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Introduction

GPON - Gigabit Passive Optical Network. The only active network elements are OLT (Optical Line Termination) and ONT / ONU (Optical Network Termination / Unit) PON utilizes Tree network topology Offers data rates of up to 2.5 Gbps downstream and 1.2 Gbps upstream. Provides extended reach (compared to xDSL)

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Overall GPON data transmission approach

ONU

Central office ONT

Fi be rl in k

Upstream (ONTs
1 = 1310 nm

OLT)

OLT
GE/10GE

NT
xDSL

xDSL

NT ONT

As far as one fiber feeder is used between OLT and ONUs for data transmission WDM is implemented to decouple Uplink and Downlink data paths.

Infrastructure Fiber Optic Passive Optical splitter NT Network Termination

OLT Optical Line Termination ONT Optical Network Termination ONU Optical Network Unit DSL Digital Subscriber Line

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MDU

Fiber feeder

Downstream (OLT
2 = 1490 nm

ONTs)

Downstream data transmission (TDM)

Every ONT receives each DS frame and picks up only that data OLT broadcasts data to every ONU using TDM approach TDM continuous data stream divided into frames Optionally FEC coding and AES encryption are applied to the user data addressed to it by the OLT FEC decoding and /or AES decryption algorithm applied if required

ONT 1

1
User #1

OLT
1 2 1 3 1 2 1 3

ONT 2

2
User #2

Passive Optical Splitter 1: N (Distribution point) DS signal is distributed by a passive splitter to all ONUs connected to it via separate fiber link

ONT 3

To broadcast data from the OLT to all ONTs TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) is used

3
User #3

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Upstream data transmission (TDMA)

ONU receives data from the user ports and combines them into bursts For synchronization purposes each ONU transmits its data in a strict accordance with the Bandwidth Map generated by OLT Using DBA mechanism OLT can rearrange US BW to provide more resources to those ONU tightly loaded with traffic. For synchronous transmission within TDMA stream each ONU introduces equalization delay.

To provide multiple access to a single fiber link for all connected ONUs Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) architecture is implemented for the Upstream channel

ONU 1

1
User #1

1 1

OLT
3

3
Splitter

ONU 2

2
User #2

BW Allocation Map

3
OLT collects data from all ONUs and filters it with the use of ONU-IDs FEC is applied to data if required

ONU 3

3
3

User #3

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Summary on T-CONTS

T-CONTs or Transmission Containers are used in GPON for provisioning of: traffic separation and bandwidth allocation on the level of CoS. The main purpose of T-CONT is bundling of GEM traffic for management of US bandwidth allocation. Every T-CONT may contain one GEM-port or bundle of several GEM-ports T-CONTs are used only in US direction (from the ONTs to the OLT) Every ONT in the GPON is allowed to use up to 8 T-CONTs. Every T-CONT may be assigned to a one of four different T-CONT types. Every type of T-CONT is allocated US bandwidth differently. T-CONT is identified by 12-bits of Alloc_ID (up to 4095 T-CONTs per GPON)

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T-CONTs and Bandwidth allocation

Static T-CONT Dynamic T-CONT

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Applications data prioritization

In US direction ONUs transmit their data in short packages called bursts For OLT to understand from which ONU a burst is received the ONU-ID is added into the overhead field. To separate the traffic of different users applications the so called traffic containers or T-CONTs are used. Every T-CONT is associated with the traffic of certain Class (or Classes) of Service (CoS)

ONU #1

Upstream channel
ONU #3 Burst ONU #2 ONU #3
Overhead T-CONT 4 T-CONT 3

ONU #2 Burst ONU #2

T-CONT 2 T-CONT 1 Overhead

ONU #1 Burst ONU #1

Overhead

ONU #3

Guard interval

Best Effort

High Priority Data (non-real time)

High Priority Data (real time)

Delay sensitive traffic (Voice, TDM.)

Guard interval

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Users data encapsulation

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. User data represented by different types of traffic (Ethernet data, VoIP, TDM, OMCI) is adapted to the format suitable for transmission over GPON This task is accomplished by GTC Adaptation sublayer of GPON stack over GEM (GPON Encapsulation Method which uses GFP-like procedure). GEM frame contains encapsulated user data and overhead User frame may be partitioned prior to encapsulation into GEM-frame If there are no user data to transmit within an allocated resource then idle frames are inserted

User Data frames

PL#1

PL#2

PL#3

PL#4

GEM payload partition

H#1 001

PL#1

H#2 001

PL#2 GEM frame

H#3A 000

PL#3A

H#3B 001

PL#3B

H#4 001

PL#4

Idle

GEM payload partition of GTC Frame #M PLI 12b Port ID 12b PTI 3b HEC 13b

GEM Header

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GEM-ports. User data encapsulation

GEM-port is identified by GEM_port_ID (4095 per GPON) Leased Lines TDM 1 TDM 2 GEM-port-ID1 GEM-port-ID2 T_CONT # 1 Type 1 (Fixed BW) T-CONT is identified by Alloc_ID (1024 per GPON)

POTS / VoIP

T_CONT # 2 GEM-port-ID3 AGW Type 1 (Fixed BW) Burst is identified by ONT_ID (64 per GPON)

T_CONT # 3 ONT Management Data (rt) GEM-port-ID5 Host C GEM-port-ID4 Type 1 (Fixed BW) T_CONT # 4 Type 2 GEM-port-IDn1 Data (best effort) Data (nrt) (Assured BW)

To the ODN

Burst

GEM-port-IDn1+1 GEM-port-IDn2

T_CONT # 5 Type 3 (Assured + Non Assured BW)

GEM-port-IDn2+1 GEM-port-IDn3

T_CONT # 6 Type 4 (Best Effort BW)

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Summary on GEM-ports

1.

From the point of view of GPON GEM-port defines logical bi-directional point-topoint connection with the following exceptions:
DASAN GPON uses the GEM-port ID 0xFFF(4095) for Multicast and Broadcast.

2. 3. 4.

GEM-port typically bundles payload per user per CoS. GEM-ports are used for encryption and performance monitoring GEM-port is identified by 12-bits of GEM-port-ID (up to 4095 GEM-ports per GPON) The allocation of GEM-ports per T-CONT and per physical ONU ports is dictated by OLT

5.

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Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation

Upstream bandwidth (US BW) is granted to ONUs by OLT with the aid of US BW Map
broadcasted to all PON participants

BW assignment may be static or dynamic Using DBA mechanism dynamic BW assignment is possible. DBA improves overall BW
utilization

Additional BW is granted by the OLT from the currently unused bandwidth pool To know how much BW to grant for a certain ONU (T-CONT) OLT have to collect
information on BW utilization

BW utilization may be assessed using the following modes:

Non Status Reporting DBA OLT observes traffic patterns of ONUs (ONUs dont report) Status Reporting DBA OLT receives information on queue fill level from ONUs (ONUs report to OLT)

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GPON maximum reach

User Side
ONU 1 Outermost ONU

Outdoor Environment

Central Office

OLT
ONU 2

Splitter

ONU N

b
Nearest ONU Logical Reach
Maximum distance between OLT

Maximum differential distance

a b 20 km

20 km 60 km 20 km

and outermost ONU supported by GTC

Physical Reach
Typical maximum distance considering infrastructure losses

GPON Optical module specification

CLASS of Laser B+ Specification

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GPON reach influencing factors

1) Class of Laser used
Class of Laser Type Optical Budget GPON Release

OLT

Optical Budget

>

Total losses
Connectors

A B B+ C

Fabry-Perot Fabry-Perot Fabry-Perot Distributed Feedback Laser

5 20 dB 10 25 dB 13 28 dB 15 30 dB Current version

Optical Budget

Splitter (1:32)

20 km

2) Receiver susceptibility 3) Forward Error Correction algorithm - Enabled / Disabled 4) Attenuation of the optical link - Depends on the fiber length (0.3 dB per 1 km) - Number of splices along the fiber channel - Number of connectors (0.3 dB per connector) 5) Attenuation of the passive optical splitter - Depends on the splitting ratio
1: 64 19.5 dB 1:16 14.4 dB 1:4 7.6dB 1:32 17.8 d 1:8 11 dB 1:2 4.2dB

-----------28 dB

ONT 1 Total losses Splitter 17.8 dB Fiber - 0.3dB/km x 20km = 6 dB Connectors 0.3dB x 4 = 1.2 dB ------------------------------------------25 dB

ONT 2

ONT N

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Forward Error Correction (FEC) Forward Error Correction (FEC)

ONT #1

Forward Error Correction (FEC) is the mechanism to improve transmission quality of physical layer. Reed Solomon code (RS) FEC is used by GPON. Up to 3 dB budget improvement (7% overhead) Only payload part of frames is coded OLT and ONUs negotiate the status of FEC using flags in the overhead fields for each ONU independently

FEC enabled for ONT#1

OLT
PON

ONT #2

FEC disabled for ONT#2

FEC enabled for ONT#3

ONT #3

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Forward Error Correction (FEC)

For FEC purposes Reed Solomon code RS (255,239). Codeword length is 255 B = 239 B data block + 16 B parity bytes

Downstream In DS direction OLT informs all ONTs of the FEC enabled / disabled status by installing FECi bit. FECi is valid for the whole GEM payload.

PCBd

Ident

FECi / 1b

Upstream ONTs that are capable of FEC support install their Ind bit # 6. Those ONTs not supporting FEC mechanism ignore FEC overhead.

PLOu

IND

Bit # 6

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Encryption Encryption

User #1 ONT #1
Encrypted connection

Standardized AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) algorithm is used to protect individual users data from trespassing. Encryption is applied to the data in the DS direction only DS data is encrypted on the level of virtual connection. AES Encryption machine operates in counter mode. Unpredictable cipher block generation is done with the use of constantly changing counters and random cipher keys generated by each ONU independently

Encryption is enabled for User #1 of ONT#1

PON

OLT

Encryption is disabled for User #2 of ONT#1

User #2

ONT #N

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Security on GPON Link

The basic concern in PON is that the downstream data is being broadcasted to all ONUs attached to the PON. AES is used for the encryption algorithm
128 (currently supported by Broadlight Chipset), 192, and 256 bit keys

GEM frame payload is encrypted. PLOAM (Physical Layer OAM) for security
Encrypted_Port-ID (downstream) : Enable/Disable Encryption Request_Key (downstream) : request ONU to generate new key Encryption_Key (upstream) : send new key to OLT Key_Switching_Time (downstream) : indicate when to begin using the new encryption key.

Rekeying time can be configurable ; minimum value is 10 seconds (Broadlight Implementation)

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Security on GPON Link

Authentication Mechanism in GPON
GPON supports two kinds of authentication mechanism. Serial Number Password The serial number is mandatory authentication during ONU activation. After registering the serial number, ONU ID is assigned Serial_Number_ONU (upstream) : 8 bytes serial number Password is optionally used for validating the ONU. Request_password (downstream) Password (upstream) : 10bytes password

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ONU Failure Detection Time

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ONU failure detection time

ONU failure can be detected by LOSi and LOFi. LOSi (i : ONU ID)
No valid optical signal from ONU when it was expected 4 consecutive non-contiguous allocations to that ONU

LOFi
When 4 consecutive invalid delimiters from ONUi was received.

ONU Failure can be detected within 8 msec. (HW Detection Time)

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OLT GPON port switch over mechanism

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GPON Redundancy
Type-A Protection in SIU_GPON4R
ONT #1

SFU

GPIU
12 x 1G

BL3458 GMAC#1 GMAC#2 GMAC#3 GMAC#4

Active ONT #2 Stand-by ONT #3

GPON Port Redundancy within a GPIU

OLT can detect GPON link down by LOS event. After receive LOS, switch-over from Active to Standby Switch over in the same GMAC Fail over time is under 50msec

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GPON Link LoS

OLT can detect GPON link down by LOS event. LOS is defined as below in G984.3
LOS : Los of Signal The OLT did not receive any expected transmission in the upstream (complete PON
failure) for 4 consecutive frames.

Broadlight supports this as hardware triggering mechanism

and GPON line card detect it as soon as it happens. It takes 4 consecutive frames (125us * 4) to detect link down.

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