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Introduction to
Tunnel Construction
Applied Geotechnics

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Introduction to
Tunnel Construction

David Chapman, Nicole Metje

and Alfred Stärk
First published 2010
by Spon Press
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Spon Press
270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2010.
To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.
Spon Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group,
an informa business
© 2010 David Chapman, Nicole Metje and Alfred Stärk

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or

reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
This publication presents material of a broad scope and applicability.
Despite stringent efforts by all concerned in the publishing process,
some typographical or editorial errors may occur, and readers are
encouraged to bring these to our attention where they represent errors
of substance. The publisher and author disclaim any liability, in whole
or in part, arising from information contained in this publication.
The reader is urged to consult with an appropriate licensed
professional prior to taking any action or making any interpretation
that is within the realm of a licensed professional practice.
The authors have gone to every effort to seek permission from and
acknowledge the sources of images which appear in this publication,
that have been previously published elsewhere. Nevertheless, should
there be any cases where copyright holders have not been correctly
identified and suitably acknowledged, the authors and the publisher
welcome advice from such copyright-holders and will endeavour to
amend the text accordingly on future prints.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Chapman, David N.
Introduction to tunnel construction/David N. Chapman,
Nicole Metje, and Alfred Stärk.
p. cm. – (Applied geotechnics)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Tunneling. 2. Tunnels – Design and construction.
I. Metje, Nicole. II. Stärk, Alfred. III. Title.
TA805.C45 2010
624.1′93 – dc22 2009044487

ISBN 0-203-89515-0 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN10: 0–415–46841–8 (hbk)

ISBN10: 0–415–46842–6 (pbk)
ISBN10: 0–203–89515–0 (ebk)

ISBN13: 978–0–415–46841–1 (hbk)

ISBN13: 978–0–415–46842–8 (pbk)
ISBN13: 978–0–203–89515–3 (ebk)
Dedicated to Professor Reinhard Rokahr who
provided the inspiration and first introduced
some of us to the eldorado of tunnelling.
Also dedicated to our families.
Contents

Preface xv
Acknowledgements and permissions xvii
Abbreviations xxi
Symbols xxiii

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Philosophy of tunnelling 1
1.2 Scope of this book 3
1.3 Historical context 3
1.4 The nature of the ground 6
1.5 Tunnel cross section terminology 7
1.6 Content and layout of this book 7

2 Site investigation 9
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Site investigation during a project 10
2.2.1 Introduction 10
2.2.2 Desk study 11
2.2.3 Site reconnaissance 11
2.2.4 Ground investigation (overview) 12
2.3 Ground investigation 13
2.3.1 Introduction 13
2.3.2 Field investigations 13
2.3.2.1 Non-intrusive methods 13
2.3.2.2 Intrusive exploration 18
2.3.3 Laboratory tests 31
2.4 Ground characteristics/parameters 41
2.4.1 Influence of layering on Young’s modulus 44
2.4.2 Squeezing and swelling ground 45
2.4.3 Typical ground parameters for tunnel design 46
viii Contents
2.4.4 Ground (rock mass) classification 49
2.4.4.1 Rock Quality Designation 49
2.4.4.2 Rock Mass Rating 53
2.4.4.3 Rock Mass Quality Rating (Q-method) 54
2.4.4.4 A few comments on the rock mass
classification systems 58
2.5 Site investigation reports 60
2.5.1 Types of site investigation report 60
2.5.2 Key information for tunnel design 61

3 Preliminary analyses for the tunnel 64

3.1 Introduction 64
3.2 Preliminary stress pattern in the ground 64
3.3 Stability of soft ground 66
3.3.1 Stability of fine grained soils 67
3.3.2 Stability of coarse grained soils 69
3.4 The coefficient of lateral earth pressure (K0) 70
3.5 Preliminary analytical methods 73
3.5.1 Introduction 73
3.5.2 Bedded-beam spring method 74
3.5.3 Continuum method 74
3.5.4 Tunnel support resistance method 76
3.6 Preliminary numerical modelling 78
3.6.1 Introduction 78
3.6.2 Modelling the tunnel construction in 2-D 79
3.6.3 Modelling the tunnel construction in 3-D 81
3.6.4 Choice of ground and lining constitutive
models 82

4 Ground improvement techniques and lining systems 84

4.1 Introduction 84
4.2 Ground improvement and stabilization techniques 84
4.2.1 Ground freezing 85
4.2.2 Lowering of the groundwater table 89
4.2.3 Grouting 90
4.2.4 Ground reinforcement 95
4.2.5 Forepoling 98
4.2.6 Face dowels 100
4.2.7 Roof pipe umbrella 101
4.2.8 Compensation grouting 102
4.2.9 Pressurized tunnelling (compressed air) 105
 Contents ix
4.3 Tunnel lining systems 108
4.3.1 Lining design requirements 108
4.3.2 Sprayed concrete (shotcrete) 109
4.3.3 Ribbed systems 114
4.3.4 Segmental linings 115
4.3.5 In situ concrete linings 123
4.3.6 Fire resistance of concrete linings 125

5 Tunnel construction techniques 127

5.1 Introduction 127
5.2 Open face construction without a shield 128
5.2.1 Timber heading 128
5.2.2 Open face tunnelling with alternative
linings 128
5.3 Partial face boring machine (roadheader) 129
5.4 Tunnelling shields 132
5.5 Tunnel boring machines 138
5.5.1 Introduction 138
5.5.2 Tunnel boring machines in hard rock 140
5.5.2.1 Gripper tunnel boring machine 140
5.5.2.2 Shield tunnel boring machines 145
5.5.2.3 General observations for hard rock
tunnel boring machines 147
5.5.3 Tunnel boring machines in soft ground 150
5.5.3.1 Introduction 150
5.5.3.2 Slurry tunnelling machines 153
5.5.3.3 Earth pressure balance machines 158
5.5.3.4 Multi-mode tunnel boring machines 161
5.5.3.5 Choice of slurry or earth pressure
balance tunnel boring machine 163
5.6 Drill and blast tunnelling 164
5.6.1 Introduction 164
5.6.2 Drilling 165
5.6.3 Charging 168
5.6.4 Stemming 169
5.6.5 Detonating 169
5.6.5.1 Detonating effect 169
5.6.5.2 Types of explosive 170
5.6.5.3 Detonators 172
5.6.5.4 Cut types 174
5.6.5.5 Explosive material requirements 180
5.6.6 Ventilation 180
5.6.7 Mucking and support 182
x Contents
5.7 New Austrian Tunnelling Method and sprayed
concrete lining 183
5.7.1 New Austrian Tunnelling Method 183
5.7.2 Sprayed concrete lining 187
5.7.3 LaserShell™ technique 192
5.8 Cut-and-cover tunnels 193
5.8.1 Introduction 193
5.8.2 Construction methods 193
5.8.3 Design issues 195
5.8.4 Excavation support methods (shoring systems) for
the sides of the excavation 196
5.9 Immersed tube tunnels 201
5.9.1 Introduction 201
5.9.2 Stages of construction for immersed tube tunnels 203
5.9.3 Types of immersed tube tunnel 206
5.9.3.1 Steel shell 206
5.9.3.2 Concrete 206
5.9.4 Immersed tube tunnel foundations and settlements 209
5.9.5 Joints between tube elements 209
5.9.6 Analysis and design 211
5.9.7 Examples of immersed tube tunnels 213
5.10 Jacked box tunnelling 216
5.10.1 Introduction 216
5.10.2 Outline of the method and description of key
components 216
5.10.3 Examples of jacked box tunnels 221
5.10.3.1 Vehicular under-bridge, M1 motorway, J15A,
Northamptonshire, UK 221
5.10.3.2 I-90 Highway Extension, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA 226
5.11 Pipe jacking and microtunnelling 230
5.11.1 Introduction 230
5.11.2 The pipe jacking construction process 231
5.11.3 Maximum drive length for pipe jacking and
microtunnelling 235
5.12 Horizontal directional drilling 235

6 Health and safety, and risk management in tunnelling 244

6.1 The health and safety hazards of tunnel construction 244
6.1.1 Introduction 244
6.1.2 Hazards in tunnelling 245
6.1.3 Techniques for risk management 245
 Contents xi
6.1.4 Legislation, accidents and ill health statistics 246
6.1.5 Role of the client, designer and contractors 247
6.1.6 Ground risk 248
6.1.7 Excavation and lining methods 249
6.1.8 Tunnel boring machines 249
6.1.9 Tunnel transport 250
6.1.10 Tunnel atmosphere and ventilation 250
6.1.11 Explosives 251
6.1.12 Fire, flood rescue and escape 251
6.1.13 Occupational health 252
6.1.14 Welfare and first aid 253
6.1.15 Work in compressed air 253
6.1.16 Education, training and competence 254
6.1.17 Concluding remarks 255
6.2 Risk management in tunnelling projects 255
6.2.1 Introduction 255
6.2.2 Risk identification 258
6.2.3 Analyzing risks 258
6.2.4 Evaluating risks 259
6.2.5 Risk monitoring and reviewing 259

7 Ground movements and monitoring 262

7.1 Ground deformation in soft ground 262
7.1.1 Surface settlement profiles 263
7.1.1.1 Estimating the trough width
parameter, i 266
7.1.1.2 Volume loss 268
7.1.2 Horizontal displacements 269
7.1.3 Long-term settlements 270
7.1.4 Multiple tunnels 271
7.2 Effects of tunnelling on surface and subsurface
structures 271
7.2.1 Effect of tunnelling on existing tunnels, buried utilities
and piled foundations 272
7.2.2 Design methodology 276
7.3 Monitoring 280
7.3.1 Challenges and purpose 280
7.3.2 Trigger values 282
7.3.3 Observational method 283
7.3.4 In-tunnel monitoring during New Austrian Tunnelling
Method tunnelling operations 285
7.3.4.1 Measurements 285
7.3.4.2 General development of displacements 287
xii Contents
7.3.4.3 Interpretation of the measurements:
displacements 289
7.3.4.4 Interpretation of the measurements:
comparative observation 291
7.3.4.5 Interpretation of the measurements:
deformation 293
7.3.4.6 Interpretation of the measurements:
stress-intensity-index 296
7.3.4.7 Measuring frequency and duration 298
7.3.4.8 Contingency measures 298
7.3.5 Instrumentation for in-tunnel and ground
monitoring 304
7.3.6 Instrumentation for monitoring existing
structures 307

8 Case studies 311

8.1 Eggetunnel, Germany 311
8.1.1 Project overview 311
8.1.2 Invert failure of the total cross section in the
Eggetunnel 312
8.1.3 Sprayed concrete invert – its purpose and
monitoring 314
8.2 London Heathrow T5, UK: construction of the Piccadilly
Line Extension Junction 319
8.2.1 Project overview 319
8.2.2 The ‘Box’ 319
8.2.3 Construction of the sprayed concrete lining
tunnels 321
8.2.4 Ground conditions 321
8.2.5 The LaserShell™ method 322
8.2.6 TunnelBeamer™ 323
8.2.7 Monitoring 325
8.2.7.1 Existing Piccadilly Tunnel Eastside 325
8.2.7.2 Existing Piccadilly Tunnel Westside 325
8.3 Lainzer Tunnel LT31, Vienna, Austria 330
8.3.1 Project overview 330
8.3.2 Geology 333
8.3.3 Starting construction from the shafts 333
8.3.4 Side wall drift section: excavation sequence and
cross section 334
8.3.5 Monitoring of the sprayed concrete lining of the
side wall drift section 339
8.3.6 Cracks in the sprayed concrete lining 339
 Contents xiii
Appendix A: Further information on rock mass classification
systems 345
A.1 Rock Mass Rating 345
A.2 Rock Mass Quality Rating (Q) 350
A.2.1 Use of the Q-method for predicting TBM
performance 354

Appendix B: Analytical calculation of a sprayed concrete

lining using the continuum method 356
B.1 Introduction 356
B.2 Analytical model using Ahrens et al. (1982) 357
B.3 Required equations and calculation process 358
B.4 Example for a tunnel at King’s Cross Station, London 361

References and bibliography 368

Index 385
Preface

This book seeks to provide an introduction to tunnel construction for

people who have little experience of the subject. Tunnelling is an exciting
subject and is unlike any other form of construction, as the ground
surrounding the tunnel is an integral part of the final structure and plays
a pivotal role in its stability. The ‘art’ of tunnelling cannot be learnt purely
from books and a lot of essential decisions are based on engineering
judgement, experience and even emotion. There is often no single answer
to any question: often the response has to be ‘it depends’.
So how can this book help the reader to understand tunnelling? The aim
of the book is to provide the reader with background information so that
he or she can either make an informed decision and/or consult more
specialist references on a specific topic. It will hopefully give the reader the
tools needed to critically assess tunnel construction techniques and to realize
that not all can be learnt from textbooks. In addition, the book hopes to
demonstrate the breadth of the subject and that to become a tunnelling
expert, many years of experience are required. At the same time, the book
hopes to show the reader the excitement associated with tunnelling and
the fact that many unknowns exist which require engineering judgement.

Disclaimer
While every effort has been made to check the integrity and quality of the
contents, no liability is accepted by either the publisher or the authors for
any damages incurred as the result of the application of information
contained in this book. Where values for parameters have been stated, these
should be treated as indicative only. Readers should independently verify
the properties of materials they are dealing with as they may differ
substantially from those referred to in this book.
This publication presents material of a broad scope and applicability.
Despite stringent efforts by all concerned in the publishing process, some
typographical or editorial errors may occur. Readers are encouraged to
bring these to our attention where they represent errors of substance. The
publisher and authors disclaim any liability, in whole or in part, arising
xvi Preface
from information contained in this publication. Readers are urged to consult
with an appropriate licensed professional prior to taking any action or
making any interpretation that is within the realm of a licensed professional
practice.
Acknowledgements and
permissions

The authors would like to express their deep gratitude to their colleagues at the
Institute of Tunnelling and Underground Construction (IUB), especially Professor
Reinhard Rokahr without whose support and encouragement this book would not
have materialised. Special thanks also go to Dr Donald Lamont who contributed
to the health and safety section of this book, Dr Alexander Royal for his contribution
to the sections on pipe jacking and horizontal directional drilling, Graham Chapman
for reading through some of the manuscript and Qiang Liu for producing some of
the figures. The authors would also like to thank all those people who reviewed
the book critically before it went to print and thus making the book better for it,
especially Dr Douglas Allenby (BAM Nuttall Ltd), Martin Caudell (Soil Mechanics),
Dr Michael Cooper, Colin Eddie (Underground Professional Services Ltd), Robert
Essler (RD Geotech Ltd), Dr Dexter Hunt (University of Birmingham), Christian
Neumann (ALPINE BeMo Tunnelling GmbH Innsbruck), Dr Barry New (Geo-
technical Consulting Group), Casper Paludan-Müller (Cowi A/S), Roy Slocombe
(Herrenknecht UK), Dr Alun Thomas (Mott MacDonald) and Dr-Ing. Rudolf
Zachow (IUB, Hanover University).
The authors would like to acknowledge the following people and organizations
who have assisted and/or kindly granted permission for certain figures, tables and
photographs to be reproduced in this book:
Companies and persons who gave permission to use photographs, figures and tables
(acknowledged in the text):
• Aker Wirth GmbH
• ALPINE BeMo Tunnelling, GmbH Innsbruck
• Atlas Copco
• Bachy Soletanche Ltd
• BAM Nuttall Ltd. and John Ropkins Ltd
• John Bartlett
• Dr Nick Barton
• Dr John Billam
• British Drilling & Freezing Co. Ltd
• David Caiden
• Professor E.J. Cording
• COWI A/S
• Dosco Overseas Engineering Ltd
• Don Deere
• Dyno Nobel Inc.
• Geopoint Systems BV
xviii Acknowledgements and permissions
• Herrenknecht GmbH
• Peter Jewell
• Dr Ron Jones
• Mike King
• London Underground Ltd
• Lovat
• Professor Robert Mair
• Massachusetts Turnpike Authority
• Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Mechatronics Systems Ltd
• NoDig Media Services
• Prime Drilling HDD-Technology
• The Robbins Company
• Professor Dr-Ing. habil. Reinhard B. Rokahr
• Rowa Tunnelling Logistics
• Dr Alexander Royal
• Alex Sala
• Soil Mechanics
• Wilde FEA Ltd
Those who granted us permission to use figures and tables (in addition to those
acknowledged in the main text):
• Figures 2.6, 2.12, 2.13, 2.16, 2.17, 2.18, 2.19, 2.20, 3.1, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 4.17,
5.3, 5.12, 5.20, 5.38, 5.39, 5.42, 5.43, 5.44, 5.45, 5.46, 5.48, 7.11, 7.12, 7.13,
7.23 and Table 1.1: Institute of Tunnelling and Underground Construction,
Hanover University, Germany
• Figures 2.2a, 2.2b and 2.3: from Transportation Research Circular E-C130:
Geophysical Methods Commonly Employed for Geotechnical Site Character-
ization, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington,
DC, 2008, Figures 2a and b (p. 6); Figure 3a (p. 7); and Figure 4a (p. 8).
Reproduced with permission from the Transportation Research Board and
Dr N.L. Anderson.
• Figure 2.10a: from NCHRP Synthesis 368: Cone Penetration Testing, Transporta-
tion Research Board, P.W. Mayne, National Research Council, Washington, DC,
2007, Figure 1 (p. 6). Reproduced with permission from the Transportation
Research Board.
• Figure 2.11: reproduced with permission of CIRIA from B2 – Cone Penetration
Testing: Methods and Interpretation, CIRIA, London, 1987, Figure 10 (p. 20).
• Figure 2.15: from DIN 18196 Earthworks and Foundations: Soil Classification
for Civil Engineering Purposes. Reproduced by permission of DIN Deutsches
Institut für Normung e.V. The definitive version for the implementation of this
standard is the edition bearing the most recent date of issue, obtainable from
Beuth Verlag GmbH, 10772 Berlin, Germany.
• Figures 2.22, A.1 and Tables 2.17, A.1: reproduced with permission from
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., from Engineering Rock Mass Classifications, Z.T.
Bieniawski, 1989, Figure 4.1 (p. 61); Charts A–D (pp. 56–7); Table 4.4
(p. 62); and Table 4.1 (p. 54).
• Figures 2.24, 2.25: reprinted from ‘Use and misuse of rock mass classification
systems with particular reference to the Q-system’, Tunnelling and Under-
ground Space Technology, 21(6), A. Palmström and E. Broch, 2006, Figure 7
(p. 584) and Figure 10 (p. 588), with permission from Elsevier; Figure 7
(p. 584), with additional permission from N. Barton.
 Acknowledgements and permissions xix
• Tables 2.2, 2.4 and 2.6: permission to reproduce extracts from BS EN 1997-
2:2007, BS EN 1997-2:2007 and BS EN ISO 14688–2: 2004, respectively, is
granted by BSI. British Standards can be obtained in PDF or hard copy formats
from the BSI online shop: www.bsigroup.com/Shop or by contacting BSI
Customer Services for hard copies only: Tel: +44 (0)20 8996 9001, Email:
cservices@bsigroup.com.
• Table 2.15: reprinted with permission from Applied Sedimentation, 1950 by
the National Academy of Sciences, courtesy of the National Academies Press,
Washington, DC, and also with kind permission from Springer Science &
Business Media and James Thomson, Pipejacking and Microtunnelling, Table
9.1, original copyright Chapman and Hall, 1993.
• Table 2.16: used with kind permission from the American Institute of Mining,
Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, New York from ‘Failure and breakage
of rock’, Proceedings of the 8th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS),
C. Fairhurst (ed.), 1967, ‘Design of surface and near-surface construction in
rock’, D.U. Deere, A.J. Hendron Jr., F.D. Patton and E.J. Cording, Figure 5b
(p. 250).
• Table 2.18: with kind permission from Springer Science & Business Media:
‘Engineering classification of rock masses for the design of tunnel support’,
Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 6, N. Barton, R. Lien and J. Lunde,
1974, Table 3, permission also obtained from N. Barton.
• Figures 3.2, 4.11 and 4.12: reprinted from ‘Settlements induced by tunneling
in soft ground’, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 22(2),
International Tunnelling Association, 2007, Figure 8 (p. 122); Figure 19
(p. 140) and Figure 18 (p. 140), with permission from Elsevier.
• Figure 4.2: reproduced with kind permission from Pearson Education from
F.C. Harris, Exploring Modern Construction & Ground Engineering
Equipment & Methods, 1994.
• Figures 4.4a, 4.5a and b, 4.7, 4.8, 5.56, 5.58a and b: reproduced with kind
permission from Taylor & Francis from An Introduction to Geotechnical
Processes, J. Woodward, 2005, pages 36, 97, 96, 96, 53 and 56, respectively.
• Figure 4.15: reproduced with permission of CIRIA from SP200 – Building
Response to Tunnelling: Case Studies from Construction of the Jubilee Line
Extension, London. Volume 1: The Project, CIRIA, London, 2002, Figure 11.3
(p. 141).
• Figures 4.22, 5.24 and 5.29: reproduced with kind permission from Maney
Publishing (www.maney.co.uk) from B.N. Whittaker and R.C. Frith, Tunnelling:
Design, Stability and Construction, 1990, The Institution of Mining and Metal-
lurgy, London, Figure 4.6 (p. 83); Figure 4.7 (p. 83) and Figure 14.2 (p. 334).
• Figures 5.52, 5.53 and 5.58c: reproduced with kind permission from Springer
Publishers from Tunnel Engineering Handbook, Second Edition, T.R. Kuesel and
E.H. King (eds), 1996, Figure 17.6 (p. 325) and Figures 17.9b and e (p. 330).
• Figures 5.61 and 5.62: reprinted from ‘State of the art report in immersed and
floating tunnels’, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 12(2),
International Tunnelling Association, 1997, Figure 3.1 (p. 97) and Figure 3.2
(p. 98), with permission from Elsevier.
• Figures 5.73, 5.74, 5.75 and 5.76: used with kind permission from Thomas
Telford Ltd and Dr Douglas Allenby, from ‘The use of jacked-box tunnelling
under a live motorway’, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers,
Geotechnical Engineering, D. Allenby and J.W.T. Ropkins, 2004, Figure 3
(p. 232); Figure 5 (p. 234); Figure 9 (p. 237) and Figure 10 (p. 237).
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from top to bottom. Mines of Iron and Steel abound in this Country,
finer and purer perhaps than in any other Parts of Europe; and this
is the greatest part of their Trade. Here the Wool which comes from
Castille, is embark’d, which makes a considerable part of their
Traffick. Bilbo and St. Sebastian are two of the most considerable
Ports which the King of Spain has on the Ocean: The Castle stands
very high, and may make an indifferent Defence: here are mounted
several fine Pieces of Cannon; and there are a great many along the
Ramparts; but the Garison is so weak, that the Women might
conquer them with their Distaffs.
Every thing is as dear in this Town as in Paris, yet they fare well
here: Fish is excellent, and I was told Fruit was the same. I lay in
the best Inn, and when I had been there some time, Don Fernand
de Toledo, sent his Gentlemen to enquire, Whether his Visit would
not be troublesome to me? My Banker, who knew him, and who was
then in my Chamber, told me, he was a Spaniard of great Quality,
Nephew to the Duke D’Alva; that he came from Flanders, and was
going to Madrid.
I receiv’d him with that Civility which was due to his Birth, and
soon thereto adjoyn’d particular Respects to his own Merit: He is a
Gentleman of good Presence, has Wit and Politeness, is Complaisant
and Agreeable; he speaks as good French as I do; but
understanding Spanish, and being desirous to speak it better, we
therefore discours’d only in that Language.
I was very well satisfied with his Carriage. He told me he came
Post hither from Brussels, and if I pleas’d, he would increase my
Train, and be one of my Company. I thought he jested, and
answered him accordingly; but he added, The ways were so full of
Snow, that indeed they could not ride Post; that he could make more
speed on Horses than in Litters, but the Honour of accompanying
me, made abundant Recompence for that. In a word, I saw he was
a civil Person, and came no way short of the Gallantry natural to the
Spanish Cavaliers: I therefore consider’d, how advantageous it might
prove to have a Man of this Quality, and Country, who could make
himself be heard and obey’d by the Muletteers, who have Iron Souls,
and no Consciences.
I told him, I was very glad I met with him, and the Fatigue of the
Road would be less’ned by his Company. He immediately thereupon
ordered his Gentlemen to find a Litter for him: It being late he took
his leave of me, and I betook my self to be after a good Supper; for,
my dear Cousin, I am none of those Romantick Ladies that never
eat.
Scarcely did I begin to sleep, when I heard some-body speak
French so near me, that I thought at first ’twas in my Chamber; but
having hearkned with more attention, I found ’twas in a Chamber
separated from mine by only some thin Boards, and those ill
joynted: I drew my Curtain, and saw Light through the Crevices, and
at the same time two young Women, the eldest of which appeared
not to be above Seventeen or Eighteen; neither of ’em were of those
Beauties without Defect, yet were they so pretty, spake so sweetly,
and had such great sweetness on their Countenances, that I was
much taken with ’em.
The youngest, who seem’d to continue the Conversation, said to
the other, ‘No, my dear Sister, there is no Remedy to our
Misfortunes; we must die, or get them out of the Clutches of this
vilanous Dotard.’ ‘I am resolute for any thing,’ reply’d the other, in
uttering a deep sigh, ‘should it cost me my Life: What remains? Have
we not sacrific’d all for them?’ Then considering a while their
Misfortunes, they mutually embrac’d, and began to weep in a most
piteous manner: And having consulted a while, and spake some
other Words, the greatest part of which were interrupted by their
Sighs, they concluded on Writing, which they did; and here is most
of what I heard them read to one another:
‘Judge not of my Love and Grief by my Words, I have none can
express either the one or the other; but remember you Ruine me,
unless you betake yourself to the greatest Extremities against him
that persecutes us. He has now sent me word, That if we delay our
Departure, he will have us seiz’d. Consider what he deserves from
this base Usage of us; and remember you owe me all, seeing you
owe me my Heart.’
I think the other Billet was in these Terms:
‘Could I secure thee thy Happiness, in losing mine, I love thee
sufficiently to offer thee such a Sacrifice: Yes, I would fly from thee,
couldst thou be Happy without me; but I know thy Heart too well to
believe this. Yet thou remainest as Quiet in thy Prison, as if I were
with thee: Break thy Chains without more delay; punish the Enemy
of our Loves. My Heart shall be thy Recompense.’
Having made up these Billets, they went out together; and, I
profess, I was not a little uneasie for ’em, and no less curious to
know these poor Ladies Misfortunes. This hindred me from sleeping,
and I was expecting their Return, when immediately there was a
great Uproar in the House: I saw an old Man enter the Chamber,
attended by a great many Servants: He held one of these young
Women by the Hair of the Head, which he had wound about his
Arm, and drew her after him, as a wretched Sacrifice. Her Sister was
not treated with less Cruelty, by those who led her: ‘Perfidious
Wretches,’ said he to them, ‘not content with the irreparable Injury
you do my Nephews, you would perswade them to be my
Executioners? Had I not surprised you with these seducing Letters,
what might have hapned? What dreadful Tragedies might I not have
expected? But you shall pay once for all: as soon as ever the Day
appears I will have you punisht as you deserve.’ ‘Ah Sir,’ said she
whom he held, ‘remember we are Women of Quality, and that our
Alliance can be no Dishonour to you; that your Nephews have given
us their Faith, and we them ours; that in so tender an Age we have
left all for their sakes; that we are Strangers, and have no Friends
here: What will become of us? We dare not return to our Relations:
if you are for constraining us to this, or for putting us in Prison, let
us intreat you rather presently to dispatch us out of the World.’
The Tears which they shed in such abundance, wrought in me the
greatest Compassion: And had the old Man been as tender as I, he
had soon freed ’em from their Trouble.
My Women, who had heard such a great Disturbance, and so near
my Chamber, arose, in the fear of some Mishap towards me: I made
Signs to them to draw near softly, and to behold through the Boards
this sorrowful Spectacle: We hearkned to what they said, when two
Men, with their Swords in their Hands, entred into my Chamber, the
Door of which my Women had left open: They had Despair painted
on their Faces, and Rage in their Eyes: I was so greatly frighted, that
I cannot express it to you. They lookt on one another without
speaking a word; and having heard the old Man’s Voice, they ran on
that side.
I did not doubt but ’twas the two Lovers; and ’twas them indeed,
who entred like two Lions into this Chamber: They struck these
Servants with so great Terror, that never a one of ’em dared
approach his Master, to defend him, when his Nephews advance
towards him, and set their Swords to his Throat: ‘Barbarian,’ said
they to him, ‘can you thus use Women of Quality, that are to be our
Wives? Because you are our Guardian, must you therefore be our
Tyrant? And is not the separating of us from what we love, the
taking our Lives from us? It’s now in our Power to take a just
Vengeance of you; but we cannot do it to a Man of your Age, who
cannot defend himself: give us then your Word, and swear by all
that’s Good and Holy, That in Acknowledgment for the Life we give
you, you will contribute to our Happiness, and suffer us to perform
what we have promis’d.’
The poor old Wret[c]h was so afrighted, that he could hardly
make any Answer: However, he swore more than they would have
him; he fell on his Knees, and kist an hundred times his Thumb laid
a-cross one of his Fingers, after the manner of Spain. Yet he told
them, ‘That whatever he had done, was onely in regard to their
Interests; however, he would not in any sort, for the future, oppose
their Inclinations, in reference to this Marriage.’ Two of the
Domesticks took him under the Arm, and rather carried him away
than led him. Then the Gentlemen seeing themselves free, threw
themselves in their Mistresses Arms; they said to one another,
whatever Grief, Love and Joy do usually inspire in such Occasions.
But in Troth, one must have a Heart as affected and content as
theirs, to repeat all these things: they are only proper to Persons
more tender than you are, my dear Cousin. But I hope you will
excuse this Relation; I was so tired, in having not yet slept, that I
could scarce hear any more, but confusedly: and to hear no more, I
got farther into Bed, and threw the Quilt over my Head.
The next Morning Don Fernand de Toledo, sent me some choice
Wines, with great quantity of Oranges and Sweetmeats. As soon as
he thought it a proper time to Visit me, he came: Having thankt him
for his Present, I askt him, Whether he had heard nothing of what
had past in the Night? He told me, No; for he had lain in another
part of the House. I was about relating to him what I knew, When
our Hostess entred into the Chamber: she came from the two
Gentlemen who had given me that Disturbance, with the Swords in
their Hands, intreating me to receive their Excuses. She likewise told
me, That two young Ladies desired they might wait on me, and kiss
my Hand. I answered these Civilities as I ought; and they soon
entred.
What charming Effects does the Return of Joy produce? I found
these Gentlemen very well shaped, and these Ladies very lovely;
neither one nor the other had any more on their Countenances the
Characters of Despair; an Air of Gaiety display’d itself in all their
Words and Gestures. The Eldest of the two Brethren made the most
handsome Excuse as is possible for his Mistake in entring my
Chamber: he added, ‘He had well observ’d the Fear he had caus’d
me; but told me, that in that Moment he was so transported, that he
was capable of no other Thought but the Rescuing his Mistress.’ ‘You
would have been to blame,’ said I to him, ‘should you have thought
of any thing else: However, if it be true, you are willing to make me
Satisfaction for the Alarum you have giv’n me, you must not refuse
the gratifying my Curiosity: With these fair Ladies leave, inform me
what has reduced all of you to these Extremities you were in.’ He
lookt on them, as if it were to ask their Approbation, which they
willingly granted; and he thus began:
‘We are two Brothers, Madam, Natives of Burgos, and of one of
the best Families of this City. We were very young, when we fell into
the Hands of an Uncle, who took care of our Education and Estates,
which are so considerable, that we need not envy others on that
account; Don Diego (is our Uncle’s Name) he had made long since a
firm Friendship with a Gentleman living near Blaye, whose Merit is
far above his Fortune; he is call’d Monsieur de Messignac: our Uncle
resolving to send us for some time into France, he wrote hereupon
to his Friend, who offered him his House, which he joyfully accepted.
He made us set out; and it is a Year since we were received there
with great Civility: Madam de Messignac used us as her own
Children; she has several; but of her four Daughters, those you see
are the most aimable. It would have been very difficult to have seen
them every day, to dwell with them, and yet not to have loved them.
‘My Brother at first conceal’d from me his growing Passion, and I
hid mine from him; we were both of us very melancholly; the trouble
of loving, without being lov’d again, and the fear of displeasing
those who caus’d our Passion, all this cruelly tormented us; but a
new Vexation did greatly increase our Disquiet, which was a restless
Jealousie we had one of another: My Brother plainly saw I was in
Love, and thought ’twas with his Mistress; I lookt on him likewise as
my Rival; and we bore such Hatred to one another, as might have
transported us to the greatest Extremities; but that I resolutely
determin’d one day to discover my Sentiments to Mademoiselle de
Messignac; but wanting Courage to speak to her myself, I wrote
some Verses in a little Book touching my Passion for her, and
dexterously slid it into her Pocket without her perceiving me. My
Brother, who had always an Eye on me, observ’d it, and playing with
her, he took out the Verses, and found ’em to contain a respectful
and passionate Declaration of Love to her; he kept them till Night,
when being withdrawn into my Chamber, with the greatest
Inquietude, he came to me, and tenderly embracing me, he told me,
He was heartily glad at the notice he had of my being in love with
Mademoiselle de Messignac.
‘I remain’d as one Thunderstruck; I saw my Papers in his Hands; I
imagin’d she had made them a Sacrifice to him, and that he came to
insult on my Misfortune. He saw in my Eyes and Countenance part
of what I thought: “Undeceive yourself,” continued he, “she gave
’em not to me; I have taken ’em without her seeing them: I’ll be
serviceable to you for the obtaining her; be you the same to me in
relation to her elder Sister.” I then embraced him, and promis’d him
all he desired. Then we mutually rendred good Offices to one
another; and our Mistresses, who were not then acquainted with the
power of Love, began to accustom themselves to hear talk of it.
‘It would be to abuse your Patience, to tell you, Madam, how we
came at length by our Cares and Assiduities to win their Hearts.
What happy Moments! what sweet Hours! to see without ceasing
what one loves, and to be beloved! to be together in the Fields,
where an Innocent and Country Life let’s one taste, without
disturbance, the Pleasures of a growing Passion; this is a Felicity
which cannot be exprest.
‘Winter being come, Madam de Messignac was at Bourdeaux,
where she had a House; we accompanied her thither; but this House
was not great enough to lodge us, with all our Family; we took one
near hers.
‘Though this Separation was only the Nights, yet we had lively
Resentments of it; we were not now every Moment with ’em; our
Visits were accompanied with a certain Air of Ceremonies, which
disturb’d us. But our Alarums were much increas’d when we saw two
rich handsome Sparks address themselves to Mademoiselles de
Messignac, and earnestly Court them, and that with the Approbation
of their Parents. Good God, how we lookt! Their Proceedings went
on at a great rate, and our dear Mistresses, who shared in our
Sorrow, mingled every day their Tears with ours. In fine, having
thoroughly tormented ourselves, by devising a thousand fruitless
Ways, I resolv’d to Address myself to Monsieur de Messignac: I
spake to him, and told him what my Passion inspired me, to
perswade him to defer these Marriages. He answer’d, “He accepted,
with the greatest Acknowledgments, the Offers my Brother and I
made him; but being not of Age, what we might do at present might
be afterwards Cancell’d: That his Honour was dear to him, though
his Estate was small; however, should always esteem himself Happy,
in living without Reproach: That my Uncle, who had entrusted us to
him, might justly accuse him of Seducing us; and that in short, we
must no more think of these matters.”
‘I withdrew in the greatest Affliction, which I shared with my
Brother; and this was a dreadful trouble among us. Monsieur de
Messignac, to compleat our misfortunes, sent an Account to my
uncle, of what had past, and earnestly intreated him to lay his
Commands on us to be gone. He did so; and seeing no remedy to
our Misfortune, we went, my Brother and I, to Mademoiselles de
Messignac, we threw ourselves at their Feet; We told them what
might perswade Hearts already pre-possest: We gave them our
Faith, and Promises, Sign’d with our Blood: In Short, Love made an
end of vanquishing them; they consented to go with us. In fine, we
took such Measures, that our Passage was happy enough till our
Arrival here; and it is not two days since entring this House, the first
Person offering himself to us was Don Diego; He was impatient of
our Return; and to satisfie himself, he came in quest of us. How did
we look at this sight! He caus’d us to be apprehended as Criminals;
and forgetting that Mademoiselles de Messignac were the Daughters
of his best Friend and Person of Quality, he loaded them with
Injuries, and o’erwhelm’d them with Threatnings, after he had learnt
from one of my Servants, that we had resolved to pass Incognito as
far as Madrid, to some Relations we had there, to tarry in this place
for a full liberty of declaring our Marriage. He lock’t us up in a
Chamber next to his; and we were there, when these Ladies came
by Moonlight, coughing under our Windows. We heard them, and
ran to them——They shew’d us their Letters; and we were devising
on our Deliverance, when my Uncle, having notice of what past,
silently came upon us with all his Servants, and before our Faces
misused these aimable Creatures. In the Excess of our Despair our
Strength, without doubt, increas’d; We broke open the Doors, which
were fast shut on us, and we ran to Succour them, when
imprudently, Madam, we came into your Chamber.’

Gateway of Fuenterrabia

The Gentleman here stopt, and I found he had related his little
History with great Ingenuity. I thank’t him for it, and offer’d these
Ladies my Endeavours, and those of my Friends, to appease their
Family: Which Offers they accepted, and testifi’d their
Acknowledgments.
Some Ladies of the Town, who came to see me, wou’d stop me;
they proposed to me to go to the Religioses, whose Convent is so
pleasantly situated, that the Prospect has no Bounds: You may see
thence, at the same time, the Sea, Ships, Towns, Woods and Fields.
They spake much in praise of the Voices, Beauty, and good Humour
of these Religioses. Add to this, that the ill Weather was so increast,
and the Snow fal’n in so great abundance, that no body advised me
to proceed in my Journey. I was in suspence a while, but the
Impatience I had to be at Madrid, prevail’d over all these
Considerations, and I parted the next Morning. I have receiv’d of my
Banker the Money I want.
But I must not forget to tell you, That the Inhabitants of this Town
have a particular Priviledge, and of which they are not a little proud;
which is, That when they Treat of any Affairs with the King of Spain,
and that it is directly with him, he is oblig’d to speak with them
bareheaded. I could not get the Reason from ’em for this.
I am told I must furnish myself with good store of Provision, to
prevent starving in some places through which we must pass; and
Gammons of Bacon, dried Tongues, being much esteem’d in this
Country, I have therefore taken up a good quantity; and as to the
rest, we have sufficiently provided. Now this being the Post-day, I
would not omit this occasion of informing you of what has hapned to
me; and testifying, that I am,

Yours.
From St. Sebastian,
Feb. 20, 1679.
 Letter II

I Re-assume, Dear Cousin, without any Compliments, the Sequel of

my Travels: In leaving St. Sebastian, we entred into a very rough
Way, which brings you to such terrible steep Mountains, that you
cannot ascend them without climbing; they are call’d Sierra de St.
Adrian. They shew only Precipices and Rocks, on which a puling
Lover may meet with certain Death, if he has a mind to it. Pine Trees
of an extraordinary heighth crown the top of these Mountains. As far
as the Sight will reach you see nothing but Desarts, cut with Streams
clearer than Chrystal. Near the highest part of Mount St. Adrian, you
meet with an elevated Rock, which seems to have been placed in
the midst of the way to block up the Passage, and thus separate
Biscaye from the Old Castille.
A tedious and painful Labour has pierced this Mass of Stone in
manner of a Vault; you may walk forty or fifty Paces under it,
without sight of Day, but what comes by the Overtures at each
Entry, which are shut by great Doors: You find under this Vault an
Inn, which is left in the Winter, by Reason of the Snows: You see
here likewise a little Chappel of St. Adrian, and several Caverns,
where Thieves commonly retreat; so that it is dangerous passing
here without being in a condition of Defence. When we[2] had
traverst the Rock, we still a little ascended, to arrive to the top of the
Mountain, which is held to be the highest of the Pyranea’s; it is
wholly covered with great Ash Trees. There was never a finer place
of Solitude; the Springs run here as in the Vallies: the sight is only
bounded by the Weakness of the Eyes; Shades and Silence here
reign, and the Eccho’s answers on every side. We began afterwards
to descend down faster than we climed up: We saw in some parts
little barren Plains, many sandy places, and ever and anon
Mountains covered with great Rocks. It is not without Reason, that
in passing so near, you fear, lest some one of ’em should get loose,
which would certainly over-whelm one; for you see some which are
fall’n from the top, and hang in their passage on other Clefts; and
these finding nothing in the way, would give a sorry Diversion to a
Traveller. I made all these Reflections at my ease; for I was alone in
my Litter, with my Child, who did not at all disturb my Thoughts. A
River call’d Urrola, big enough, but which was increased by the
Torrents, and melted Snow, slides along the Way, and breaks forth
into particular Streams in some places, which fall with a great
impetuosity and noise, and make a very pleasant sound and sight.
We meet not here with those fine Castles to be seen on the Banks
of the Loire, which make Travellers call it the Country of Fairies. Here
are on these Mountains only some Shepherds Cottages, and some
few Hovels, and at that distance, that you must go a great way
before you can find them; yet all these Natural Objects, though very
melancholly ones, yet have something that is very taking in them.
The Snows were so high, that we had always twenty Men, who
made way for us with Shovels. You will perhaps imagine this cost me
very much; but here are so well establisht Orders, and those so well
observ’d, that the Inhabitants of a Village are oblig’d to meet
Travellers, and be their Guides to the next; and no one being bound
to give them any thing, the least Liberality therefore satisfies them.
To this first Care there is added another, which is that of Ringing the
Bells without ceasing, to give notice to Travellers, where they may
retreat in stormy Weather. They told me, there had not fall’n this
forty Years so much Snow as we met with, there having been no
Frost for a great while in this Province.
Our Troop was so great that we might count ourselves no ways
inferiour to those Famous Caravans which go to Mecha; for without
reckoning my Train, and that of Don Fernand de Toledo, there joyn’d
with us near St. Sebastian, three Knights, with their Attendants, who
return’d from their Commanderships of St. James; there were two of
this Order, and one of that of Alcantara: The first wear Red Crosses,
in form of an embroidered Sword, on their Shoulders; and he of
Alcantara had a Green one. One of the two first is of Andalousia, the
other of Galicia, and the third of Catalonia; they are of good
Families; he of Andalousia calls himself, Don Esteve de Carvajal; he
of Galicia, Don Sancho Sanniento; and the other of Catalonia, Don
Frederic de Cardonne; they are Persons of good Meine, and well
acquainted with the World. I receiv’d all possible Civilities from them,
having much of the French Humour in them. They have travelled
over the greatest Part of Europe; and this has rendred them so
Polite. We went to lye at Galareta; this is a Borough a little distant
from Mount Adrian, situated in the little Province of Spain, I now
mention’d, named Alava, which makes a Part of Biscaye; we had
there but bad Entertainment. They reckon it eleven Leagues from
thence to St. Sebastian.
We had better Way from Galareta to Victoria, than we had before:
The Country here yields much Corn and Grapes; and the Villages lie
very thick together: We found here Custom-House-Men, who made
us pay both for the Cloaths and Money we carried with us: they
were not very exacting with us, because our Company was too large
to be imposed on. Don Fernand de Toledo had inform’d me over
Night, that we were to travel near the Castle of Quebara, which was
said to be haunted with a Spirit, telling me a thousand extravagant
Stories, which were readily swallow’d by the Inhabitants of the
Country, and which were so effectually believ’d by them, that no
body would live there. I had a great desire to see this place; for
altho’ I am naturally as fearful as another, yet am not afraid of
Ghosts; and if I were, our Company was so numerous, as would
animate the greatest Coward: we struck off a little to the left, and
came to the Borough of Quebara; the Master of the Inn where we
entred, had the Keys of the Castle; he told us, in going along with
us, ‘That the Duende,’ which is to say the Spirit, ‘could not endure
Company; yet if we were a thousand together, he would, if he were
minded, beat us all, in such a manner, as to leave us for dead.’ I
began to tremble; Don Fernand de Toledo, and Don Frederic de
Cordonne, who gave me their Hands, perceiving my Fear, burst out
into Laughter: I grew asham’d, and pretended to gain Courage; and
so we entred the Castle, which might have past for a fine one, had it
been kept in order: It had no Furniture, except an old Tapistry
Hanging in a great Hall, which represented the Amours of Don Pedro
the Cruel, and Donna Maria de Padilla: she is represented sitting like
a Queen in the midst of other Ladies, and the King placing on her
Head a Crown of Flowers: In another part she sate under the shade
of a Wood, the King shewing her a Hawk on his Fist: And again, in
another, she appears in a Warrier’s Dress, and the King in Armour
presents her with a Sword; which makes me believe that she had
been in some Warlike Expedition with him. She was very ill
represented; and Don Fernand told me, ‘He had seen her Effigies
elsewhere, by which she appeared to be the most beautiful and
most cruel Woman of her time; and that the Figures in this Tapistry
resembled neither her nor the King: his Name, Cypher, and Arms
were every-where on it.’ We went up into a Tower, on the top of
which was a Dungeon, and ’twas there where the Spirit inhabited;
but without doubt he was abroad, for we neither saw nor heard him,
or any of his Companions; and having seen sufficiently this great
Building, we left it to pursue our Journey. In approaching Victoria,
we past over a most delightful Plain, at the end of which stands a
Town situated in this Province of Spain, I lately mention’d, call’d
Alava; this is the Capital Town of it, as well as the first of Castille: It
is inclosed with two Walls, one of which is old, and the other new;
besides this, it has no other Fortifications. After I had refresh’d
myself a while here, ’twas proposed to me to go to a Play; but in
tarrying till it began, I had no small Diversion, in seeing come into
the most spacious place of the Town, four Companies of young Men,
preceded by Drums and Trumpets: they marched several times
round, and in fine, immediately began the Fight with Snow-balls,
which they threw at one another with such Fierceness, that they
were all very well pelted in the end: they were above two hundred
who fought this Battle. To tell you of those who fell, or recovered
their Feet again, and the Shouts and Acclamations of the People, will
be needless; and I was obliged to leave them thus engaged, to go to
the place where the Play was to be represented.
When I entred into the Room, the People set forth an hollowing,
Mira, mira! which is to say, Look, look! The Decoration of the
Theatre was not over Magnificent; it was rais’d on Barrels, and ill-
rang’d Planks; the Windows of the Room were open, for they used
no Candles or Flambeaux; whence you can easily imagine this much
takes away from the Beauty of the Sight. They acted the Life of St.
Anthony; and when the Players said any thing which pleas’d the
Company, all the People cried out, Victoria, Victoria; I was informed
this was the Custom of the Country. I observ’d the Devil was no
other ways clad than the rest, having only a pair of Stockings of a
Flame colour, and a pair of Horns to distinguish him. This Comedy
consisted only of three Acts, and they are all no more: at the end of
each serious Act, another began of Farce and Pleasantry, wherein
appear’d him they called El Gracioso, which is to say, the Buffoon,
who, among much insipid Stuff, says sometimes something that is
less nauseous: The Interludes were mixt with Dances, to the sound
of the Harps and Guitars: The Actors had Castagnets, and a little Hat
on their Heads, without which they never Dance, and then ’tis a
Saraband; they seem not to walk, they slip along so lightly. Their
manner is wholly different from ours: they move too much their
Arms, and often pass their Hands on their Hats and Face, and that
with no ill Grace; they play admirably well on the Castagnets.
As to the rest, (Dear Cousin) I would not have you think these
Actors, for being in a little City, do much differ from those of Madrid.
I was told that those of the King are a little better; but, in a word,
both act what they call Las Comedias Famosas, which is to say, The
finest and most famous Comedies; which in truth are very ridiculous:
For Example, when St. Anthony said his Confiteor, which he did often
enough, all the Spectators fell down on their Knees, and gave
themselves such rude Mea Culpa’s as was enough to beat the breath
out of their Bodies.
Here would be a proper place to speak of their Habits; but you
had better excuse me till I come to Madrid, lest I tire you with
Repetitions: Yet I must tell you, that all the Ladies I saw in this
Company, had a prodigious quantity of Red, which begins just under
the Eye, and passes from the Chin to the Ears, and Shoulders, to
their very Hands; so that I never saw any Radishes of a finer Colour.
 The Lady Governness of the Town drew near to me; she just
toucht my Cloaths, and hastily drew back her Hand as if she had
burnt her Fingers. I bid her in Spanish not to be afraid: She at length
familiariz’d herself, and told me, ‘’Twas not through fear of any thing
else but of displeasing me: that ’twas no new thing to her to see
French Ladies: and that if she might, she would gladly dress herself
after their Fashion.’ She ordered Chocolate to be brought her, with
which she presented me; which is far better here than in France.
The Play being ended, I took my Leave of her, having thanked her
for her Civilities.
The next Morning, as I entred the Church to hear Mass, I espied
an Hermit, who had the Air of a Person of Quality, and yet begg’d an
Alms of me, with such great Humility, that I was greatly surpriz’d at
it: Don Fernand having notice of it, drew near, and said to me, ‘The
Person whom you behold, Madam, is of an Illustrious Family, and of
great Merit, but his Fortune very Unhappy.’
‘You raise in me,’ said I to him, ‘a great Curiosity to know more;
and therefore I must beg your Favour to satisfie it.’ ‘You may
command any thing of me,’ replied he, ‘Madam; but I am not so
thoroughly inform’d of his Adventures, to undertake the relating
them to you; and I believe ’twere better I engage him into a Recital
of them himself.’ He left me, and went immediately to Embrace him,
with the greatest Civilities and Tenderness: Don Frederic de
Cardonne, and Don Esteve de Carvajal, had already accosted him, as
their old Acquaintance; and when Don Fernand had joyn’d them,
they all earnestly intreated him to come with them when Mass was
over. He as earnestly excused himself; but being told, I was a
Stranger, and much importuned, that I might learn from himself,
what had oblig’d him to turn Hermit; he at length consented, on
condition I would permit him to bring one of his Friends, who was
perfectly knowing in what related to him: ‘Do us Justice,’ continued
he, ‘and judge whether ’tis fit for me to relate such Particularities in
this Habit I wear.’ They found he had Reason, and pray’d him to
bring his Friend, which he did a while after I was at my Lodgings: He
presented a very fine Cavalier to me; and taking leave of us very
civilly, he told him, ‘He should be oblig’d to him, if he would satisfie
the Curiosity which Don Fernand de Toledo had giv’n me, of knowing
the Spring of his Misfortunes.’ This Gentleman took place by me, and
began in these Terms:
‘I think myself very Happy, Madam, that my Friend has chosen me
to satisfie the Desire you have of knowing his Adventures; but I fear
I shall not acquit myself so well as I would: The Person whose
History you wou’d learn, has been one of the finest Gentlemen in the
World; it would be hard to make a Judgment of him now; he is
buried, as it were in his Hermit’s Habit. He was an exceeding
graceful Person, well shaped, of an excellent Meine, and Noble Air:
And in fine, had all the Accomplishments, both Natural and Acquired,
of a Person of Quality, being liberal, witty and brave. He was born at
Cagliari, Capital of the Isle of Sardogne, one of the most illustrious
and richest Families of all that Country.
‘He was brought up with one of his Cousin-Germans; and the
sympathy which was found in their Humours, and Inclinations, was
so great, that they were more strictly united by Friendship than
Blood: they had no Secret from each other. And when the Marquess
Barbaran was married (which was his Cousin’s Name,) their
Friendship continued in the same force.
‘He married one of the finest Women in the World, and the most
Accomplisht; she was then not above Fourteen: She was Heiress to a
very Noble Estate and Family. The Marquess every day discovered
new Charms in the Wit and Person of his Wife, which likewise
increased every day his Passion. He speaks without ceasing, of his
Happiness, to Don Lewis de Barbaran; which is the Name, Madam,
of my Friend; and when any Affairs oblig’d the Marquess to leave
her, he conjured him to stay with the Marchioness, thereby to lessen
the Trouble of his Absence. But alas! how hard is it when one is at
an Age uncapable of serious Reflections, to see continually so fine a
Woman, so young and aimable; and to see her with Indifference!
Don Lewis was already desperately in Love with the Marchioness,
and thought then ’twas only for her Husband’s sake: Whilst he was
in this Mistake, she fell dangerously sick; at which he grew so
dreadful melancholly, that he then knew, but too late, this was
caus’d by a Passion which would prove the greatest Misfortune of his
whole Life. Finding himself then in this condition, and having not
strength to resist it, he resolv’d to use the utmost Extremity, and to
fly and avoid a place where he was in danger of dying with Love, or
breaking through the Bonds of Friendship. The most cruel Death
wou’d have seem gentler than the Execution of this Design: When
the Marchioness beginning to grow better, he went to her to bid her
Adieu, and see her no more.
‘He found her busied in choosing among several Stones of great
price, those which were the finest, which she intended to have set in
a Ring, Don Lewis was scarce entred the Chamber, but she desired
him, with that Air of Familiarity usual among Relations, to go and
fetch her other Stones which she moreover had in her Cabinet. He
ran thither, and by an unexpected good hap, found among what he
lookt for, the Picture enamell’d of the Marchioness, in little, set with
Diamonds, and incircled with a Lock of her Hair; it was so like, that
he had not the power to withstand the desire he had of stealing it:
“I am going to leave her,” said he, “I shall see her no more; I
sacrifice all my quiet to her Husband: Alas! is not this enough? And
may I not without a Crime, search in my Pain a Consolation so
innocent as this.” He kist several times this Picture; he put it under
his Arm, he carefully hid it, and returning towards her with these
Stones, he tremblingly told her the Resolution he had taken of
Travelling. She appear’d much amazed at it, and chang’d her colour.
He lookt on her at this moment; he had the pleasure of perceiving it;
and their Eyes being of Intelligence, spake more than their Words:
“Alas! What can oblige you, Don Lewis,” said she to him, “to leave
us? Your Cousin loves you so tenderly; I esteem you; we are never
pleas’d without you; he cannot live from you: Have you not already
travelled? You have without doubt some other Reason for your
Departure, but at least do not hide it from me.” Don Lewis, pierc’d
through with sorrow, could not forbear uttering a deep Sigh, and
taking one of the delicate Hands of the Charming Person, on which
he fixt his Mouth, “Ah, Madam, What do you ask me?” said he to her,
“What would you have me say to you? And indeed, What can I say
to you, in the Condition I am in?” The Violence he used, to conceal
his Sentiments, caus’d him such a great Weakness, that he fell half
dead at her Feet. She remained troubled and confused at this sight:
She oblig’d him to sit down by her; she dared not lift up her Eyes to
look on him; but she let him see Tears, which she could not forbear
shedding, nor resolve to conceal from him.
‘Scarcely were they come to themselves, when the Marquess
entred into the Chamber. He came to embrace Don Lewis with all the
Testimonies of a perfect Friendship, and he was in the greatest
trouble, when he understood he parted for Naples. He omitted no
Arguments to perswade him from it, prest his stay with the greatest
Earnestness, but all in vain. He there immediately took his leave of
the Marchioness, and saw her no more. The Marquess went out with
him, he left him not till the moment of his Departure. This was an
Augmentation of Don Lewis’s Sorrow; he would have willingly
remained alone to have an intire Liberty of afflicting himself.
‘The Marchioness was sensibly afflicted at this Separation: She
had perceived he loved her, before he had known thus much
himself; and she had found in him such singular Merit, that for her
part too she had loved him without knowing it; but she found this to
her Cost after his Departure: Recovering but lately from a dangerous
Sickness, of which she was not perfectly cured, this unhappy
Accident made her fall into a languishing Indisposition, as soon
rendred her quite another body; her Duty, her Reason, her Vertue
equally persecuted her: She was greatly sensible of her Husband’s
Respects to her, and she could not suffer but with great Sorrow, that
another should take up her Thoughts, and have so great a place in
her Affections. She dared not any more mention the Name of Don
Lewis; she never made any Enquiries after him; she made it an
indispensable Duty to forget him: This Violence which she used on
herself, was like a continual Martyrdom; she made one of her
Women, In whom she most confided, the Repository of this Secret:
“Am I not very unhappy?” said she, “I must wish never again to see
a Man, towards whom it is impossible for me to be in a state of
Indifference; his Person is always before mine Eyes; nay, I think
sometimes I see him in the Person of my Husband; the Resemblance
which is between them, serves only to nourish my Affection towards
him. Alas! Mariana, I must die, to expiate this Crime, although it be
an involuntary one; I have only this means to get rid of a Passion of
which I cannot hitherto be Mistress: Alas, what have I not done to
stifle it, this Passion which yet is dear to me.” She accompany’d
these Words with a thousand Sighs: She melted into Tears; and
though this Woman had had a great deal of Wit and Affection to her
Mistress, yet she could say nothing to her could yield her any
Comfort.
‘The Marquess in the mean time, every day reproacht his Wife
with her Indifferency to Don Lewis: “I cannot suffer,” said he to her,
“that you should think so little on the Man I love above all the World,
and who had so much Complaisance and Friendship for you: I must
needs say, this is a kind of Hardness, which would make one judge
untowardly of the Tenderness of your Heart: At least, you must
grant, Madam, that he was scarcely gone, but you forgot him.”
“What good would my remembring him do him?” said the
Marchioness with a languishing Air, “Do not you see he avoids us?
Would he not have been still with us, if he had any real Kindness for
us? Believe me, my Lord, he deserves a little that we should forsake
him in our turn.” Whatever she could say, repel’d not the Marquess;
he still importun’d her to write to Don Lewis to Return. One Day
among the rest, she was gotten into his Closet to speak to him
about some Affairs; she found him busied in reading a Letter of D.
Lewis, which he lately receiv’d.
‘She would have retir’d; but he took this opportunity to oblige her
to do what he would have her; he told her very seriously, “That he
could no longer bear the Absence of his Cousin; that he was resolv’d
to go find him; that ’twas already two Years since he had been gone,
without intimating any desire of returning to his Friends and
Country; that he was perswaded he would yield a greater Deference
to her Requests than his; that he conjured her to write to him: And
that in fine, she might chuse either to give him this Satisfaction, or
be content to see him part for Naples, where Don Lewis was to
make some stay.” She remain’d surpriz’d, and perplext at this
Proposal; but knowing he expected with great Impatience her
Determination, “What would you have me say to him, my Lord?”
said she to him with a sorrowful Countenance, “Dictate this Letter to
me, I will write it; I can do no more; and I believe this is more than
I ought.” The Marquess, transported with Joy, most affectionately
embrac’d her; he thank’d her for her Compliance, and made her
write these Words:

“If you have any Kindness for us, defer not your Return; I have
very urgent Reasons to desire it. I am not a little concern’d that you
shew such Indifference towards us, which is an unquestionable
Indication that you take no Delight in our Company. Return, Don
Lewis, I earnestly wish it; I intreat you: And if it were fit for me to
use more urgent Terms, I would say, perhaps, I Command you to do
it.”

‘The Marquess made a single Pacquet of this fatal Letter, to the

end Don Lewis might not think ’twas by his Order the Marchioness
had wrote it; and having sent it to the Currier, he expected the
Success with extraordinary Impatience. What became of this Lover
at the sight of so dear and unexpected an Order! Although he had
remarkt Dispositions of Tenderness in the Countenance of this fair
Person, yet he dared not promise himself she could desire his
Return; his Reason revolted against his Joy: “How Unhappy a Wretch
am I?” said he, “I Adore the most Aimable of all Women, and yet I
dare not offer to please her! She has a Kindness for me, yet Honour
and Friendship with-hold me from making the least Advantage of it.
What shall I do then, O Heavens! What shall I do! I flatter’d my self,
that Absence would Cure me: Alas! this is a Remedy which I have
fruitlesly tried; I have never cast mine Eyes on her Picture, but have
found myself more in Love, and more Miserable than when I saw her
every day. I must obey her, she commands my Return; she desires
to see me, and she cannot be ignorant of my Passion: When I took
my Leave of her, my Eyes declared to her the Secret of my Heart:
And when I call to mind what I saw in hers, all my Reflections then
are to no purpose; for I resolve rather to die at her Feet, than to live
remote from her.”
 ‘He parted without any delay, and without taking leave of his
Friends. He left a Gentleman to Excuse him towards them, and to
order his Affairs. He was in such great haste to see the Marchioness,
that he used such Diligence to be with her, that no body but he
could have done: In arriving at Cagliary, Capital of Sardagne, he
understood that the Marquess and his Wife were at a stately
Country-house, where the Vice-Roy was gone to give them a Visit,
with all his Court. He learnt moreover, that the Marquess de
Barbaran prepared for him a great Feast, where there were to be
held Justs or Turnaments, after the Ancient Manner of the Mores: He
was the Defendant, and was to maintain, “That a Husband beloved,
is Happier than a Lover.”
‘Several Gentlemen that were not of this Opinion, were preparing
themselves to go and dispute the Prize, which the Marchioness, at
the Vice-Queen’s Intreaty, was to give to the Conquerour; ’Twas a
Scarf embroidered with her own Hands, wrought with Cyphers: No
one was to appear but maskt and disguised, to the end all might be
freer and more gallant.
‘Don Lewis had a secret Despight, in comprehending the Marquess
so well satisfied: “He is belov’d,” said he, “I cannot but look on him
as my Rival, and as an Happy Rival; but we must endeavour to
disturb his Happiness, in triumphing over his vain Glory.” Having
formed this Design, he would not appear in Town; he caus’d to be
made a Suit of strip’d Green Satin, embroidered with Gold, and all
his Liveries were of the same Colour, to denote his new Hopes.
‘When he entred into the Lissts, everybody had their Eyes on him;
his Magnificence and his Air gave Emulation to the Cavaliers, and
great Curiosity to the Ladies. The Marchioness felt a secret Emotion,
of which she could not discover the Cause: He was placed very near
the Balcony, where she sate with the Vice-Queen; but there was no
Lady there which did not lose all her Lustre near that of the
Marchioness; her youthful Air, which exceeded not eighteen Years,
her lovely white and red Cheeks, her Eyes so sweet and graceful,
her Scarlet and little Mouth, agreeable Smiles, and her Shape, which
surpast the Fairest, made her the Admiration of all the World.
 ‘Don Lewis was so ravish’d in seeing her so charming, and to
observe yet in her Countenance a languishing sorrowful Air, that he
flattered himself to have therein a part; and this was the first
Moment wherein he thought himself Happy. When his turn came, he
ran against the Marquess, and smote him so dexterously, that he got
the Advantage all along of him: so that in a word, he gain’d the Prize
with a general Applause, and with every one’s good-liking. He threw
himself at the Marchioness’s Feet, to receive it at her Hands; he
altered the Tone of his Voice, and speaking to her with his Mask on,
low enough not to be heard but only by her: “Divine Person,” said he
to her, “be pleas’d to observe what Fortune decides in favour of
Lovers.” He dar’d not say more to her; and without knowing him,
she gave him the Prize, with this natural Grace with which all her
Actions were accompanied.
‘He suddenly withdrew himself, for fear of being known; for this
might have been an occasion of Quarrel between the Marquess and
him; and without doubt he would not have easily pardon’d the
Victory he obtain’d over him. This oblig’d him to keep himself still
conceal’d for some Days. The Vice-Roy and his Lady return’d to
Cagliari, and the Marquess and Marchioness accompanied them
thither, with the whole Court.
‘Don Lewis then shew’d himself; he pretended he just then arriv’d,
and made as if he knew not what had past in the Field. The
Marquess de Barbaran was transported with Joy in seeing him; and
Absence had not at all altered the Affection he had for this dear
Relation. He had no difficult task to find a favourable moment
wherein to entertain his aimable Marchioness; he had as much
liberty in their Lodgings as in his own; and you may well judge,
Madam, that he forgot not to mention the Prize he had receiv’d from
her fair Hands. “How wretched am I,” said he to her, “that you did
not know me? Alas, Madam, I flattered myself, that by some secret
Pre-sentiments you would learn, that no one but I could sustain with
such Passion the Cause of Lovers against Husbands.” “No my Lord,”
said she to him, with an Angry and Disdainful Air, to take away all
Hope from him, “I could never have imagin’d that you could have
been Patron of so foul a Cause; and I could not have believ’d you
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