PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

1. Draw a ‘dot and cross’ diagram to show he bonding in a water molecule (H2O)

[2]
2. Hydrochloric acid is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride gas in water.
Use a ‘dot and cross’ diagram to draw the structure of the ions in hydrochloric acid.
Show all the shells in each of the ions.

[3]
3. The table below shows some properties of the elements in group IV of the Periodic
Table.
Element Density g/cm3 Melting point Type of oxide
Carbon 2.25 3700
Silicon 2.33 1683 Acidic
Germanium 5.35 937 Amphoteric
Tin 7.28 505 Amphoteric
Lead 11.35 601 Amphoteric

(a) Explain why these elements are placed in group lV.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(b) Complete the table by stating the type of oxide formed by carbon.
(c) Describe the trends of the elements in terms of
(i) Density
…………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(ii) Melting point
…………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(d) Tin, (Sn) reacts with oxygen to form amphoteric oxide.
(i) Which two substances will be formed when the oxide of tin reacts with an
acid?
1. ……………………………………………………………………………………………
2. …………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]

(ii) All the elements above form compounds with hydrogen called hydrides.
The saturated hydrides of carbon are alkanes.
Predict the formula for the hydride of germanium, (Ge) which contains
three atoms of germanium.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

146
4. Hydrogen reacts with chlorine to form hydrogen chloride, HCl.
Draw a ‘dot and cross’ diagram to show the bonding in hydrogen chloride, HCl.

[2]
5. Sodium is an element in Group 1 of the Periodic Table.
It has the electron configuration of 2, 8, 1.
(a) State why sodium is in group 1.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(b) In which period is sodium found?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(c) State how the sodium atom reacts with atoms of non-metals.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

6. (a) In an experiment, two jars are set up as shown below.

Nitrogen dioxide, NO2, is a brown gas.

(i) What observation will be made when the glass disc is removed?
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
Explain your answer.
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(ii) Calculate the relative molecular mass if NO2.

Relative molecular mass = …………………………………. [1]

(b) The experiment is repeated using bromine gas, Br2, which has a relative
molecular mass of 160.
State and explain how the rate of change observed when the glass disc is
removed will differ from the change in the first experiment.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [3]

147
7. Draw a ‘dot and cross’ diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of methane,
CH4.

[2]
8. The table below shows physical properties of substances V, W, X, Y and Z.
Substances Melting Boiling Electrical conductivity
point/°C point/°C As solid As liquid
V 3720 4827 Conducts Does not
W -95 69 Does not Does not
X 327 1760 Conducts Conducts
Y 3550 4827 Does not Does not
Z 776 1500 Does not Conducts

(a) Which of the substances could be sodium chloride?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
Explain your answer.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(b) Which substance consists of small covalent molecules?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
Explain your answer.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(c) Use the kinetic theory of matter to describe the arrangement and movement
of particles in substance W at room temperature.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]
9. The figure shows experimental set-up to investigate the rate of diffusion of
hydrogen chloride. HCl, and ammonia, NH3. Damp blue and red litmus papers were
both placed at position Y.

(a) Name the process by which the gases move from the cotton wool to meet at
position X.
….……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

148
 (b) Calculate the relative molecular mass of ammonia, NH3.

[1]
(c) The relative molecular mass of hydrogen chloride is 36.5
Explain why the position X where the gases meet is nearer to the hydrochloric
acid end of the tube.
….……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(d) What colour change will be observed in the litmus paper at position Y?
….……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(e) Why is the damp litmus paper used instead of dry litmus paper?
….……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
35
10. An element X has the symbol X.
16
(a) What is the atomic number of element X?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(b) Write the electronic arrangement of element X.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(c) Suggest a group and period for element X in the Periodic Table.
Group …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Period ……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(d) Predict how the reactivity of element X would compare to that of oxygen.
Explain your answer.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(e) Element X reacts with chlorine to form a compound. Use your answer to (b)
and he Periodic Table to predict the electronic structure of a molecule of this
compound.

[3]
(f) Suggest two properties of the compound of chlorine and element X.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
....……………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
12 13
11. Two isotopes of carbon are C and C.
6 6
(a) What is the difference between the two isotopes?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(b) State one reason why the isotopes react similarly.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(c) Draw an atomic structure showing the arrangement of electrons in an atom of
13
C and the number and position of neutrons and protons.
6

[2]

149
 PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

1. The figure below shows electrolysis of aqueous copper (ll) sulphate using carbon
electrodes.

(a) Write the equation for the reaction occurring at the anode.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
(b) State two observations made during the electrolysis.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
2. The figure below shows a set-up in the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous
sodium chloride using inert electrodes.

(a) Suggest the name of the material used for the inert electrode.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
(b) The equation for the production of chlorine gas at the anode is shown.
2Cl- (aq) Cl2 + 2e-

i. Explain why this is an oxidation reaction.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
ii. State two observations made at the anode.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
(c) Hydrogen chloride dissolves in water to form hydrochloric acid.
Suggest the pH of hydrochloric acid and explain your answer.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

176
3. The rate of reaction between a sample of solid sodium carbonate and excess dilute
sulphuric acid was investigated at 20°C. The total volume of carbon dioxide
produced was measured every minute and the results are shown in the table.
Time / min Volume / cm3
1 25
2 45
3 55
4 60
5 60
6 60

a. On the grid below, plot a graph of volume of carbon dioxide produced against
time.

[2]

b. On the same axes, sketch a graph that will be obtained when half of the original
mass of sodium carbonate was used at 20°C. Label this graph Y. [2]

177
4. Magnesium sulphate is soluble in water.
(a) Describe how crystals of magnesium sulphate are made using magnesium oxide
powder and sulphuric acid as reactants.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………..………………………………………………………………[4]
(b) Describe a chemical test to confirm the presence of the sulphate, SO42-, ions in
the sample.
Test ………………………………..……………………..………………………………………….
Results …………………………..……………………..…………………………………………. [3]
5. The burning of methane is an example of an exothermic reaction.
(i) What is an exothermic reaction?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
(ii) Give another example of an exothermic reaction other than burning in oxygen
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
(iii) Explain why it is not safe to burn methane in a limited supply of oxygen.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
6. An iron ring can be electroplated with copper as shown below.

(a) What material is the anode made of?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
(b) What change would be seen on the iron ring?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
(c) Write the equation for the reaction at the cathode.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
(d) Suggest a suitable electrolyte that could be used if the iron ring was to be
plated using silver.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
(e) Give two other uses of copper.
……………………………………………………….………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………..……………………………………….. [2]

178
7. Four powdered metals P, Q, R and S were each placed in dilute hydrochloric acid
(HCl). The figure below shows what was observed.

(a) Use the information in the diagram to arrange the metals in order of increasing
reactivity.
Least reactive most reactive
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]
(b) The gas produced in the reaction between metals and dilute hydrochloric acid
is hydrogen.
Describe the test for hydrogen gas.
Test …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Result ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
(c) Which of the metals P, Q, R or S could be copper.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Explain your answer
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….… [2]
(d) Predict how the rate of reaction will compare with that shown in the figure
when lumps of metal Q are used.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Explain your answer
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….… [2]
8. The figure below shows hydrogen gas being passed over heated copper (ll) oxide
to produce copper.

(a) Name the type of reaction that takes place in the figure.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Explain your answer.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]
(b) An incomplete equation representing the reaction taking place is shown
CuO (….) + H2 (….) Cu (….) + H2O (….)
(i) Complete the equation by writing the state symbols of the reactants and
the products. [1]
(c) Other than the method used in the figure, state another method of producing
copper
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

179
9. The figure below shows the electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride using
graphite electrodes.

(a) Explain why graphite is used as an electrode.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]
(b) (i) Write the formulae of two of the ions that are present in the electrolysis.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]
ii. State whether the solution would be alkaline, neutral or acidic after the
experiment in complete.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
Explain your answer.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………..…………..…….. [1]
10. When chlorine is bubbled through aqueous iron (ll) chloride, iron (lll) chloride is
formed. The ionic equation for the reaction is:
2Fe2+ + Cl2 2Fe3+ + 2Cl-

The reaction is redox.

(a) Which substance is oxidized?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Give a reason for your answer
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….………………… [2]
(b) Why is a fume cupboard needed?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

180
11. Plastic articles can be electroplated with copper. The article is first coated with a
thin layer of graphite paste.
The figure below shows how the graphite – coated plastic is electroplated with
copper.

(a) What element is graphite a form of?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
(b) Name another form of this element.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
(c) Suggest a reason why the article is first coated with graphite.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
(d) Name the element from which the anode is made.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
(e) Explain why copper (ll) sulphate must be dissolved in water for use in this
process.
……………………………………………………………………………………………….………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………….……….. [2]
(f) At the cathode, copper atoms are deposited on the plastic article.
Write an equation to show the formation of copper atoms.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]

12. Sodium chlorate (I) solution decomposes into sodium chloride and oxygen gas
when a few drops of cobalt (II) nitrate are added in excess. The cobalt (II) nitrate
is not changed by this process.
In an experiment 20 cm3 of sodium chloride (I) solution was used, and the volume
of oxygen gas produced was recorded at various intervals as shown.

Time / min 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Volume of oxygen / cm3 0 47 62 71 75 75 75

(a) Balance the equation for the formation of sodium chloride and oxygen.
……NaClO ……………..NaCl + ………….. O2

181
(b) On the grid below plot a graph of oxygen evolved against time.

[4]

(c) What term is used to describe the cobalt (II) nitrate?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
(d) Describe a test that could be carried out to show that the solution at the end of
the experiment contained chloride ions.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………..…………………….. [3]

182
13. A copper (II) sulphate is electrolyzed using two copper electrodes.
(a) What happens during the electrolysis
(i) At the anode
…………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
(ii) At the cathode
…………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
(iii) To the solution
…………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
(b) Give two practical uses of this method of electrolysis.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(c) What would happen if the copper electrodes are replaced with platinum
electrodes
(iv) At the anode
…………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
(v) At the cathode
…………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
(vi) To the solution
…………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

183
 PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

1. Excess zinc metal is added to 200 cm3 of 0.500 mol/dm3 ethanoic acid to form zinc
ethanoate (CH3COO)2 Zn and hydrogen gas.
The equation of the reaction is:
Zn (s) + 2CH3COOH (aq) (CH3COO)2 Zn (aq) + H2 (g)
(a) Calculate the number of moles in 200 cm3 of 0.500 mol/dm3 ethanoic acid.

Moles = …………………………..…….……… [2]

(b) Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen gas, H2, that are produced from
the reaction.

Moles = …………………………..…….……… [2]

(c) Use your answer above to calculate the volume of hydrogen produced from
the reaction at room temperature and pressure. [ volume of 1 mole of gas at
r.t.p. = 24 dm3]

Volume = …………………………..…….……… [2]

(d) A gas is produced when dilute ethanoic acid reacts with zinc.
State one observation that will be made.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
(e) The experiment was repeated using dilute hydrochloric acid of the same
concentration.
State and explain the difference that will be made on the observation
between the two reactions.
Difference …………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
Explanation ………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………..………………. [2]

190
2. Excess copper (ll) carbonate is added to 25.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid.
The equation of the reaction is:
CuCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CuCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
(a) Explain why the carbonate should be in excess.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(b) Calculate the number of moles in 25.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid.

Moles = …………………………..…….……… [2]

(c) Use your answer above to calculate the number of moles of copper (ll)
carbonate that will react with the acid.

Moles = …………………………..…….……… [2]

(d) Calculate
(vii) The relative molecular mass of copper (ll) carbonate.

Mass = …………………………..…….……… [1]

(viii) The mass of copper (ll) carbonate that will react with the acid

Mass = …………………………..…….……… [1]

3. In an experiment, 100 cm3 of 0.1 mol/dm3 hydrochloric acid was reacted with
excess zinc powder.
The equation of the reaction is:
Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq) ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
(a) Calculate the number of moles in 100 cm3 of 0.1 mol/dm3 HCl.

Moles = …………………………..…….……… [2]

(b) Use the equation and your answer above to calculate the number of moles of
zinc that reacted with the acid.

Moles = …………………………..…….……… [2]

(c) Calculate the mass of zinc that reacted with the acid.

Mass = …………………………..…….……… [1]

(d) Calculate the volume of hydrogen measured at room temperature and pressure

Volume = …………………………..…….……… [2]

191
4. 21.2 g of sodium carbonate was dissolved in water and the solution was made up
to 500 cm3. The equation for the reaction of sodium carbonate with dilute sulphuric
acid is shown.
The equation of the reaction is:
Na2CO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O
(a) Calculate the relative molecular mass of sodium carbonate.

Molecular mass = …………………………..…….……… [1]

(b) Calculate the number of moles in 21.2 g of sodium carbonate.

Moles = …………………………..…….……… [2]

(c) Use your answer above to calculate the concentration of sodium carbonate
solution.

Concentration = ………………………….mol/dm3 [2]

(d) (i) Use your answer in (c) to determine the number of moles of carbon
dioxide produced when excess dilute sulphuric acid I added to the 500
cm3 of sodium carbonate solution.

Moles = …………………………..…….……… [1]

ii. Use your answer above to calculate the volume of carbon dioxide
produced measure at room temperature and pressure. (1 mole of any
gas occupies 24 dm3 at r.t.p.)

Moles = …………………………..…….……… [1]

5. The iron (III) oxide Fe2O3, is reduced to iron, Fe, as shown by the equation.
Fe2O3 (s) + …….CO (g) ……..Fe (l) + ……CO2 (g)
(a) Balance the equation by writing numbers in the spaces provided. [1]
(b) Copper (I) oxide, Cu2O, can also be reduced using carbon monoxide as
shown by the equation.
Cu2O + CO 2Cu + CO2
In an experiment, 28.8 g of copper (I) oxide was completely reduced to copper.
i. Calculate the relative molecular mass of copper (I) oxide, Cu2O.

Relative molecular mass =…..…….…… [2]

192
 ii. Calculate the number of moles in 28.8 g of copper (I) oxide.

Moles =…..…….…… [2]

iii. Calculate the number of moles of copper produced.

Moles =…..…….…… [2]

iv. Calculate the mass of copper produced.

Mass =…..…….…… [2]

v. Calculate the volume of carbon monoxide, CO, measured at room
temperature and pressure (r.t.p) needed to completely reduce 28.8 g of
copper (I) oxide. [1 mole of gas occupies 24 dm3 at r.t.p]

Volume =…..…….…… [2]

6. The equation of the reaction of calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid is shown
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
(a) Write an ionic equation for the reaction.
……………………………………………………………….…………………………..…….……… [2]
(b) In an experiment, lumps of calcium carbonate were added in excess to
100 cm3 of 0.10 mol /dm3 hydrochloric acid.
(i) Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid in 100cm3 of 0.10
mol /dm3.

Number of moles = …………………………..…….……… [2]

(ii) Use your answer above and the equation to calculate the number of
moles of carbon dioxide produced.

Number of moles = …………………………..…….……… [2]

(iii) Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide produced at room temperature
and pressure. (rtp)

Volume = …………………………..…….……… [2]

(c) Suggest two ways of increasing the rate of this reaction.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

193
7. In an experiment, 120 cm3 of methane, measured at room temperature and
pressure, was burnt in excess oxygen. The equation for the reaction is
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
(a) Calculate the number of moles in 120 cm3 of methane.
(1 mole of gas occupies 24 000cm3.

Moles = …………………………..…….……… [2]

(b) Use your answer above and the equation to calculate the number of moles of
oxygen that reacted.

Moles = …………………………..…….……… [1]

(c) Calculate the volume of oxygen, measured at room temperature and pressure
that reacted with 120 cm3 of methane.

Volume = …………………………..…….………cm3 [1]

8. During the electrolysis, 0.025 g of hydrogen gas was produced at the cathode.
(a) Calculate the number of moles in 0.025 g of hydrogen gas.

Moles of gas = ………………….……… [2]

(b) Use your answer above to calculate the volume of the hydrogen gas produced
at room temperature and pressure. 1 mole of gas = 24 dm3.

Volume of gas = ……………….……… [2]

(c) Calculate the volume of oxygen, measured at room temperature and pressure
that reacted with 120 cm3 of methane.

Volume = …………………………..…….………cm3 [1]

194
 PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

1. Over 50 million tonnes of chlorine are produced in the world each year. It is made
by the electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride.
(a) Name two sources of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]
(b) Describe the test for chlorine gas.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………..………………………………………………………………. [2]
(c) Chlorine has many industrial uses.
(i) Why is chlorine added to drinking water?
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(ii) Name one organic product of the reaction between methane and
chlorine.
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
2. Diamond is a form of a carbon.
a. Name another form of carbon.
……………………………………………………………………..……………………………. [1]
b. What term is used to describe these forms of carbon?
………………………………………………………..…………………………………………. [1]
c. Sate one use of any two forms of carbon.
…………………………………………………….…………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………..…………………………………. [2]
3. When a damp blue litmus paper is placed in chlorine gas, it changes colour to red
and is then bleached.
Explain the colour changes observed.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………….……………………………. [3]
4. Nitrogen is used for making ammonia in the Harber process.
(a) Suggest a reason why oxygen should be removed from nitrogen in air before
the nitrogen is used.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(b) (i) Name one acidic oxide of nitrogen formed in car engines.
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(ii) What is the purpose of a catalytic converter in a car exhaust system.
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

205
5. The figure shows a blast furnace used in the extraction of iron.

a. (i) Name substance W.

………………………………………………………………..……………………………. [1]
ii. At which position, X or Y, is molten iron removed?
……....………………………………………………………………………………....
Give a reason for your answer.
…..……………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
iii. Name the ore that contains the iron (lll) oxide.
……....……………………………………………………………………………….... [1]
iv. At which position, X or Y, is molten iron removed?
……....………………………………………………………………………………....
b. A sample of the oxide of iron in the iron ore was analyzed and found to
contain 8.4 g of the iron and 3.6 g of oxygen.
Show, by calculation, that the formula of the oxide contained in the ore is
Fe2O3.

[3]
c. In the blast furnace, there is complete combustion and incomplete
combustion of some substances.
Write a balanced equation for the incomplete combustion of one of the
substances in the blast furnace.
……………………………………………………………………..……………………………. [1]
d. Write the name of one of the components of exhaust gases.
……………………………………………………………………..……………………………. [1]
e. Why is limestone added into the furnace?
……………………………………………………………………..……………………………. [1]

206
 f. The iron produced from the blast furnace can be turned into alloys like
steel.
(i) What is an alloy?
…………………………………………………………..……………………………. [1]
(ii) Describe how iron from the blast furnace is turned into steel.
………………….…………………..………………………………..……………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
(iii) Explain why pure iron is not used for making kitchen utensils.
………………….…………………..………………………………..……………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

6. The figure shows the laboratory preparation of chlorine.

a. (i) Name the solid labeled X.

………………………………………………………………..……………………………. [1]
(ii) What is the purpose of the water in the test tube?
………………………………………………………………..……………………………. [1]
b. What is the colour of chlorine gas?
………………………………………………………………..…………………………………. [1]
c. Chlorine reacts with water as shown by the equation.

(i) Name the two products for the reaction.

………………………………………… and ………………..………………………. [2]
(iii) One of the products is a bleaching agent. Write the formula of this
product.
………………………………………………………………..……………………………. [1]
d. (i) What property of chlorine enables it to be collected as shown?
………………………………………………………..……………………………………. [1]
(ii) Explain why chlorine cannot be collected over water.
………………………………………………………………..……………………………. [1]

207
 e. Chlorine reacts with aqueous potassium bromine as shown by the equation.

(i) Balance the equation and write the state symbols. [2]
(ii) Chlorine is said to be more reactive than bromine.
Explain how this is confirmed by the reaction.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
7. The diagrams below show two different forms of carbon..

(a) Identify the two forms of carbon shown.

P ………………………………………… Q ……………………………………………… [2]
(b) What do the two forms have in common?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
(c) Complete the table below relating the properties of the two forms of carbon and
their uses.
Property Use

Q Good conductor of
electricity
[3]

208
8. The figure below shows apparatus used by Mpho to prepare a dry gas.

(a) Name gas Y.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(b) Name a suitable solid used for drying gas Y.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(c) There is an error in Mpho’s method of collection.
(i) What is the error?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(ii) How can the gas be collected?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(d) Name the salt formed in a conical flask.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(e) Name any other two substances that can be reacted together to produce Y.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(a) What is the other product of this reaction?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(b) Write an equation for the reaction between nitrogen and gas Y.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

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 PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

1. Equal volumes of water samples W, X and distilled water are tested for hardness
before and after boiling using a soap solution of the same concentration. The
results are shown in a table below.
Number of drops of soap solution needed to form
Sample lather
Before boiling After boiling
W 15 15
X 45 10
Distilled water 10 10

(a) State two physical properties of pure water.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………..……………………………………………………………………………………….….. [2]
(b) State the type of hardness found in sample X. Give a reason for your answer.
Type ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Reason …………………………………………………………………………………………….[2]
(c) Suggest how hardness found in sample W can be removed.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(d) Describe how the presence of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere contributes
to the presence of harness in water.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
2. Describe a positive chemical test for water.
Test ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
result …………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
9. A sample of water containing magnesium is hard.
a. Name this type of hardness.
………………………………………………………..…………………………………………. [1]
b. State the observation made when soap is shaken with hard water.
………………………………………………………..…………………………………………. [1]
c. Give one method of removing this type of hardness of water
………………………………………………………………..…………………………………. [1]
3. Ozone, O3, is a form of oxygen. State the importance of the ozone layer in the
upper atmosphere.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…....………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

216
4. The major source of energy of the world’s energy supply is fossil fuels. The
chemical energy stored in these fuels is converted to other forms of energy such
as heat and electrical energy. There has been a considerable increase in demand
for electrical energy in the last 50 years, and other energy sources for generating
electrical energy are now being investigated urgently.
a. (i) What is a fossil fuel
…………………………………………………..…………………………………………. [1]
(ii) Name two fossil fuels in use at present.
…………………………………………………..…………………………………………. [2]
b. (i) Name two elements that are found in high proportions in fossil fuels.
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(ii) Write an equation for the complete combustion of each of the elements
stated above.
…………………………………………………..…………………………………………. [1]
(iii) Name another element found in fossil fuels that leads to the formation
of acidic rain
…………………………………………………..…………………………………………. [2]
c. Give one reason why urgent efforts are being made to find other sources
of energy as alternative to fossil fuels.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
d. State one source of energy, other than direct solar energy, which may be
used as an alternative to fossil fuels.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

217
 PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

1. The figure below shows a fractionating column used to separate the fractions of
crude oil.

(e) At which point, P, Q and R, is the column at the lowest temperature?

…………..………………………….. [1]
(f) Which fraction on the diagram contains the largest hydrocarbon molecules?
……………………………………….. [1]
(g) Crude oil is a mixture of alkanes which is are saturated hydrocarbons.
What type of reactions do alkanes undergo?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
2. Ethanol and propanol are members of the same homologous series.
(a) What is a macromolecule?
………..………………………………..……………………………………………………………. [2]
(b) Draw the structural formula of ethanol, showing all atoms and bonds.

[2]
3. The flow chart shows some of the stages involved in the production of ethane from
crude oil.

(a) What is process X?

………….………...…………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
(b) Why is it possible to obtain petroleum by process X?
………….………...…………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
(c) Name one other product from crude oil treated by process X?
…………..………...…………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

232
4. Complete the table on organic compounds. The first one has been done for you.
Molecular formula Molecular structure Homologous series

CH4 Alkane

C3H6 Alkene

C4H10

[4]
(b) Ethene polymerises to form poly(ethene)
Explain why careless disposal of poly (ethene) causes pollution problems.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(c) An incomplete equation for the reaction of the compound C2H5OH and
oxygen is
…….C2H5OH….. + O2….. ….CO2…. +…. H2O…..
(i) Balance the equation and include the state symbols. [2]
(ii) State two uses of the compound C2H5OH.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………..……………………………………………………………………. [2]
(d) Draw the other structural isomer of C4H10.

[1]
5. Ethane, C2H6, and ethene, C2H4, are hydrocarbons.
(a) State the name of a homologous series to which ethene belongs.
………..………………………………..……………………………………………………………. [1]
(b) Name a compound with four carbon atoms which belong to the same
homologous series as ethene.
………..………………………………..……………………………………………………………. [1]

233
 (c) Draw the structural formula of ethane.

[1]
(d) Describe a test that can be used to distinguish between ethane and ethene and
state the observation made.
Test ………………………………...........................................................................
Observation with ethane ……………………………………………………………………………
Observation with ethene ……………………………………………………………………… [3]
(e) Ethane can be produced from ethene in the presence of a catalyst at 180°C.
(i) State the name of the reaction that produces ethane from ethene.
………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(ii) Suggest a catalyst that can be used for the reaction.
………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(f) Ethene reacts with hydrogen by an addition reaction.
(i) Explain why ethene undergoes an addition reaction instead of a
substitution.
………..………………………………..……………………………………………………………. [1]
(ii) State two conditions for this reaction and suggest a reason for each
condition.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….……..[2]
(g) Alkenes polymerise through addition reactions.
Complete the table below by using an example of a polymer of your choice.
Name of Structure of polymer chain Structure of monomer
polymer showing three monomer units

6. Ethanol and pentanol are members of the same homologous series.

a. State the name of a homologous series to which ethanol and pentanol belong.
………..………………………………..……………………………………………………………. [1]
b. State two characteristics of the homologous series to which ethanol and
pentanol belong.
………..………………………………..…………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]
c. Draw the structural formula of butanol.

[1]

234
14. (a) Ethanol can be produced from the addition reaction of steam with ethene.
(i) Write the equation for the reaction of ethene with steam. Include state
symbols.
………………………………………………………………………………………………… [2]
(ii) State two conditions for the reaction above.
………..………………………………..…………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]
(iii) Name another method that can be used to prepare ethanol.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
(b) Ethanol can also be made from glucose. Glucose is made by the hydrolysis
of a naturally occurring polymer.
(i) Give an example of a naturally polymer that can be hydrolysed of a
naturally occurring polymer.
………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(ii) Describe how the polymer in (c) (i) is hydrolysed to glucose.
………..………………………………..…………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]
(iii) Describe how glucose can be converted into ethanol.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………….……………………….. [1]
15. The structure of nylon, a synthetic macromolecule, is shown below.

a. What is a macromolecule?
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
b. What name is given to the linkage found in nylon?
……………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
c. One of the monomers in the nylon molecule is an alkanoic acid.
i. Using symbols from the figure above, draw the structure of the
other monomer.

ii. What makes synthetic macromolecules harmful to the

environment?
…………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
d. An alkanoic acid has the formula CH3COOH.
i. Name the acid. ……………………………………………………………. [1]

235
 ii. Draw the structural formula of CH3COOH showing all bonds.

[2]
e. Complete the equation for the reaction between CH3COOH and
magnesium metal. Include state symbols.

……. CH3COOH (aq) + Mg (s) ………………. + …….. [2]

f. Write one similarity and one difference between the structures of nylon
and the protein.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
………...……………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
g. Name the type of compounds produced by the hydrolysis of proteins.
………...……………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
h. What are the products of the hydrolysis of fats?
………...……………………………… and ……………………………………………. [2]

16. Bio-petrol is an ester compound made from vegetable oil by the following reaction.

Suggest one advantage of using bio-fuel petrol as a fuel, compared with using
fuels made from crude oil.
………...………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
a. To which homologous series does glycerol belong?
………...………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
b. Deduce the empirical formula of glycerol.
………...………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
c. (i) Draw the structural formula of methanol.

ii. Methanol is burned in oxygen in a closed furnace to produce energy.

Write a word equation for the reaction
………...……………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

236
 d. Ethyl ethanoate is also an ester compound. It is made by the reaction of two
organic compounds.
Name the two compounds.
………...………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
17. Octane, C8H18, can be broken down to butane and butane as shown by the
equation.
C8H18 C4H10 + C4H8
a. (i) Name the process represented by the equation.
………...…………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
(ii) Name the catalyst used in this process.
………...…………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
b. Draw the structural formulae of two isomers of butane, C4H10.

[2]
c. Figures A and B below show set-ups used to perform an experiment to
distinguish between butane and butene gases.

(i) State the observations made in figure A and Figure B.

………...…………………………………………………………………..……………………
…………………………………………………………………………………..…………. [2]
(ii) Explain the observations stated above in terms of structural differences
between the two gases.
………...…………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

18. The structure of an organic compound X is

a. What is the molecular formula of compound X?

………...………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
b. What is the empirical formula of compound X?
………...………………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

237
 c. (i) To which homologous series does X belong?
………...…………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]

(ii) Name another compound that belongs to the same homologous series as
compound X.
………...…………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
d. (i) Name two products formed when compound X burns completely in air.
………...…………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]
(ii) What other type of reaction can compound X undergo?
………...…………………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
19. The figure shows how hydrocarbons can be cracked.

a. (i) Name the catalyst used in this process.

………...…………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
(ii) State a suitable temperature for the process to occur.
………...…………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
b. Ethane, C2H6, can be converted to give ethene C2H4, and hydrogen, H2.
(i) Draw the molecular structure of ethane and ethene.
Show all the bonds between atoms.

[2]
(ii) What is the effect of bubbling ethane and ethene gases through bromine
solution?
Ethane ………...…………………..………………………………………………………………. [1]
Ethene ………...…………………..………………………………………………………………. [1]
c. Ethene can be polymerised to form poly(ethene)
State two uses of poly (ethene).
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. [2]

238
20. Study the flow chart shown.

(a) (i) What must be added to glucose to enable fermentation to take place?
…………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]
(ii) State two conditions necessary for fermentation to occur.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]
(b) Write the names of substances R, S and gas Q
R ………………………………. S ……………………………… Q ………………………… [3]
(c) The equation shows the reaction between ethanol and ethanoic acid.

(i) Name the organic product for this reaction.

………………....………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
(ii) State one physical property of the organic product named above.
………………....………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
(iii) Draw the structural formula of the organic product of the reaction.

[1]
(d) Equations S and R represent the preparation of ethanol, C2H5OH, from butane.

(i) Write the chemical formula of M.

………………....………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
(ii) Name the type of reaction S.
………………....………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
(iii) Name a homologous series to which CH3CH3 belongs
………………....………………………………………………………………………………. [1]
21. Dudu preared some alcohol by mixing yeast. Malt, sugar and warm water. The
mixture was left for 2 – 3 days.
(a) Name the substance added to speed up the reaction.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(b) Name the process used to prepare the alcohol
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(c) Write an equation to represent the reaction that took place.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]

239