted with steam to form carbon monoxide and hydrogen

CH4 (g) + H2O (g) CO (g) + 3H2 (g) ΔH = +205 KJ/mol

Reaction 2 : hydrogen is reacted with carbon monoxide to form methanol

CO (g) + 2H2 (g) CH3OH (g) ΔH = - 90 KJ/mol

(i) What is meant by ΔH = +205 KJ/mol? (1)

(ii) State, with a reason, which reaction would give a higher yield of product at a low temperature. What problem might occur if a
low temperature was used and how could it be overcome? (2)
(iii) State, with a reason, which reaction would give a better yield of product at high pressure. Suggest one disadvantage of using
high pressure in industrial process. (2)

11. Ethyne burns completely in air according to the following equation.

2C2H2 + 5O2 → 4CO2 + 2H2O

The following table contains some average bond dissociation energies.
Bond Dissociation energy KJ/mol-1
C ≡C 838
C −H 413
C= O 805
H −O 464
O= O 498
Use this information to find the total amount of energy needed to break all the bonds, and the total amount of energy released
when the new bonds are formed. From these values calculate ΔH for the complete combustion ethyne. (2)

12. An experiment was performed to investigate the enthalpy change when iron filings are added to copper(II) sulphate solution. 5.0
mol dm-1 in a polystyrene cup and the mixture was stirred. The rise in temperature was 24.0 OC.

(a) If it is assumed that the mass of the copper (II) sulphate solution is 50.0 g, it is possible to calculate the energy change by using
the formula.

Energy change (KJ) = mass of solution (kg) X 4.2X rise in temperature ( OC)

(i) Calculate the energy change for the amounts of reactants in the cup.
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of copper(II) sulphate in 50.0 cm3 of the solution and hence calculate the energy change
per mole of copper(II) sulphate.

Moles of copper (II) sulphate___________________________________________________________________________________

Energy change per mole _______________________________________________________________________________________

(iii) Enthalpy change for the reaction (ΔH) = KJ mlo-1

(2)
(b) (i) Write the ionic equation for the reaction, including state symbols.
(ii) Explain, in terms of electron transfer, why this is redox reaction. (1)
13. Hydrogen has many industrial uses. One possible way to manufacture hydrogen involves the reversible reaction between
methane and steam.
CH4(g) + H2O(g) → CO(g) + 3H2(g) H = +210 kJ / mol

5
The reaction is carried out in the presence of a nickel catalyst. The conditions used are 30 atmospheres pressure and a temperature
of 750 °C.
(a) If the temperature of the reaction mixture is increased to 900 °C, explain what happens to the position of equilibrium.
(2)
(b) If the pressure of the reaction mixture is increased to 50 atmospheres explain, in terms of collisions between reacting particles,
what happens to the speed of the forward reaction. (2)
(c) Explain the advantages of using a catalyst in this manufacture of hydrogen. (2)
(d) In the reaction, 210 kJ of heat energy is used to form 3.0 moles of hydrogen. Calculate how much heat energy is needed to make
1000 kg of hydrogen.
heat energy = kJ (2)
......................................................................................................................................................................

14. Hydrogen reacts with chlorine to make hydrogen chloride. The reaction is exothermic. The reaction can be represented by the
equation below.
H –– H + Cl –– Cl → H –– Cl + H –– Cl ΔH = –184 kJ/mol
(a) A mixture of 2.5 g of hydrogen and 142 g of chlorine is allowed to react.
(i) Which gas, hydrogen or chlorine, is in excess? Explain your answer.
(ii) Calculate the energy released when 2.5 g of hydrogen reacts completely with chlorine gas. (3)
(b) Explain why the reaction is exothermic, in terms of the energy changes that take place during bond breaking and bond making.
(3)
(c) Draw a ‘dot and cross’ diagram to show the bonding in hydrogen chloride. You only need to draw the outer (valence) electrons of
chlorine. (2)
(d) Nitrogen reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen(II) oxide. The energy profile diagram for the reaction is shown below.

(i) Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic? Explain your answer.

(ii) Label on the diagram the activation energy for the reaction.
15. A group of students planned an experiment to find the temperature rise in a neutralisation reaction. This is their method.
• Use a measuring cylinder to add 25 cm3 of an alkali to a 100 cm3 beaker
• Record the temperature of the alkali
• Use a burette to add an acid to the alkali in 5.0 cm3 portions
• Record the temperature of the mixture after adding each portion of acid
• Stop the experiment when the neutralisation is complete
(a) The teacher asked the students about their method. Suggest an answer to each of her questions.
(i) Why would it be better to use a pipette instead of a measuring cylinder?
(1)
(ii) It would be better if a polystyrene cup were used instead of a beaker. What property of polystyrene makes this an improvement?
(1)
(iii) What extra step should there be between adding each portion of acid and measuring the temperature?
(1)
(iv) How would you know when the neutralisation was complete?
(1)
(b) The diagrams show the readings on the thermometer before and after one of the students added a portion of acid.

Write down the thermometer readings and calculate the temperature change.

6
Temperature before adding acid ....................................................................................................°C
Temperature after adding acid .........................................................................................................°C
Temperature change ...................................................................................................................................°C (3)

(c) One student obtained these results from an experiment in which she added a total of 40.0 cm3 of hydrochloric acid to 25 cm3 of
sodium hydroxide solution.
Volume of acid in cm3 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
Temperature in °C 21.0 22.3 24.4 26.2 27.8 27.8 27.5 26.7 26.2
(i) Plot a graph of these results on the grid below. Draw a straight line of best fit through the first five points and another straight line
of best fit through the last four points. Make sure that the two lines cross.

(4)

(ii) The point where the lines cross indicates the volume of acid needed to exactly neutralise the alkali, and also the maximum
temperature reached. Use your graph to record these values.

Volume of acid ......................................................................................................................... cm3

Maximum temperature ..................................................................................................°C (2)

(d) A second student used the same method and found that 30.0 cm 3 of acid were needed to neutralise 25 cm3 of alkali.
He obtained a temperature rise of 5.5 °C in his experiment.
Calculate the heat energy change in this experiment using the expression:
Heat energy change = total volume of mixture X 4.2 X temperature change
Heat energy change = .................................................................................................. J
(2)
(e) A third student calculated that the heat energy change in her experiment was 1800 J. This heat energy was released by the
neutralisation of 25 cm3 of 1.50 mol/dm3 sodium hydroxide solution.
(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of sodium hydroxide neutralised.
Amount = .................................................................................................. mol
(2)

(ii) Calculate the molar enthalpy change, in kJ/mol, for the neutralisation of sodium hydroxide.

Molar enthalpy change = ................................................................................................... kJ/mol

(2)

16. The equation for a reaction that occurs in the manufacture of nitric acid is
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) ∆H = −900 kJ/mol

7
(a) (i) State the meanings of the symbols and ∆ H.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
∆H _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2)
(ii) What does the negative sign of ∆H indicate about the reaction? (1)
(b) Complete the energy level diagram for this reaction.

(2)

(c) Typical conditions used for this reaction are a temperature of 900 °C and a pressure of 10 atmospheres.

Deduce the effects of changing the conditions as shown in the table. Choose from the words increased, decreased or unchanged to
complete the table.

Change Effect on rate of reaction Effect on yield of products

increase in temperature

addition of catalys

(4)

(d) A manufacturer considers using a pressure of 5 atm instead of 10 atm.

(i) Predict and explain the effect on the rate of reaction of changing the pressure to 5 atm.

Effect on rate of reaction _______________________________________________________________________________________

Explanation__________________________________________________________________________________________________

(2)
(ii) Predict and explain the effect on the position of equilibrium of changing the pressure to 5 atm.
Effect on position of
equilibrium___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Explanation __________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2)
(e) Balance the equation that represents the last stage in the manufacture of nitric acid.
....................NO2 + ....................O2 + ....................H2O → ....................HNO3
(1)
17.Some chemical reactions reach equilibrium under a given set of conditions. Consider the reaction represented below.
A2 (g) + B2 (g) 2AB (g) ∆H is negative
(i) State with a reason what effect, if any, an increase in temperature would have on the position of equilibrium.
(2)

(ii) State with a reason what effect, if any, an increase in pressure would have on the position of equilibrium.
(2)

8
(iii) State with a reason what effect, if any, an increase in pressure would have on the rate of reaction.
(2)
18. Propanone, C3H6O, undergoes complete combustion to form carbon dioxide and water.
C3H6O(l) + 4O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
In an experiment to calculate the enthalpy change of combustion for propanone, 2.90 g of propanone was burned completely in
oxygen. The heat energy from this combustion raised the temperature of 200 g of water from20.2 °C to 78.4 °C.
The specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 J g–1°C–1.
(i) Calculate the number of moles of propanone present in 2.90 g. [The molar mass of propanone is 58 g mol–1.]
(1)
(ii) Use the expression
energy transferred (J) = mass × specific heat capacity × temperature change
To calculate the heat energy transferred to raise the temperature of 200 g of water from 20.2 °C to 78.4 °C. (2)
(iii) Use your answers to (a)(i) and (ii) to calculate a value for the enthalpy change of combustion of propanone. Give your answer to
three significant figures and include a sign and units. (3)
19. The reactivity of metals can be studied using displacement reactions. In these reactions, one metal is added to a solution of a salt
of a different metal. If a displacement reaction occurs, there is a temperature rise. A student used the following method in a series
of experiments.
• Pour some metal salt solution into a polystyrene cup supported in a glass beaker and record the temperature of the
solution.
• Add a known mass of a metal and stir.
• Record the maximum temperature of the mixture.
(a) Suggest three variables that should be kept the same for the student’s experiments to be a fair test.
1___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(3)
(b) The student used a thermometer to measure the temperature rise. The diagrams show the thermometer readings before and
after adding the metal.

Use the diagrams to complete the table.

Temperature after adding the metal in oC

Temperature before adding the metal in oC
Temperature change in oC
(3)
(c) The student used copper(II) sulfate solution in all her experiments. She used five different metals. She did not know the identity
of the metal labelled X. The student did each experiment twice. The table shows her results.
Metal Temperature rise in °C Average temperature rise in °C
Run 1 Run 2

magnesium 10.5 15.5 13.0

silver 0.0 0.0 0.0
iron 3.5 4.5 4.0
X 0.0 0.0 0.0
zinc 8.0 9.0 8.5

(i) Which of the metals gave the least reliable temperature rise? Explain your choice.

9
Metal _______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Explanation __________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2)
(ii) Identify the most reactive of the metals used. Explain how the results show that it is the most reactive.
Metal_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Explanation__________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2)
(iii) Why is there no temperature rise when silver is added to copper(II) sulfate solution?
(1)
(iv) Why do the results make it impossible to decide which of the metals is the least reactive?
(1)
(d) A word equation for one of the reactions is
zinc + copper(II) sulfate → copper + zinc sulfate
Write a chemical equation for this reaction.
(1)
20. A teacher asked her students to suggest some experiments that could be done using chemicals found in the home. One student
planned an experiment to measure the temperature change when baking soda is added to vinegar.

She wrote this plan.

• pour 100 cm3 of vinegar into a polystyrene cup

• weigh out five separate 1 g portions of baking soda
• measure the temperature of the vinegar
• add 1 g of baking soda to the vinegar and stir
• record the new temperature
• add the other portions of baking soda, stirring and recording the temperature after each portion is added

The graph shows her results.

(a) The student said that the reaction in her experiment was not complete. How does the graph support her statement?
(1)
. (b) The student used a polystyrene cup rather than a glass beaker. Why is it better to use a polystyrene cup?
(1)
(c) Vinegar contains ethanoic acid. Baking soda contains sodium hydrogencarbonate. The student found this equation for the
reaction:
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
(i) There is no colour change during this reaction. Suggest one observation, other than the change in temperature, that could be
made during the reaction. (1)
(ii) The compound CH3COOH is an acid and the compound CH3COONa is a salt. The graph shows that the temperature goes down
during the reaction. Use this information to state the two types of reaction occurring.

1. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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2. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2)
(d) (i) Complete the energy level diagram by showing the products of the reaction.

Energy CH3COOH + NaHCO3

(1)

(ii) Label the diagram to show the energy change, ∆H, for the reaction. (1)

(e) The student repeated the experiment using the same method with a different sample of vinegar. She recorded these results.
Volume of vinegar = 100 cm3
Mass of baking soda = 5.0 g
Temperature at start = 18.7 °C
Temperature at end = 13.2 °C
(i) Calculate the heat energy change in this experiment using the expression
heat energy change = volume of vinegar × 4.2 × temperature change
Heat energy change = ............................ J (2)
(ii) The student wanted to calculate the amount, in moles, of ethanoic acid in the vinegar. Apart from the volume of vinegar, what
other information would she need to be able to calculate the amount of ethanoic acid? (1)

21. The Haber process is used to convert nitrogen and hydrogen into ammonia.
(a) Which raw material is the source of the nitrogen? (1)
(b) The hydrogen for this process is obtained using reactions 1 and 2
Reaction 1 CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g) ∆H = +210 kJ mol–1
Reaction 2 CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g) ∆H = –42 kJ mol–1
(i) Predict what will happen to the equilibrium position in reaction 1 when the pressure is increased. Give a reason for your
prediction.
Prediction ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Reason ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2)
(ii) Predict what will happen to the equilibrium position in reaction 2 when the temperature is increased. Give a reason for your
prediction.
Prediction ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Reason ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2)
(c) Predict what will happen to the rate of reaction 1 when the pressure and temperature are increased.
(2)
Effect of increased pressure Prediction _______________________________________________________________________
Reason ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Effect of increased temperature Prediction _________________________________________________________________________
Reason ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
(d) Some of the ammonia from the Haber process is made into fertilisers such as ammonium nitrate. The equation for the formation
of ammonium nitrate is

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 NH3 + HNO3 → NH4NO3

A manufacturer makes a batch of 40 kg of ammonium nitrate.

(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of NH4NO3 in 40 kg of ammonium nitrate.

Amount of NH4NO3 ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... mol
(2)
(ii) Deduce the amount, in moles, of ammonia needed to make this amount of ammonium nitrate.
(1)
Amount of ammonia ......................................................................................................................................................................... mol
(iii) Calculate the mass, in kg, of ammonia needed.
(2)
Mass of ammonia .................................................................................................................................................................................. kg
(e) The manufacturer also produces fertilisers that are labelled NPK. Suggest the names of two elements, other than nitrogen, that
are likely to be present in NPK fertilisers. (1)

..................................................................................................................................................... and ...............................................................................................................................................

22. Ammonia (NH3) can be made by reacting nitrogen and hydrogen, in the presence of an iron catalyst, according to the equation

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) ∆H = –92 kJ/mol

The reaction is reversible and the reaction mixture can, if left for long enough, reach a position of dynamic equilibrium. The graph
shows how the percentage of ammonia at equilibrium depends on the temperature and pressure used.

(a) State two features of a reaction mixture that is in dynamic equilibrium.

1. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2)
(b) (i) Use the graph to state the effect on the percentage of ammonia at equilibrium of the following changes

• an increase in temperature at constant pressure

• an increase inpressure at constant temperature.

Write your answers in the table.

Effect on percentage of ammonia at equilibrium
increase in temperature
increase in pressure
(2)

(ii) Explain why these changes have the effects you have given in (b)(i).

Increase in temperature________________________________________________________________________________________

12
Increase in pressure.___________________________________________________________________________________________

(2)
(c) The reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen is used to manufacture ammonia in the Haber process. This process operates at a
pressure of 200 atmospheres and a temperature of 450°C, with an iron catalyst. If the reaction mixture reached a position of
equilibrium, the expected yield of ammonia would be about 30%. The actual yield of ammonia obtained in the Haber process is
about 15%.

(i) Suggest why the actual yield of ammonia is lower than the expected yield. (1)

(ii) How is the ammonia separated from the unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen? (2)

(iii) What happens to the unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen? (1)

(d) The reaction would be faster if a higher temperature were used. Suggest why a higher temperature is not used in the Haber
process. (1)

(e) The equation for the formation of ammonia is

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of ammonia, that could be formed in the Haber process from 112 kilograms of nitrogen, assuming
all the nitrogen is converted into ammonia. (3)
Amount of ammonia =....................................................... mol

(ii) Only 15% of the nitrogen is converted into ammonia. Calculate the actual amount, in moles, of ammonia that is formed from 112
kilograms of nitrogen. (1)

Amount of ammonia =....................................................... mol

23. A student burned four liquid fuels in order to compare the amount of energy they released, in the form of heat. She used this
apparatus.

The energy released when each fuel was burned was used to raise the temperature of 100 g of water. For each fuel, the student
recorded the mass of fuel burned and the increase in temperature of the water. Her results are shown in the table.
Fuel Average relative Mass of fuel burned Amount of fuel burned Increase in temperature in
formula mass in g in mol °C
diesel 170 4 0.024 15
ethanol 46 3 0.065 10
methanol 32 2 0.063 5
petrol 114 1 0.009 4
The best fuel is the one that releases the most energy.

(a) The student suggested that petrol was the best fuel. Explain why, using the information in the table. (1)

(b) Another student suggested that diesel was the best fuel. Explain why, using the information in the table. (1)

(c) In another experiment, a student burned propanol and then used his results to calculate the energy released when one mole of
propanol was burned. He then compared his result with a value from a data book.

13
The values are shown in the table.
Energy released per mole of propanol burned in kJ
Student’s result 1020
Data book value 2010
Suggest two reasons why the student’s result is lower than the data book value.
1. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2)
(d) The diagram shows the energy profile for burning a fuel.

Which of the energy changes A, B or C represents

• the activation energy for the reaction
• the amount of energy given out during the reaction
Activation energy = ____________________________________________________________________________________________

Energy released = _____________________________________________________________________________________________

(2)
(e) Explain, in terms of bond breaking and bond making, why this reaction gives out energy. (3)
24. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a brown gas.
Dinitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4) is a colourless gas.
The two gases can exist together in dynamic equilibrium according to the equation

2NO2(g) N2O4(g) ∆H = –58kJ/mol

A mixture of nitrogen dioxide gas and dinitrogen tetraoxide gas is allowed to reach equilibrium in a sealed container at 20°C. This
equilibrium mixture is brown in colour.

(a) The sealed container is immersed in hot water at 60 °C. As the temperature of the gas mixture increases, the pressure of the gas
mixture also increases.

(i) Predict the effect of the increase in temperature on the position of equilibrium. (1)
(ii) Predict the effect of the increase in pressure on the position of equilibrium. (1)
(iii) Suggest why it is difficult to predict which way the equilibrium will shift. (1)
(b) Suggest why the equilibrium mixture is a darker shade of brown at 60°C than the equilibrium mixture at 20°C. (2)
25. A student investigates the temperature rise of water in a copper can placed above a spirit burner containing a flammable liquid.
The diagram shows the apparatus he uses.

14
This is the student’s method.
• place 200 g of water in the copper can and record the temperature of the water
• weigh the spirit burner containing the flammable liquid
• place the spirit burner underneath the copper can and light the burner
• after two minutes extinguish the flame and record the maximum temperature of the water
• reweigh the spirit burner containing the remaining flammable liquid
(a) State whether each of the changes listed in the table would increase, decrease or have no effect on the value of the maximum
temperature of the water.
Change Effect on the value of the maximum temperature
of the water
increasing the distance between the spirit burner and the copper can
using a thermometer with divisions at 0.2oC instead of 0.5oC
adding insulation to the side of the copper can
(3)
(b) In one experiment pentane was used as the flammable liquid. The calculated heat energy change was 51900 J.
In the experiment the mass of pentane burned was 1.88 g. The relative molecular mass of pentane is 72
Use this information to calculate the molar enthalpy change of combustion, in kJ/mol, of pentane.
molar enthalpy change = ................................................................ kJ/mol (3)

26. A student carries out an investigation into the reaction between magnesium carbonate and dilute sulfuric acid. He uses this
apparatus.

The student carries out seven experiments. In each experiment he uses the same mass of magnesium carbonate but a different
volume of acid. He measures the total volume of carbon dioxide collected in each experiment. The table shows his results.

Volume of sulfuric acid used in cm3 0 5 15 20 25 30 35 40

Volume of carbon dioxide collected in cm3 0 16 47 61 64 78 80 80
(a) Plot the results on the grid and draw a curve of best fit.

(3)
(b) (i) Which volume of sulfuric acid produces an anomalous result?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

15
 (1)
(ii) Explain what the results with 35 cm3 and 40 cm3 of sulfuric acid indicate about the reaction.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2)
(iii) Use the graph to find the volume of carbon dioxide that would be collected if 10 cm3 of acid were used.
volume of carbon dioxide = ................................................................ cm 3
(1)
3
(iv) Use the graph to find the volume of sulfuric acid that would result in 55 cm of carbon dioxide being collected.
volume of sulfuric acid = ................................................................ cm3
(1)
27. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and dinitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4) exist together in equilibrium.
2NO2(g) N2O4(g)
Brown colourless
(a) The gas syringe contains a sample of an equilibrium mixture of the two gases. The mixture is brown in colour.

The plunger is pulled out to reduce the pressure of the gaseous mixture. When the equilibrium is reached the mixture is darker in
colour. Explain this observation.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(3)
(b) (i) A sealed tube containing an equilibrium mixture of NO2 and N2O4 at room temperature is plunged into water at 0 °C. The
colour of the mixture changes from brown to pale yellow. Explain whether the forward reaction is exothermic or endothermic.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2)
(ii) In the forward reaction, a bond is formed between the two nitrogen dioxide molecules.
NO2 + NO2 → O2N–NO2
Explain whether this information supports your answer in (b)(i).
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(1)
28. Carbon monoxide and hydrogen are used in the manufacture of methanol (CH 3OH). The reaction is reversible and can reach a
position of dynamic equilibrium.
CO(g) + 2H2(g) →CH3OH(g) ∆H = –91 kJ/mol
The reaction is carried out at a pressure of about 100 atmospheres and a temperature of 250oC.
(a) State two features of a reaction that is in dynamic equilibrium.

1 __________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2)
(b) (i) How would a decrease in temperature at constant pressure affect the amount of methanol in the equilibrium mixture? Explain
your answer.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

16
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2)
(ii) How would an increase in pressure at constant temperature affect the amount of methanol in the equilibrium mixture? Explain
your answer.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2)
(c) Methanol (CH3OH) can be converted into methanal (H2CO).
A mixture of methanol and oxygen is passed over an iron oxide catalyst at 250 oC. Methanal and water are the only two products.

(i) Write a chemical equation for the conversion of methanol into methanal.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) What is meant by the term catalyst?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2)
(iii) Explain how a catalyst works.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) Methanol can be used in racing cars as an alternative fuel to petrol. Write the chemical equation for the complete combustion of
methanol.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2)
29. A student uses this apparatus to investigate the heat energy released when nitric acid is added to potassium hydroxide solution.

She uses this method.

• put 25.0 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution into the polystyrene cup
• measure the temperature of the potassium hydroxide solution
• add 5.00 cm3 of nitric acid from the burette
• stir the mixture and measure the highest temperature reached
• add further 5.00 cm3 samples of nitric acid, stir and measure the highest temperature reached after each addition
(a) Name the piece of apparatus that should be used to measure the 25.0 cm 3 of potassium hydroxide solution.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(1)
(b) The table shows the student’s results.

Total volume of acid added in cm3 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00
Highest temperature reached in °C 18.0 22.0 25.0 29.0 31.0 37.0 40.00

17
(i) The result for 20.00 cm3 of acid is anomalous. Suggest two possible mistakes, other than misreading the thermometer, that the
student might have made to produce the anomalous result.
1________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2)
(ii) Suggest a true value for the temperature when 20.00 cm3 of acid is added.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(1)
(c) In another experiment, the student records these results.
volume of potassium hydroxide solution 25.0 cm3
starting temperature of potassium hydroxide solution 16.0 °C
total volume of acid added 25.00 cm3
highest temperature reached by the mixture 35.0 °C
Calculate the heat energy released using the equation
Q = m × 4.18 × ΔT
Q = the heat energy released in J
m = mass of the mixture in g
ΔT = change in temperature in °C [assume mass of 1.00 cm3 of
the mixture is 1.00 g]
heat energy released = J
.................................................

(3)
30. A mixture of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen is known in industry as synthesis gas. Synthesis gas is converted to
methanol, CH3OH, by passing it over a heated solid catalyst. The equations for the two reactions are
Reaction 1 CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g) ΔH = –91 kJ/mol
Reaction 2 CO2(g) + 3H2(g) CH3OH(g) + H2O(g) ΔH = –49 kJ/mol
(a) Assume that both reactions reach a position of equilibrium.
(i) For reaction 1, predict whether using a high or a low temperature would produce the higher yield of methanol. Give a reason for
your choice.
prediction____________________________________________________________________________________________________
reason______________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) For reaction 2, predict whether using a high or a low pressure would produce the higher yield of methanol. Give a reason for
your choice.
prediction____________________________________________________________________________________________________
reason______________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(1)
(b) The catalyst increases the rate of both the forward reaction and the backward reaction. Suggest why the catalyst has no effect on
the position of equilibrium.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(1)
(c) Reaction 1 can be represented by a reaction profile diagram.

18
(i) Complete the profile by showing the products of the reaction and the enthalpy change, ΔH, for the reaction. (2)
(ii) Draw an arrow on the profile to represent the activation energy for the forward reaction. Label this arrow E. (1)
(iii) State the effect, if any, of the catalyst on the enthalpy change for the reaction.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(1)
31. Hydrogen iodide can be manufactured from its elements using this reaction.
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g) ΔH = –9 kJ/mol
A temperature of 500 °C, a pressure of 4 atm and a platinum catalyst are used in this manufacturing process.
(a) The diagram shows the reaction profile if a catalyst is not used.

(i) On the diagram, draw the reaction profile when a platinum catalyst is used. (1)
(ii) Label the diagram to show the enthalpy change (ΔH) and the activation energy (Ecat) for the reaction with the catalyst. (2)
(b) A manufacturer carries out this reaction using the same catalyst, a pressure of 4 atm, but a temperature of 400 °C.
(i) State the effect of this change in temperature on the rate of the reaction.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) Explain the effect of this change on the yield of hydrogen iodide.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2)
(c) The manufacturer then carries out this reaction using the same catalyst, a temperature of 500 °C, but a pressure of 2 atm.
(i) Suggest what effect this change in pressure would have on the rate of the reaction.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) Explain the effect of this change on the yield of hydrogen iodide.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(2)
32. Dinitrogen tetraoxide, N2O4, is a colourless gas. Nitrogen dioxide, NO2, is a brown gas.

The two gases can exist together in dynamic equilibrium according to the equation

N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)

19
(a) Explain what is meant by the term dynamic equilibrium.
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(2)
(b) Some N2O4 and some NO2 are put into a sealed gas syringe and allowed to form an equilibrium mixture.

This equilibrium mixture is brown.

(i) The pressure of the gas in the syringe is increased by pushing in the piston. The mixture is then allowed to reach a new
equilibrium at the same temperature as before. Explain why the new equilibrium mixture contains less NO2 than the original
equilibrium mixture.
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(2)
(ii) A student suggests that the new equilibrium mixture would be lighter in colour than the original equilibrium mixture, as there is
now less NO2 present. Suggest why the new equilibrium mixture is actually darker than the original.
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(1)
33. Hydrogen gas and iodine gas react together to form hydrogen iodide gas.

H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)

(a) (i) The pressure of an equilibrium mixture of the three gases is increased. Predict the effect of this change on the yield of
hydrogen iodide at equilibrium, giving a reason for your answer.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(2)
(ii) A catalyst is added to an equilibrium mixture of the three gases. Predict the effect of the catalyst on the yield of hydrogen iodide
at equilibrium, giving a reason for your answer.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(2)
(b) Hydrogen gas reacts with fluorine gas to form hydrogen fluoride gas.
H2(g) + F2(g) → 2HF(g)
The table gives some bond energies.
Bond Bond energy in kJ/mol
H−H 436
F−F 158
H−F 562

20
Use the equation and the data in the table to calculate the enthalpy change (ΔH) in kJ/mol, for the reaction. Include a sign in your
answer.

ΔH = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ/mol
(3)
(c) Draw an energy level diagram for the reaction between hydrogen and fluorine. Label the enthalpy change, ΔH.

(3)
(Total 10 marks)
34. A student investigates the reaction between solid hydrated sodium carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid.
(a) She uses this method to investigate the temperature change during the reaction.
Step 1 pour 25.0 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid into a polystyrene cup
Step 2 record the temperature of the dilute hydrochloric acid
Step 3 add 0.5 g of sodium carbonate and stir the mixture
Step 4 record the lowest temperature of the mixture
Step 5 add further 0.5 g portions of sodium carbonate, one portion at a time, stir the mixture and record the lowest
temperature each time
The table shows the student’s results.
Mass of sodium carbonate added in g Temperature in °C
0.0 17.0
0.5 15.6
1.0 14.1
1.5 13.0
2.0 12.9
2.5 12.2
3.0 11.8
3.5 11.5
4.0 11.2
4.5 11.0
5.0 11.0

(i) Plot the student’s results on the grid. (2)

(ii) Draw a curve of best fit, ignoring the anomalous result.

21
 (1)
(iii) Explain why it is better to use a polystyrene cup instead of a glass beaker in this experiment.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(2)
(iv) Suggest a reason for the anomalous result.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(1)
(v) State how the results show that all the dilute hydrochloric acid has reacted.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(1)
(vi) Use the results of the experiment to explain the type of reaction that occurs when sodium carbonate is added to dilute
hydrochloric acid.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(2)
(b) The student does another experiment using the same reaction. The diagram shows the student’s apparatus.

22
The mass on the balance decreases as carbon dioxide gas escapes.
(i) Give a reason for the cotton wool plug in the conical flask.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(1)
(ii) The student adds 2.12 g of sodium carbonate to an excess of dilute hydrochloric acid. The chemical equation for the reaction is
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Calculate the maximum mass, in g, of carbon dioxide formed in the reaction.

mass = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g
(3)
(iii) Suggest why the mass of carbon dioxide produced is less than the calculated maximum mass.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(1)
(Total 14 marks)
35. A student investigates the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid. He uses this method.
Step 1 add 25 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid to a polystyrene cup
Step 2 record the temperature of the acid
Step 3 find the mass of a 10 cm strip of magnesium ribbon
Step 4 add the magnesium ribbon to the hydrochloric acid
Step 5 when all the magnesium has reacted, record the highest temperature reached
(a) Complete the word equation for the reaction.
magnesium + hydrochloric acid → ......................................................................................................................... + ...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) The thermometer shows the temperature of the acid at the start of the experiment.

(i) Complete the table by giving the temperatures to the nearest 0.1°C.
temperature of the acid at the start in °C
highest temperature reached in °C
temperature rise in °C 20.8

23
 (2)
(ii) Show that the heat energy change (Q) for this reaction is about 2200 J.
[mass of 1.0 cm3 of solution = 1.0 g] [for the solution, c = 4.2 J/g/°C]

(2)
(iii) The mass of magnesium used by the student was 0.12 g. Calculate the value of the enthalpy change (ΔH), in kilojoules per mole
of magnesium, for the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid. Include a sign in your answer.

ΔH = .............................................................. kJ/mol
(4)
(Total 9 marks)
36. Zak heats 100 g of water using a liquid fuel. Look at the apparatus he uses.

Zak burns 2.0 g of the liquid fuel.

The energy output of the fuel is 16 000 J / g.
(a) Calculate the energy released when 2.0 g of the liquid fuel is burned.

energy released = ........................ J

(1)
(b) The energy released by the liquid fuel is related to the rise in temperature of the water, ΔT. This relationship is shown by the
equation
energy released = mass × 4.2 × ΔT
Calculate the rise in temperature of the water in Zak’s experiment.

rise in temperature = ........................ °C

(3)
(c) The burning of a liquid fuel is an example of an exothermic reaction. Explain, using ideas about bond breaking and bond making,
why this reaction is exothermic.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)

24
37. Hydrogen gas and iodine gas react together to form hydrogen iodide gas.
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)
(a) (i) The pressure of an equilibrium mixture of the three gases is increased. Predict the effect of this change on the yield of
hydrogen iodide at equilibrium, giving a reason for your answer.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(2)
(ii) A catalyst is added to an equilibrium mixture of the three gases. Predict the effect of the catalyst on the yield of hydrogen iodide
at equilibrium, giving a reason for your answer.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(2)
(b) Hydrogen gas reacts with fluorine gas to form hydrogen fluoride gas.
H2(g) + F2(g) → 2HF(g)
The table gives some bond energies.
Bond Bond energy in kJ/mol
H−H 436
F−F 158
H−F 562
Use the equation and the data in the table to calculate the enthalpy change (ΔH) in kJ/mol, for the reaction. Include a sign in your
answer.

ΔH = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ/mol
(3)
(c) Draw an energy level diagram for the reaction between hydrogen and fluorine. Label the enthalpy change, ΔH.

(3)
(Total 10 marks)
38. A student investigates the reaction between solid hydrated sodium carbonate and dilute hydrochloric acid.

25
(a) She uses this method to investigate the temperature change during the reaction.
Step 1 pour 25.0 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid into a polystyrene cup
Step 2 record the temperature of the dilute hydrochloric acid
Step 3 add 0.5 g of sodium carbonate and stir the mixture
Step 4 record the lowest temperature of the mixture
Step 5 add further 0.5 g portions of sodium carbonate, one portion at a time, stir the mixture and record the lowest
temperature each time
The table shows the student’s results.
Mass of sodium carbonate added in g Temperature in °C
0.0 17.0
0.5 15.6
1.0 14.1
1.5 13.0
2.0 12.9
2.5 12.2
3.0 11.8
3.5 11.5
4.0 11.2
4.5 11.0
5.0 11.0

(i) Plot the student’s results on the grid. (2)

(ii) Draw a curve of best fit, ignoring the anomalous result.

26
 (1)
(iii) Explain why it is better to use a polystyrene cup instead of a glass beaker in this experiment.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(2)
(iv) Suggest a reason for the anomalous result.
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(1)
(v) State how the results show that all the dilute hydrochloric acid has reacted.
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(1)
(vi) Use the results of the experiment to explain the type of reaction that occurs when sodium carbonate is added to dilute
hydrochloric acid.
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(2)
(b) The student does another experiment using the same reaction. The diagram shows the student’s apparatus.

The mass on the balance decreases as carbon dioxide gas escapes.

(i) Give a reason for the cotton wool plug in the conical flask.
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(1)
(ii) The student adds 2.12 g of sodium carbonate to an excess of dilute hydrochloric acid. The chemical equation for the reaction is
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Calculate the maximum mass, in g, of carbon dioxide formed in the reaction.

mass = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g
(3)
(iii) Suggest why the mass of carbon dioxide produced is less than the calculated maximum mass.
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(1)
(Total 14 marks)
39. A student investigates the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid. He uses this method.
Step 1 add 25 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid to a polystyrene cup
Step 2 record the temperature of the acid
Step 3 find the mass of a 10 cm strip of magnesium ribbon
Step 4 add the magnesium ribbon to the hydrochloric acid
Step 5 when all the magnesium has reacted, record the highest temperature reached
(a) Complete the word equation for the reaction.
magnesium + hydrochloric acid → ......................................................................................................................... + ...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) The thermometer shows the temperature of the acid at the start of the experiment.

(i) Complete the table by giving the temperatures to the nearest 0.1°C.
temperature of the acid at the start in °C
highest temperature reached in °C
temperature rise in °C 20.8
(2)

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(ii) Show that the heat energy change (Q) for this reaction is about 2200 J.
[mass of 1.0 cm3 of solution = 1.0 g] [for the solution, c = 4.2 J/g/°C]

(2)
(iii) The mass of magnesium used by the student was 0.12 g. Calculate the value of the enthalpy change (ΔH), in kilojoules per mole
of magnesium, for the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid. Include a sign in your answer.

ΔH = .............................................................. kJ/mol
(4)
(Total 9 marks)
40. Zak heats 100 g of water using a liquid fuel. Look at the apparatus he uses.

Zak burns 2.0 g of the liquid fuel.

The energy output of the fuel is 16 000 J / g.
(a) Calculate the energy released when 2.0 g of the liquid fuel is burned.

energy released = ........................ J

(1)
(b) The energy released by the liquid fuel is related to the rise in temperature of the water, ΔT. This relationship is shown by the
equation
energy released = mass × 4.2 × ΔT
Calculate the rise in temperature of the water in Zak’s experiment.

rise in temperature = ........................ °C

(3)
(c) The burning of a liquid fuel is an example of an exothermic reaction. Explain, using ideas about bond breaking and bond making,
why this reaction is exothermic.
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
41. At 200 °C and 200 atmospheres pressure, phosphorus(V) chloride forms an equilibrium mixture with phosphorus(III) chloride and
chlorine.
PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
phosphorus(V) phosphorus(III)

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 chloride chloride
(a) Predict and explain the effect of decreasing the pressure on the position of this equilibrium. The temperature remains constant.

(2)
(b) Predict and explain the effect of increasing the concentration of chlorine on the position of this equilibrium.
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(2)
(c) The table shows the percentage of phosphorus(III) chloride in the equilibrium mixture at different temperatures. The pressure is
the same in each case.
temperature / °C % PCl3 in the mixture
200 48
300 95
400 99

(i) Describe how the composition of this equilibrium mixture changes with temperature.
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(1)
(ii) Explain what this tells you about the energy change in this reaction.
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(1)
(d) How is the position of equilibrium affected by the presence of a catalyst?
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(1)
(e) The rate of this reaction increases with increase in temperature. Explain why.
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(2)
(f) Phosphorus(V) chloride reacts with water. Phosphoric acid, H 3PO4, and hydrogen chloride are formed. Construct the equation for
this reaction.
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(1)
(Total 10 marks)

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