ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY

School of Civil Engineering and Architecture

Department of Civil Engineering

Name: Sofonias Getahun

ID number: UGR/23476/13

Department advisor’s name: Mr. Bedane

Hosting Organization: FE Construction Plc

Immediate supervisor: Mr. Tesfaye

Duration: July 05 – September 04 / 2023

Submission Date: October 24/2023

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Executive summary
The university has designed a two-month internship program for students with the main
objective of providing them with an understanding of their future professional careers and how
theoretical knowledge can be applied in practical settings.

As a civil student at Adama Science and Technology University, I had the opportunity to
participate in this program at FE CONSTRUCTION PLC from July 5 to September 4, 2023. The
purpose of this report is to share an overview of my internship experience, focusing on the
background of the host company, my experiences in both site and office work, and the overall
purpose and benefits of the internship.

The report extensively covers my internship experience, including the specific activities I was
involved in, the workflow in the company department I worked in, the tasks I performed, and my
overall performance in these tasks. It also addresses the challenges I faced during my internship
and the measures taken to overcome them, such as providing daily reports and seeking guidance
when needed. Additionally, the report highlights the overall benefits I gained from the internship
program, which include improving my interpersonal communication skills, leadership abilities,
and understanding of work ethics.

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Acknowledgment
I would like to express my gratitude to Adama Science and Technology University and the
Department of Civil Engineering for organizing such a valuable internship program that has
provided us with practical exposure. I am thankful to FE CONSTRUCTION P.L.C for accepting
our request to be part of their team and for contributing to our knowledge in the field of
construction. I would also like to extend my appreciation to all the workers, both professional and
non-professional, at FE CONSTRUCTION P.L.C who generously offered us advice and shared
valuableinformation.

Lastly, I would like to give special thanks to our advisors and instructors, particularly Mr. Bedane,
for his encouragement, support, and site visits. His assistance has been instrumental in compiling
this report.

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Acronyms and Abbreviation

FE: Fitsum and Ermiyas

PLC: Private Limited Company

ETBC: Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation

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Table of Contents

Executive summary ....................................................................................................................................... 2

Acknowledgment .......................................................................................................................................... 2
Acronyms and Abbreviation .......................................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................................... 7
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 7
1.1 General overview about the internship .............................................................................................. 7
1.1.1. Objective of Internship.................................................................................................................... 7
1.1.2. Scope of Work Expected ................................................................................................................. 7
1.1.3. Outputs Expected............................................................................................................................ 8
1.2 Background of the organization .......................................................................................................... 8
1.2.1 Description of the organization........................................................................................................ 8
1.2.2 Mission of the organization.............................................................................................................. 8
1.2.3. Vision of the organization ............................................................................................................... 8
1.2.4. Products of the organization ........................................................................................................... 9
1.2.5. Services of the organization ............................................................................................................ 9
1.2.6 Work methodology of the company ................................................................................................ 9
Chapter Two ................................................................................................................................................ 10
General Overview ....................................................................................................................................... 10
2.1 Project Description............................................................................................................................ 10
2.2 Major duty you were given to perform............................................................................................. 10
2.3 How did you become oriented with the responsibilities you were assigned? ................................. 10
2.4 How did your supervisor helps you? ................................................................................................. 10
2.5 What qualities did you develop. ....................................................................................................... 11
2.6 Daily technical duties and responsibilities ........................................................................................ 11
Chapter Three ............................................................................................................................................. 12
Overall Internship Experience ..................................................................................................................... 12
3.1 Technical knowledge and skills from the internship ......................................................................... 12
3.1.1 Formwork construction .................................................................................................................. 12
3.1.2 Construction of slabs...................................................................................................................... 15
3.1.3 Construction of beams ................................................................................................................... 20
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 3.1.4 Construction of Columns................................................................................................................ 22
3.1.5 Foundations ................................................................................................................................... 25
3.1.6 Shoring or piles construction ......................................................................................................... 31
Chapter Four ............................................................................................................................................... 34
Reflection and Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 34
4.1 How did this internship fir your career goals? .................................................................................. 34
4.2 Did your career goals change because of this internship experience? ............................................. 34
4.3 Discuss your feelings about the value of this internship? ................................................................. 34
4.4 What challenges have you faced during the internship? .................................................................. 34
4.5 Discuss your strengths and areas for improvement as self-evaluation............................................. 35
Chapter Five ................................................................................................................................................ 36
Recommendations ...................................................................................................................................... 36
5.1 Recommendation to the company.................................................................................................... 36
5.2 Recommendation for improving the internship. .............................................................................. 36
5.3 Should we consider the company for future student placement. .................................................... 36
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................ 37

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 CHAPTER ONE

Introduction
1.1 General overview about the internship
An internship can be an exciting and valuable opportunity for students or recent graduates to gain
practical experience in a specific field or industry. It serves as a bridge between academic learning
and real-world work environments, providing a unique perspective and hands-on learning that
cannot be replicated in a classroom setting.
Think of an internship as a sneak peek into the professional world, where you get to apply and
expand your knowledge, develop new skills, and understand how things actually work in practice.
It's like stepping into the shoes of professionals and getting a taste of what a particular job or career
path entails
An internship in civil engineering is a valuable opportunity for students to gain practical
experience in their field of study. The objective of this internship is to provide students with hands-
on training and exposure to real-world civil engineering projects.
In summary, an internship is like an adventure into the professional realm. It offers a hands-on
learning experience, a chance to build a network, discover your interests, and develop important
skills. Embrace it as an opportunity to grow, learn, and pave the way towards a successful career!

1.1.1. Objective of Internship

The main objective of an internship is to apply theoretical knowledge gained through academic
studies to real world construction projects. In other aspects it can also help students to;
❖ Provide students with opportunity to put into practice skill they have learned while in
school
❖ Skill development
❖ Know the work ethics such as punctuality, communication
❖ Build confidence
❖ Establish the habit of taking responsibility
1.1.2. Scope of Work Expected
Some scopes which are expected to achieve the objective for this project:
➢ The ability to use appropriate modern techniques, skills and tools including computer
applications.
➢ An understanding of professional ethics, integrity and an engineer’s responsibility to the
profession and the society.

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 ➢ The ability to identify, formulate and solve civil engineering problems and the ability to
work in multidisciplinary teams.
➢ Development of response control structures to reduce or prevent the damage of the whole
structure.
1.1.3. Outputs Expected
After successful completion of the internship, we are expected to come up with:
• Academic Learning: the student may apply and test knowledge learned in the classroom to the
professional work environment.
• Career Development: the student may explore a specific field of interest, expand his or her
professional network and gain and understanding of the qualifications and duties involved in a
specific profession or career field.
• Skill Development: the student gains an understanding of the transferable skills and knowledge
required for success in a professional work environment and integrates those skills in their
academic learning.
• Personal Development: the student gains decision-making skills, self-confidence, business
savvy, ethics, and teamwork required for success in a professional work environment.

1.2 Background of the organization

1.2.1 Description of the organization
FE construction company is a construction company based in Ethiopia that possesses extensive
expertise in various types of construction projects, including building and civil engineering works,
as well as design and supervision works. The company, which was established in 2006, operates
as a full-service general construction firm, primarily specializing in building and related
construction activities. Over the years, they have successfully completed numerous projects and
gained a reputable presence in the industry. While their services are primarily offered throughout
Ethiopia, they occasionally undertake projects in other locations based on the specific requirements
and preferences of their clients.

1.2.2 Mission of the organization

To participate on the Country’s Socio-economic development without reservation by delivering
ethical, reliable and quality construction service in a timely and cost-effective manner thereby
giving maximum satisfaction to all stakeholders.

1.2.3. Vision of the organization

To be the first choice for all construction types of works in Ethiopia and competitive actor
undertaking all types of construction work in East Africa.

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1.2.4. Products of the organization
➢ Residential buildings
➢ commercial buildings
➢ Industrial buildings
➢ Maintenance and repair services

1.2.5. Services of the organization

➢ Building
➢ Water
➢ Road
➢ Industry

1.2.6 Work methodology of the company

Project
Manager

Site Engineer Office Project Safety

Engineer Administr Engineer
ator
Surveyor
Construction
Forman Data Store
Collector Guards
Accountant Keeper

Figure 1. Work methodology structure of the organization

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 Chapter Two

General Overview
2.1 Project Description
• Project: ETBC Mixed use and cold store building
• Location: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
• Client: ETBC
• Consultant – EMH Consulting Architects & engineering
• Contractor – FE Construction Plc.
2.2 Major duty you were given to perform.
During the internship, to mention some major duties that I have been assigned to: -
➢ Assisting and guiding labor workers.
➢ Checking the daily schedules whether they’re met properly or not.
➢ Covering for the site engineers when they’re absent from the place

2.3 How did you become oriented with the responsibilities you were assigned?
During my internship, I gained a deep understanding of the tasks assigned to me by utilizing a
combination of on-the-job training, mentorship, and independent exploration. From the beginning,
I engaged in meetings with my supervisor to grasp the main objectives of the internship and to
clearly define the specific projects and duties I would undertake. This ensured that I had a solid
comprehension of my responsibilities and knew what was expected of me. Throughout the
internship, my supervisor provided regular check-ins, which allowed me to update them on my
progress, seek guidance on any challenges, and receive valuable feedback to refine my work. In
addition, I took the initiative to conduct independent research and dive into relevant civil
engineering and construction resources, including codes, standards, and best practices. This
proactive approach enabled me to gain a deeper understanding of the context and requirements of
the tasks I was assigned. Combining hands-on training, mentorship, and self-guided exploration, I
successfully became adapted to and proficient in the responsibilities entrusted to me during my
internship.

2.4 How did your supervisor helps you?

During my entire duration, the presence and support of my supervisors proved to be absolutely
invaluable. They consistently went above and beyond, dedicating their precious time and
boundless energy to assist us with any obstacles or challenges we encountered. Their commitment
to our success was untiring, as they warmly welcomed us into their guidance and provided constant
encouragement along the way. This firm support gave us an incredible boost in confidence and
motivation, allowing us to fully immerse ourselves in the experience and make the most of every
opportunity that came our way. Such is the impact of their mentorship that it greatly enhanced our
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overall experience and played a pivotal role in our personal and professional growth. We are truly
grateful for their dedication and believe that their exceptional support has undoubtedly improved
our journey. Their outstanding involvement and commitment to our success represent the qualities
of exceptional supervisors and mentors.

2.5 What qualities did you develop.

To mention some important qualities I gained from this internship,
➢ Time management
➢ Communication skills
➢ Problem-solving
➢ Teamwork
➢ Professionalism

2.6 Daily technical duties and responsibilities

➢ Assisting and guiding labor workers.
➢ Checking the daily schedules whether they’re met properly or not.
➢ Covering for the site engineers when they’re absent from the place

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 Chapter Three

Overall Internship Experience

3.1 Technical knowledge and skills from the internship
Upon our timely arrival at the site, I had the privilege of witnessing fascinating construction
activities. Notably, I was able to observe the formwork works and the construction of various
components, including slabs, beams, columns, footings foundations, and the implementation of
shoring or piles. It was an enlightening experience that provided valuable insights into the details
of the construction industry and the skilled craftsmanship involved in every step of the process.

3.1.1 Formwork construction

Formwork refers to the temporary mold or framework that is used to shape and support freshly
poured concrete until it becomes strong enough to stand on its own.
formwork acts as a guide, determining the shape, size, and dimensions of the final product. It is
typically made from materials like timber, steel, aluminum, or even flexible plastics, depending on
the project's requirements. These formwork materials are carefully chosen to provide the necessary
support and prevent the concrete from deforming or collapsing during the pouring and curing
process.
Formwork also serves as a protective barrier, shielding the concrete from external factors such as
excessive moisture, extreme temperatures, and unwanted vibrations. This protection ensures a
favorable environment for the concrete to cure properly, resulting in a strong and durable structure.
Moreover, formwork allows for intricate designs and unique architectural features to be
incorporated into concrete structures. By using formwork, engineers and architects can bring their
imaginative ideas to life, shaping concrete into visually appealing shapes, curves, and textures.
To estimate the strength of concrete before formwork removal, the tests on concrete cubes or
cylinders should be carried out. The concrete cubes or cylinders should be prepared from the same
mix as that of the structural members and cured under same circumstances of temperature and
moisture as that of structural member. When it is ensured that the concrete in the structural
members has gained sufficient strength to withstand the design load, only then formworks should
be removed. If possible, the formworks should be left for longer time as it helps in curing.

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 Type of Form work Form work removal time

Sides of Walls, Columns and 24 hours to 48 hours (as per

Vertical faces of beam engineer’s decision)

Slabs (props left under) 3 days

Beam soffits (props left under) 7 days

Removal of Props of Slabs:

Slabs spanning up to 4.5m 14 days

Slabs spanning over 4.5m 14 days

Removal of props for beams and arches

Span up to 6m 14 days

Span over 6m 21 days

Table 1. time to take before formwork removal
The main material used for most of the formworks is called Plywood.

Figure 2. Plywood

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Plywood: - is a type of engineering wood made from thin layers. Plywood comes in various
thicknesses and grades, and it can be easily cut, shaped, and fastened.

Spacers
Spacers are small, precast or molded elements made of concrete, polymer, or a combination of
both materials. They are typically in the shape of cylindrical or rectangular blocks with varying
heights and diameters. The choice of spacer dimensions depends on the desired cover thickness
and the specific requirements of the construction project.

Figure 3. Spacers
Spacers are widely used in construction formwork to ensure the correct positioning and alignment
of reinforcement bars (rebars) within concrete structures. They play a crucial role in maintaining
the required concrete cover over the rebars, which is essential for their protection, durability, and
structural integrity.

Concrete covers
Concrete covers can be described as protective barriers or enclosures made from concrete that are
used to cover various structures, but mainly Reinforcement bars. These covers provide several
important functions.

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Concrete covers serve as a strong and durable protective layer for the structures they enclose. They
are designed to withstand various factors like heavy loads, extreme weather conditions, and even
potential damage.
Thicknesses of concrete covers may vary from one structure to another. Most of the time the
thickness of a concrete cover for substructures are higher than the ones for superstructures.
The reason for using a thicker concrete cover for substructures compared to superstructures is
primarily to provide enhanced durability and protection against ground water and corrosion.
Concrete cover for – Slabs, Columns, Beams = 2.5cm
– Footings= 5cm

3.1.2 Construction of slabs

When we talk about a slab in construction, we're referring to a flat, horizontal structural element
that forms the floors, roofs, or ceilings of a building. Slabs can be made of various materials,
including concrete, steel, or timber. They play a crucial role in providing support, load distribution,
and stability to the overall structure.
The first and basic step in constructing a slab is to set up the appropriate Formworks.
Formwork construction for a slab involves creating a temporary structure that provides the
necessary support and shape for the concrete slab until it can bear its own weight.

Figure 4. a plywood being prepared for a slab formwork

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Slab formwork can be complex due to the various shapes, sizes, and heights involved. It requires
careful planning, precise measurements, and efficient bracing to ensure a stable and accurate
formwork.
It's also important to note that safety precautions should always be followed during formwork
construction. This includes ensuring the stability of the structure, providing adequate bracing and
reinforcement, and using proper personal protective equipment.

Figure 5. Standing supports for the slab formwork

As shown in Figure 5, our slab formwork has to be supported by properly, this time, with woods
(morales) which are given local names such as Ponte, Modini…
Ponte: A vertical arrangement of woods which supports the laying plywood for the slab formwork.
Fondo: Another common name of a plywood when used horizontally layed for a slab formwork
purpose.
Modini: Horizontally arranged woods above the ponte in which the Fondo (plywood) lays on.

Another huge component of a slab is the reinforcement bars.

Reinforcement bars
Reinforcement bars, also known as rebar, are essential components used in reinforced concrete
structures. They are steel bars that are strategically placed within concrete to provide added
strength, durability, and structural integrity.

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The primary purpose of reinforcement bars is to resist tensile forces in concrete structures. While
concrete is excellent at withstanding compressive forces, it is relatively weak in tension. When
subjected to loads, such as those from buildings, bridges, or other structures, the concrete may
crack or fail under tension. This is where rebar plays a crucial role.
By placing reinforcement bars within the concrete, the tensile forces are distributed across both
materials. When the concrete undergoes tension, the bars absorb and carry some of the load,
preventing or minimizing cracking and enhancing the overall strength of the structure. This
combination of concrete and steel creates a reinforced concrete system that can withstand a wide
range of forces and loads.

Figure 6. Reinforcement bar arrangement

Key points
- When it comes to arranging reinforcement bars in a slab, there are various methods and
techniques that can be employed. The specific approach chosen depends on factors such as the
structural requirements, design specifications, and construction constraints. Here are a few
commonly used methods for arranging slab reinforcement bars:
1. One-way slab reinforcement: One-way slabs, which are supported on two opposite side beams
or walls, typically have reinforcement bars arranged in a grid pattern with bars running parallel to
one another in one direction. The spacing and diameter of the bars will be determined by the
calculations mentioned in the design.

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2. Two-way slab reinforcement: Two-way slabs are supported on all four sides and often require a
more complex arrangement of reinforcement bars. This can be achieved through different methods
such as using a mesh of bars or providing an orthogonal grid of bars in both primary and secondary
directions to distribute load effectively.
-When positioning our reinforcement bars there are commonly two main parts, classified as Top
bars and Bottom bars.
Top bars: As the name suggests, top bars are reinforcement bars that are placed at the top of the
structural element. In slabs, the top bars are typically responsible for resisting tensile forces caused
by bending or shear. They are designed to provide strength and prevent the slab from cracking or
failing under load. The spacing, diameter, and quantity of top bars are determined based on the
structural design requirements and calculations.
Bottom bars: Conversely, bottom bars are reinforcement bars that are placed at the bottom of the
structural element. In slabs, they primarily serve the purpose of providing reinforcement against
tensile forces in the event of excessive deflection or cracking. Bottom bars also help to share the
load and distribute it evenly across the slab.

Figure 7. Top and Bottom bar arrangement

The support bar placed and tied in between the upper & lower reinforcement cage to maintain the
gap and stability of reinforcement is called a Chair bar (Kebeleto). As they are somewhat bent up
like a chair, and provides a sitting arrangement for the upper cage.

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The top bars shown in the Figure above are shorter in their length, which is one third of our slab
width, and are called Negative Reinforcement Bars.
Negative reinforcement bars, also known as negative bending reinforcement or negative moment
reinforcement, are reinforcement bars placed in regions of a structural element that experience the
opposite moment sign compared to the majority of the element.
In simpler terms, negative reinforcement bars are used in areas where the structural member is
subjected to bending forces that cause the top of the member to be in compression and the bottom
to be in tension. These reinforcement bars are positioned to counteract the tensile forces that occur
in these regions, mitigating the risk of cracking, deflection, or failure.
Why are they placed at the Top?
Placing the negative reinforcement bars at the top helps counteract the tensile forces that occur in
the bottom regions of the member. By reinforcing the top portion, the bars provide additional
resistance against the compressive forces developed during negative bending moments. This helps
prevent failure modes such as cracking or excessive deformation.
-The bottom bars are arranged in a grid based on the Figure 3.4, when arranging and positioning
the various crossing bars, The steel bar placed below the another is usually placed in the direction
of the shorter span of the slab. While the steel bar which is placed above the other is usually
directed to the longer span of our slab. The main reason behind is, The steel bar placed on the
direction of the shorter span provides more strength and can withstand the bar to be placed above
it in a better fort.

Figure 8. Arrangement of a bottom bar

The final step in constructing our slab is to fill concrete. Unfortunately, I didn’t had the previlage
to see the filling of a slab but was told it’s usually done by using a concrete pump machine.
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3.1.3 Construction of beams
Beams, an essential component of structural engineering, show a remarkable capacity to efficiently
bear and distribute substantial loads. Though often overshadowed by more prominent architectural
elements, beams play a vital role in upholding the stability and functionality of built structures.
Beams refer to structural elements that are used to support loads and transfer them to the columns
or walls of a building. They are horizontal or inclined structural members that span an open space,
such as a room or an area between supports.
Same with the slab construction, the first step is to provide the appropriate Formwork structure.

Figure 9. Beam Formwork

Figure 10. Beam formwork

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Using the same materials (Plywood), we create our Formwork. The vertical side standing plywood
goes by its local name Sponda.
Unlike the slab reinforcement bars, the reinforcement bars for beams are not laying just
horizontally. The reinforcement bars are incorporated and tied using Stirrup (Staffa).
-Stirrup bars, also known as stirrups or lateral ties, are a type of reinforcement bar commonly used
in concrete structures such as beams, columns, and slabs. They are an important component in
reinforcing structural members to enhance their strength and resistance to cracking.
The primary purpose of stirrup bars is to provide lateral support and resistance against shear forces
in reinforced concrete elements. They help to prevent diagonal cracks from forming and control
the movement of longitudinal reinforcement.

Figure 11. Filling of concrete in a beam

Final step is to fill the concrete mix inside our beam formwork and making is labelled using a
vibrator and supplementary material called Mefas as shown in the figure above.
❖ After casting our concrete, we give it a period of 24 hours for the concrete to set in and we
can finally remove the formworks afterwards.

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3.1.4 Construction of Columns
A building column is like the backbone of a structure, providing strength, stability, and support. It
is a vertical architectural element that carries the load of the building's weight and transfers it safely
to the foundation.
Columns are typically made of materials such as steel, reinforced concrete, or masonry. They come
in various shapes and sizes, depending on the architectural design and load requirements of the
building. They create a grid-like network throughout the building, strategically placed to bear the
weight and resist external forces such as wind and earthquakes. A well-designed and properly
engineered column system ensures the safety, durability, and functionality of the building, making
it stand tall and proud for years to come.
Unlike the slabs, in this case, we first set up the appropriate bar arrangement based on the structural
design element.

Figure 12. Column bar arrangements

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Our next step is going to be providing the appropriate formwork structure using the plywood
materials.

Figure 13. Column formwork

Formwork construction for a column is like creating a temporary mold or framework that hugs and
shapes the column during its creation. It's a bit like getting dressed up for a special occasion, but
for the column instead.
The temporary supports or ties that are used to secure the formwork in place are called Cravats,
which prevent it from shifting or bulging during the pouring and curing of concrete.
Cravats typically consist of strong, flexible strips or straps made of materials like steel or woods.
They are strategically placed around the formwork at regular intervals to tightly encircle the
formwork and exert pressure on it. This pressure helps to keep the formwork panels or boards in
position and maintain the desired shape of the column.

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 Figure 14. Cravats
The cravats act as a reinforcement system for the formwork, providing stability and preventing
any movement or distortion of the panels due to the pressure of the wet concrete. By securely
holding the formwork in place, the cravats ensure that the concrete is poured accurately and evenly,
resulting in a well-formed and structurally sound column.
The final step is to fill our concrete inside the formwork structure provided.

Figure 15. Filling of a column formwork

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After the successful casting of our concrete, similarly to the beams, we should have to wait for a
period of 24 hours for the wet concrete to set in and then we can remove the formwork structure
afterwards.

Figure 16. Removing the formwork structure from a column

3.1.5 Foundations
During my time with the organization, I had the opportunity to observe foundation works for two
different types of buildings. One was a mixed-use G+10 building, and the other was a G+1 building
intended for use as a vegetable cold store. Both buildings required a basement structure. The
foundation for the G+10 building was designed as a Mat Foundation to support the higher load it
would bear. On the other hand, the G+1 building utilized Isolated Footing Foundation.
Regrettably, due to the constraints of a tight schedule, my ability to thoroughly explore the Mat
foundation was somewhat limited. However, within the available time frame, I was able to gain
insights and witness specific aspects of the foundation that I will now highlight in this section.
Foundations are the unsung heroes of building construction. They establish the strong and stable
connection between a structure and the Earth, providing the necessary support and resilience to
withstand the test of time. With their unwavering strength and reliability, foundations lay the
groundwork for architectural dreams to become concrete realities, while ensuring the safety and
stability of the structures we inhabit.

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Foundations are carefully designed and engineered to suit the specific characteristics of the site
and the nature of the structure being built. They consider factors such as the soil composition, the
magnitude of the loads, and local building codes and regulations.
For instance, shallow foundations, such as strip foundations or mat foundations, are used when the
load-bearing strata are located relatively close to the surface. These foundations spread the load
horizontally and distribute it across a larger area of the soil. On the other hand, deep foundations,
such as piles or caissons, are employed in situations where the load-bearing strata are deeper
beneath the surface.
The foundation used for the G+1 cold store building.
Isolated footings are a type of foundation commonly used to support individual columns or pillars
in a building structure. They are designed as independent, isolated elements that bear and distribute
the load of the respective column directly into the underlying soil.
First and foremost, we need to clear the site and prepare it for excavation. The excavation method
employed for these isolated footings was Trench excavation.
Trench excavation is a method used to dig narrow and deep excavations in the ground. It involves
creating a long and narrow trench for various purposes such as laying utility lines, installing pipes
or cables, or constructing foundations.

Figure 17. Trench Excavation method used for the footings

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The next step is to provide the formwork structure for our footings as usual.

Figure 18. Formwork structure of an isolated footing

These footings consist of a reinforced concrete block or pad that is typically larger in area than the
column it supports. The size and shape of the isolated footing depend on factors such as the column
load, soil bearing capacity, and local building codes. The concrete cover used here is also thicker.

Figure 19. Fully casted isolated footings

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As shown in the picture above, waters accumulated from rains and surrounding water flows were
challenging for the construction. The mitigation method the organization used was to Pump out
the waters from the area and was able to successfully pump out the water from the area and prepare
it for filling.
Then, we’ll fill the area with a selected fill material transported from other site.

Figure 20. Selected fill for the foundation

The foundation used for the G+10 mixed use building.
Mat foundation, also known as a raft foundation, is a distinctive type of foundation used to
distribute the weight of a structure over a large area. It is employed in situations where the soil's
bearing capacity is low or uneven, or when the loads imposed by the structure are significant.
A mat foundation serves as a stable and broad support system for structures, spreading the load
over a large area and accommodating challenging soil conditions. Its construction involves
meticulous site preparation, strategic reinforcement placement, precise concrete pouring, and
diligent curing. Together, these steps create a solid foundation capable of sustaining the weight and
demands of the built environment while promoting structural safety and durability.
It acts as a single, continuous reinforced concrete slab that extends beneath the entire footprint of
the structure, providing a solid platform to distribute the loads evenly.

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The construction process of a mat foundation typically starts with site clearing followed by a bulk
excavation method. Bulk excavation involves the extraction and removal of vast quantities of soil
or other materials from a site to create a significant open area.

Figure 21. Bulk excavation

After completing the excavation part, the project moved onto placing Cement Screed on the area.
Cement screed is a term used in the construction industry to refer to a thin layer of cement-based
material that is applied over a concrete floor or substrate.

Figure 22. Cement screed

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By placing cement screed right after bulk excavation, the construction process for a mat
foundation, benefits from improved surface preparation, enhanced soil stabilization, the
establishment of a moisture barrier, and increased construction timeline efficiency. Such measures
help create a solid foundation that can support the structure successfully over its lifespan.
The next step was to lay down damp-proofing materials on top of the cement screed. Damp-
proofing materials are substances or products used to prevent the penetration of moisture or water
into building structures. They are designed to create a barrier against moisture, protecting the
structure from potential water damage, mold, and other related issues. Common damp-proofing
materials include plastic sheets, bituminous coatings, and waterproof membranes.

Figure 23. Bituminous Coating, Damp proofing Material.

By incorporating damp-proofing materials on top of the cement screed during mat foundation
construction, these measures provide an additional layer of defense against moisture ingress,
groundwater issues, and long-term deterioration. They contribute to the overall performance,
durability, and longevity of the foundation, promoting a stable and secure base for the building.
Again, a cement screed was placed on top of our dam-proofing material before laying the mat
foundation reinforcement bars.
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3.1.6 Shoring or piles construction
Let's dive into the world of shoring and piles used for retaining. Shoring refers to the process of
supporting a structure, such as a trench or excavation, to prevent collapse. The most common
method is using vertical piles that are driven into the ground. These piles act as temporary
structural elements until the permanent structure is in place.
Shoring and piles are commonly used for retention when there is a need to stabilize soil or prevent
the collapse of an excavation or structure and also depends on the site condition and the structure
to be built.
Now, let's talk about how these piles are placed. The process typically involves driving the piles
vertically into the ground using methods such as vibrations, impact hammers, or drilling. The type
of pile used and the soil conditions determine the specific procedure. Piles can be made from
various materials including timber, concrete, or steel.

Figure 24. Shoring

The length to which a pile should be driven down depends on several factors such as the soil type,
load-bearing capacity required, and the anticipated forces acting on the retaining structure.
Engineers must assess the soil conditions to determine the required depth, ensuring that the pile
reaches a stable and load-bearing layer. It's crucial to strike a balance between driving the pile deep
enough for stability and considering practical limitations such as cost and site limitations.
When piles are driven into the ground, there might be gaps or voids surrounding the piles due to
differences in pile diameter and the surrounding soil. These gaps can reduce the overall stability
of the shoring or retaining system. To address this issue, grouting is often employed.
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Grouting
Grouting involves injecting a fluid material, typically a cement-based mixture or sometimes a
flowable fill material, into the gaps between piles. This process helps fill the voids, reinforces the
soil, and enhances the overall stability and load-bearing capacity of the shoring system.
The grouting material is pumped or injected under pressure into the gaps, allowing it to flow and
permeate through the soil. As the grout solidifies and cures, it essentially acts as a "bridge" between
the piles, providing increased lateral support and preventing excessive movement or settlement of
the soil.

Figure 25. Grouting method

By using grouting between piles, the overall efficiency of the shoring or retaining system can be
significantly improved. It helps to maintain stability, prevent soil erosion, and enhance the overall
performance of the structure. However, it's essential to ensure proper grouting techniques and
quality control during the construction process to achieve the desired results.

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Pile Cap Beam
The beam at the top that connects the piles is often referred to as a "pile cap" or a "pile cap beam."
Its purpose is to provide a stable and rigid connection between the tops of the individual piles,
effectively distributing the load from the superstructure to the piles.

Figure 26. Shoring, Grouting, Pile Cap Beam

As shown in the above picture, the grouting is done and additionally we can observe a beam like
structure connecting each pile at the top, which is described above as pile cap beam.
Overall, the pile cap plays a crucial role in ensuring the stability, integrity, and load-bearing
capacity of the pile foundation system. By distributing loads, adding stiffness, restraining pile
movement, and transferring forces, it helps ensure the safe and efficient performance of the
foundation and the supported structure.

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 Chapter Four

Reflection and Conclusion

4.1 How did this internship fir your career goals?
During the internship, I had the opportunity to communicate any issues or changes that may arise
during the construction process. Working closely with a project team, including architects,
contractors, and specialists, is crucial for civil engineers to effectively collaborate with other
professionals in the construction industry. This internship program allowed me to gain practical
experience in managing and communicating well with labor workers, which aligns with my career
goals. It enhanced my technical skills and ability to work well in a team.

4.2 Did your career goals change because of this internship experience?
From the very beginning, my aspiration has been to excel as a civil engineer, and this internship
experience hasn't wavered my determination. On the contrary, it has propelled me forward, igniting
an even greater excitement for what lies ahead. This opportunity has bolstered my eagerness to
actively engage in practical civil engineering projects in the real world, allowing me to apply my
skills and contribute to the built environment in a meaningful way. The confidence and inspiration
gained during this internship have solidified my commitment to pursuing a fulfilling career in civil
engineering, and I eagerly look forward to the challenges and successes that await me in the future.

4.3 Discuss your feelings about the value of this internship?

This internship program provided an invaluable platform for us to enrich our knowledge, develop
practical skills, gain industry exposure, and shape a solid foundation for our future careers. It helps
us bridge the gap between academic and professional practice, developing personal growth and
preparing us for the challenges of the engineering world.

4.4 What challenges have you faced during the internship?

❖ The period was summer and morning rain was the main challenge throughout. Making it
difficult to wake up early reach on time in addition to the limited access to different areas
on the site due to mud.
❖ Having little practical experience makes it difficult to apply the academic knowledge
learned in the classroom in real-world situations. It can be difficult at first to understand
the practical components of construction, such reading blueprints or adhering to building
codes.
❖ Since construction sites can be dangerous places to be, it was difficult for me to adjust to
safety procedures and make sure of my own safety. It's important to be aware of potential
risks.

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Measures we take for challenges.
Internships often present numerous challenges that can serve as valuable learning experiences.
These hurdles act as opportunities for growth and development. I approach these obstacles with a
proactive mindset, actively seeking solutions, seeking guidance from mentors, and maintaining a
flexible and positive outlook. By adopting this approach, I am able to overcome difficulties and
acquire valuable skills and knowledge along the way.

4.5 Discuss your strengths and areas for improvement as self-evaluation.

Strengths:

- Aptitude for Rapid Learning: Throughout the internship, I consistently exhibited a keen aptitude
for swiftly acquiring new knowledge and adapting to the dynamic nature of the construction field.
I readily comprehended project specifications, construction methodologies, and the specific duties
assigned to me.
- Collaborative Team Player: I actively engaged and effectively operated as an integral team
member. I actively contributed ideas, shared valuable insights, and collaborated harmoniously with
colleagues and supervisors to meet project goals. By leveraging my strong interpersonal abilities
and adept communication skills, I fostered a fruitful and efficient working environment.
Areas for Improvement:

• Field Experience: Seek more practical field experience through site visits, investigations,
and construction observation to understand practical challenges and gain confidence in
executing tasks.
• Enhance Technical Knowledge: Continuously update knowledge of building codes,
construction technology, and materials to stay current and improve expertise.

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 Chapter Five

Recommendations
5.1 Recommendation to the company
I would like to recommend the company the following terms:

• Improve Workmanship: Ensure proper supervision to address careless bending and tying of
reinforcement bars.
• Efficient Management: Implement stricter waste management and enhance supervision to
reduce waste and improve project efficiency.

• Regular Meetings: Conduct monthly company meetings to enhance communication, project

monitoring, and issue resolution.

• Intern Office: Establish a dedicated space with necessary tools and provide tasks for interns
to foster their growth and responsibility.

• Utilize Steel Formwork: Increase use of steel formwork like the Doka beam for better
strength and quality.

5.2 Recommendation for improving the internship.

• Pre-Internship Preparation: Offer workshops or seminars to prepare students for the
internship, including resume-building skills and interview training for professional
development.

• Regular Check-Ins: Provide guidance and support with regular check-ins to ensure a
positive experience and progress towards learning objectives.

• Networking Opportunities: Create networking events and encourage participation in

industry conferences or seminars for professional growth and industry connections.

5.3 Should we consider the company for future student placement.

Considering these improvements, the company would be suitable for future student placements
with the establishment of an intern office and provision of resources for intern development.

36
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