8 This question is about ethanoic acid and some related salts.

(b) Sodium ethanoate is a component of reusable hand warmers.

In use, a supersaturated solution of sodium ethanoate recrystallises to form
solid hydrated sodium ethanoate, releasing energy.
CH3COONa(aq) + 3H2O(l) → CH3COONa.3H2O(s) ΔrH = −19.7 kJ mol−1
A hand warmer has a mass of 63.2 g and forms 20.1 g of
hydrated sodium ethanoate on recrystallisation.
Calculate the maximum temperature reached by the hand warmer if its initial
temperature is 5.0°C.
[Specific heat capacity of the hand warmer = 3.0 J °C−1 g−1]
(5)

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*P67748A01828*
(c) Ammonium ethanoate, CH3COONH4(s), is used to control the pH of foods.
It can be formed by the reaction of pure ethanoic acid, CH3COOH(l), with
ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3(s).
Calculate the standard enthalpy change for this reaction by completing the
Hess cycle and using the data shown.
(5)

Compound Enthalpy change of formation / kJ mol−1

CH3COOH(l) −484.5

(NH4)2CO3(s) −939.9

CH3COONH4(s) −586.3

CO2(g) −393.5

H2O(l) −285.8

(Total for Question 8 = 10 marks)

19
*P67748A01928* Turn over
 SECTION A
Answer ALL the questions in this section.
You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on this section.
For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box . If you change
your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
1 Hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form steam.

H2(g) + ½O2(g) → H2O(g) ∆H = −242 kJ mol−1

Bond Bond enthalpy / kJ mol−1

H H 436

O O 498

What is the bond enthalpy of the O H bond, in kJ mol−1?

A 221.5

B 463.5

C 588

D 927

(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)

2 Which equation shows the standard enthalpy change of formation of

sodium chloride?
A Na(s) + ½Cl2(g) → NaCl(s)

B 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2NaCl(s)

C Na(g) + Cl(g) → NaCl(s)

D Na+(g) + Cl−(g) → NaCl(s)

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.

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*P71861A0224* 
 SECTION B
Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
20 A student carries out two experiments and uses the results to determine
the enthalpy change when anhydrous copper(II) sulfate forms
hydrated copper(II) sulfate, CuSO4·5H2O.

CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(l) → CuSO4·5H2O(s)

(a) In the first experiment, the student determines the enthalpy change when
hydrated copper(II) sulfate dissolves in water.

CuSO4·5H2O(s) + aq → CuSO4(aq)

10.68 g of hydrated copper(II) sulfate is added to distilled water in a

polystyrene cup to give 55.0 g of solution.
The mixture is stirred and the temperature change determined.
Results
Initial temperature = 21.0 °C
Minimum temperature = 18.5 °C
Calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction.
Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
Include a sign and units.
Data: Specific heat capacity of the solution = 3.70 J g−1 °C−1
Molar mass CuSO4·5H2O = 249.6 g mol−1
(4)

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*P71861A01024* 
 (b) In the second experiment, the student determined the enthalpy change of the
reaction when anhydrous copper(II) sulfate dissolves in water.

CuSO4(s) + aq → CuSO4(aq) ∆H = −67.4 kJ mol−1

(i) Complete the Hess cycle.

(2)

CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(l) CuSO4 ·5H2O(s)

(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change when anhydrous copper(II) sulfate forms
hydrated copper(II) sulfate. Include a sign and units.
(2)

(Total for Question 20 = 8 marks)

11
 *P71861A01124* Turn over
 SECTION C
Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
18
Fuels
Fuels burn in oxygen to release a lot of energy.
Many hydrocarbons and alcohols are used as fuels. During complete combustion,
they produce carbon dioxide and water.
Petrol contains 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, an isomer of octane, that promotes
smooth combustion.

2,2,4-trimethylpentane

Alcohols, such as methanol and ethanol, can be used as fuels either on their own or
as additives in petrol.

(a) The standard enthalpy change of combustion, ΔcH d , of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane

is −5461 kJ mol−1 .
(i) State the two standard conditions for this enthalpy change.
(1)

. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ .............. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ .............. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) Write the equation for the complete combustion of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane,

using molecular formulae.
State symbols are not required.
(2)

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*P70965A02228* 
 (iii) Draw a labelled enthalpy level diagram for the complete combustion of
2,2,4-trimethylpentane.
(2)

(iv) Calculate the heat energy released during the complete combustion of
1 dm3 of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane.
[Density of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane = 0.692 g cm−3 ]
(3)

23
 *P70965A02328* Turn over
 (b) In an experiment to determine the enthalpy change of combustion of
ethanol, C2H5OH, a student used the apparatus shown.

thermometer

beaker
clamp

water

wick burner

ethanol

Results:
Mass of water = 100.0 g
Mass of ethanol used = 0.305 g
Temperature rise of water = 13.2 °C
(i) Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol.
Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures, and include
a sign and units.
[Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 J g−1 °C−1 ]
(4)

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*P70965A02428* 
 (c) The enthalpy changes for the conversion of four compounds in the gas phase into
their constituent atoms are shown.
H2O(g) → 2H(g) + O(g) ΔrH = +928 kJ mol−1
CH4(g) → C(g) + 4H(g) ΔrH = +1740 kJ mol−1
CH3OH(g) → C(g) + 4H(g) + O(g) ΔrH = +2105 kJ mol−1
C2H5OH(g) → 2C(g) + 6H(g) + O(g) ΔrH = +3322 kJ mol−1
Calculate the bond enthalpy of the C C bond, in kJ mol−1 .
You must show your working.
(3)

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*P70965A02628* 
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*P71861A02424* 