The meaning of research:

Search for Knowledge: Research is fundamentally about seeking new information or

understanding.

 Systematic Approach: It involves a structured and organized way of investigating a

topic.
 Scientific Investigation: Research relies on scientific methods like observation,
experimentation, and analysis.
 Original Contribution: Research aims to add new knowledge to what is already
known.
 Problem-Solving: It often focuses on finding solutions to specific problems or
questions.
 Generalization: Research seeks to draw broader conclusions or theories based on
findings.
 Involves Several Steps: Key steps include defining the problem, formulating
hypotheses, collecting data, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions.

Essentially, research is a careful and systematic process of exploring and discovering

new knowledge through a rigorous and objective approach.

The objectives of research

1. Exploratory Research:
 Purpose: To gain initial understanding of a phenomenon or issue.
 Focus: Gathering preliminary information and insights.
 Methods: Often involves qualitative methods like interviews, observations, and case
studies.
2. Descriptive Research:
 Purpose: To accurately portray the characteristics of a particular individual, situation, or
group.
 Focus: Describing and summarizing data to understand the "what" of a phenomenon.
 Methods: Often involves surveys, observations, and statistical analyses.
3. Diagnostic Research:
 Purpose: To determine the frequency and association between different variables.
 Focus: Identifying the causes or underlying factors of a problem.
 Methods: Often involves surveys, data mining, and statistical analyses.
4. Hypothesis-Testing Research:
 Purpose: To test a specific hypothesis or theory about a causal relationship between
variables.
 Focus: Determining if there is a cause-and-effect relationship between two or more
variables.
 Methods: Often involves experiments, controlled studies, and statistical tests.

Types of research

1. Descriptive vs. Analytical

 Descriptive:
o Focuses on describing the current state of affairs.

o Like observing and reporting on what's happening.

o Examples: Surveys, fact-finding inquiries.

 Analytical:
o Involves analyzing existing information to draw conclusions.

o Like examining data to understand its meaning.

2. Applied vs. Fundamental

 Applied:
o Aims to solve a specific problem.

o Focuses on practical applications.

o Examples: Marketing research, medical research to find a cure for a disease.

 Fundamental:
o Seeks to expand general knowledge.
o Driven by curiosity and a desire to understand.

o Examples: Research in pure mathematics, studying human behavior for general

understanding.

3. Quantitative vs. Qualitative

 Quantitative:
o Deals with numbers and measurements.

o Focuses on how much or how many.

o Examples: Surveys with numerical data, experiments.

 Qualitative:
o Deals with qualities and descriptions.

o Focuses on understanding why and how.

o Examples: Interviews, observations, focus groups.

4. Conceptual vs. Empirical

 Conceptual:
o Deals with abstract ideas and theories.

o Focuses on developing new concepts or reinterpreting existing ones.

 Empirical:
o Based on observation and experience.

o Relies on data and evidence gathered through experiments or observations.

5. Other Types
 One-time vs. Longitudinal: One-time research is conducted at a single point in time,
while longitudinal research is conducted over an extended period.
 Field vs. Laboratory vs. Simulation: Research can be conducted in real-world
settings, controlled laboratory environments, or simulated situations.
 Exploratory vs. Formalized: Exploratory research aims to generate hypotheses, while
formalized research tests specific hypotheses.
 Historical Research: Studies past events and ideas using historical sources.
 Conclusion-Oriented vs. Decision-Oriented: Conclusion-oriented research focuses
on expanding knowledge, while decision-oriented research aims to provide information
for decision-making.

Research approaches:

1. Quantitative Approach:
 Focus: Deals with numbers and measurements.
 Methods:
o Inferential: Studies a sample to draw conclusions about the larger population. (e.g.,
surveys)
o Experimental: Manipulates variables to observe their effects. (e.g., controlled
experiments)
o Simulation: Creates an artificial environment to study a system's behavior. (e.g.,
computer simulations)
2. Qualitative Approach:
 Focus: Deals with qualities, opinions, and attitudes.
 Methods:
o Subjective assessment: Relies on researcher's insights and interpretations.
o Techniques: Focus group interviews, projective techniques, in-depth interviews.
In simpler terms:
 Quantitative:
o Focuses on "how much" or "how many."

o Uses numbers and statistics.

o Aims for objective and measurable results.

 Qualitative:
o Focuses on "why" or "how."

o Explores deeper meanings and understandings.

o Relies on observations and interpretations.
 The significance of research

Research is the foundation of knowledge and provides guidelines for solving problems in various fields..
here's the significance of research summarized in points:.

Progress: Research is essential for progress in any field. It helps us discover new
things and improve our understanding of the world.

 Thinking Skills: Research encourages scientific and logical thinking, which is beneficial
in various aspects of life.
 Decision Making: Research provides valuable information for making informed
decisions in government, business, and other areas.
 Government Policy: Research helps create effective government policies by analyzing
data on social and economic issues.
o This includes areas like budgeting, resource allocation, and program development.

 Business Operations: Research helps businesses solve problems and make better
decisions through market research, motivational research, and operations research.
o Market research helps understand customer needs and preferences.

o Motivational research helps understand why people buy certain products.

o Operations research helps optimize business processes to reduce costs or increase

profits.

 Social Sciences: Research is crucial for social scientists to study social relationships
and solve social problems.
 Knowledge and Understanding: Research can be driven by the desire for knowledge
and a deeper understanding of the world.
 Personal Benefits: Research can be a path to a higher degree, a career in research, or
a source of creative inspiration.
 Difference between Research Methods and Research Methodology:

Feature Research Methods Research Methodology

The overall approach and

Specific techniques and procedures
Definition framework used to conduct
used to conduct research.
research.

Why and how to choose specific

Focus How to do research.
methods.

Narrower, focuses on specific

Broader, encompasses the entire
Scope techniques (e.g., surveys,
research process.
experiments).

Data collection methods (surveys,

Research design, sampling
interviews, observations), data
Examples methods, data interpretation,
analysis techniques (statistical
ethical considerations.
tests).

The blueprint for using the tools

Analogy Tools in a toolbox.
effectively.

Why choose these methods?

Key How to collect data? How to analyze
What are the limitations? How will
Questions data?
the findings be interpreted?

In essence:
 Research Methods are the how-to of research, the specific techniques used to gather
and analyze data. 1

 Research Methodology is the why and how of using those methods, the overall
framework and rationale behind the research approach.
 The relationship between Research and Scientific Method :

1. Closely Intertwined Concepts:

 Research and the scientific method are closely related.

 Research is the actual process of investigating a phenomenon.

 The scientific method provides the framework and principles that guide this
investigation.

2. Scientific Method: A Framework for Research

 The scientific method is a set of principles and procedures for conducting research.

 It emphasizes objectivity, logic, and systematic investigation.

 It aims to discover truth through observation, experimentation, and logical reasoning.

3. Key Postulates of the Scientific Method:

 Relies on Empirical Evidence: Based on observation and experimentation.
 Utilizes Relevant Concepts: Employs appropriate theories and concepts.
 Committed to Objectivity: Free from personal bias and prejudice.
 Presupposes Ethical Neutrality: Aims for unbiased and accurate results.
 Results in Probabilistic Predictions: Makes predictions that are likely to occur.
 Methodology is Transparent: Research methods are clearly documented and open to
scrutiny.
 Aims at Generalization: Seeks to develop broad theories and principles.
4. Scientific Method in Research:

 Guides the formulation of research questions and hypotheses.

 Determines the appropriate research methods and techniques.

 Ensures the collection and analysis of data in a systematic and rigorous manner.

 Enables the drawing of valid and reliable conclusions.

In essence:

 Research is the practical application of the scientific method.

 The scientific method provides the foundation for conducting sound and reliable
research.

Research Process
The research process is a systematic approach to conducting research, involving a series of steps to
ensure effective and efficient investigation.
 The research process flow chart in points:

1. Define Research Problem (I):

 This is the starting point.

 The researcher clearly identifies the specific research question or issue they want to
investigate.

2. Review the Literature (II):

 The researcher conducts an extensive review of existing literature (books, articles,

research papers) on the topic.

 This helps understand previous research findings, identify gaps in knowledge, and
refine the research question.

Review Concepts and Theories (II):

 The researcher examines relevant theories and concepts that are applicable to the
research problem.

 This step helps in developing a theoretical framework for the study.

Review previous research finding (II):

 Search for relevant literature.
 Evaluate sources.
 Identify themes, debates, and gaps.
 Outline the structure.
 Write your literature review

3. Formulate Hypotheses (III):

 Based on the literature review and theoretical framework, the researcher formulates
testable hypotheses.
 These are educated guesses or predictions about the relationship between variables.

4 .Design Research (IV):

 The researcher designs the research methodology, including:

o Research Design: Choosing the appropriate research design (e.g., experimental,

survey, case study).
o Sampling Design: Selecting the sample of participants or units to be studied.
o Data Collection Methods: Determining how data will be collected (e.g., questionnaires,
interviews, observations).
5. Collect Data (V):

 The researcher collects data according to the research design and data collection
methods.

6. Analyze Data (VI):

 The collected data is analyzed using appropriate statistical or qualitative techniques.

 This step may involve testing hypotheses and drawing inferences.

7. Interpret and Report (VII):

 The researcher interprets the findings, draws conclusions, and reports the results of the
study in a clear and concise manner.

Feedback Loops (F and FF):

 The "F" feedback loop indicates that the research process may involve iterative steps.

 The researcher may need to revisit earlier stages based on the findings at later stages.

 The "FF" feedback loop signifies that the research process is guided by criteria and
standards for evaluation.

In essence:

This flowchart illustrates a cyclical and iterative process, where each step informs and
influences the subsequent steps. The researcher continuously evaluates and adjusts
their approach as they progress through the research process.
 Formulating a research problem
1. Identify and Define the Research Problem
 Recognize the Issue: Start with a general area of interest.
 Narrow Down: Refine the broad topic into a specific research question.
 Clarify Ambiguities: Ensure the problem is clearly defined and free from any
vagueness.
2. Assess Feasibility
 Consider Resources: Evaluate if you have the necessary time, budget, and expertise
to address the problem.
3. Understand the Problem Thoroughly
 Consult Experts: Discuss the problem with colleagues, supervisors, or those with
relevant knowledge.
 Review Literature: Examine existing research (conceptual and empirical) to
understand the context and identify available resources.
4. Rephrase the Problem Analytically
 Operationalize: Translate the general problem into specific, measurable terms.
 Define Terms: Clearly define any key terms or concepts used in the research.
5. Importance of Problem Formulation
 Guides the Research Process: A well-defined problem determines:
o Data Collection: What data to collect and how.
o Data Analysis: What relationships to explore and how to analyze the data.
o Research Methods: The appropriate research techniques to use.
o Reporting: The structure and content of the final report.
 Extensive literature survey

1. Summarize the Research Problem

 Write a Synopsis: Briefly outline the research problem and its significance.
 Seek Approval: If applicable, submit the synopsis to a committee or research board for
approval.
2. Conduct Literature Review
 Utilize Resources:
o Abstracting and Indexing Journals: (e.g., JSTOR, Scopus, Web of Science)
o Bibliographies: Published and unpublished bibliographies.
o Academic Journals: Peer-reviewed journals relevant to the research area.
o Conference Proceedings: Papers presented at relevant conferences.
o Government Reports: Reports and publications from government agencies.
o Books: Textbooks, monographs, and other relevant books.
3. Explore and Analyze Previous Research
 Identify Relevant Studies: Carefully examine studies similar to your own research.
 Follow the Trail: Use the bibliographies of previous studies to find additional relevant
sources.
4. Leverage Library Resources
 Utilize Library Services: Take advantage of the library's resources and services, such
as librarians, online databases, and interlibrary loan.

Developing working hypotheses

1. Purpose of Working Hypotheses
 Tentative Assumptions: Working hypotheses are initial assumptions made to guide
the research.
 Focus and Direction: They provide a central focus for the research and direct the
research process.
 Data Collection and Analysis: They influence the type of data collected and the
methods used for data analysis.
2. Developing Working Hypotheses
 Consultations: Discuss the problem with colleagues, experts, and stakeholders.
 Data Examination: Analyze available data and records for patterns, trends, and clues.
 Literature Review: Review existing research on the problem or similar problems.
 Exploratory Investigation: Conduct preliminary field research, such as interviews, to
gain deeper insights.
3. Characteristics of Effective Hypotheses
 Specific and Clear: Hypotheses should be stated precisely and unambiguously.
 Testable: Hypotheses must be capable of being tested through empirical observation or
experimentation.
 Limited in Scope: Hypotheses should be focused and address a specific aspect of the
research problem.
4. Importance of Working Hypotheses
 Guide Research: They provide a framework for the research process.
 Sharpen Thinking: They help to focus the researcher's attention on the key aspects of
the problem.
 Improve Data Quality: They help to ensure that the data collected is relevant and
useful for testing the hypotheses.
5. When Hypotheses May Not Be Necessary
 Exploratory Research: In some cases, such as exploratory or formative research, the
primary goal may not be to test hypotheses.

Research Design: The Blueprint for Your Research

What is a Research Design?

 It's the overall plan or structure that guides your research process.
 It's like a blueprint that outlines how you'll collect, analyze, and interpret data to answer
your research question.

Why is it Important?
 Efficiency: A well-designed research study ensures you collect the right data with
minimal effort, time, and cost.
 Validity and Reliability: It helps to minimize bias and maximize the accuracy and
trustworthiness of your findings.
 Focus: It keeps your research on track and prevents you from getting sidetracked.
Types of Research Purposes and Designs
1. Exploration:
o Purpose: To gain a better understanding of a phenomenon or issue.
o Design: Flexible and open-ended, allowing for the exploration of various aspects of the
problem.
2. Description:
o Purpose: To accurately describe a situation or phenomenon.
o Design: Emphasizes minimizing bias and maximizing the reliability of data collection.
3. Diagnosis:
o Purpose: To identify the causes or underlying factors of a problem.
o Design: Often involves in-depth investigation and analysis of specific cases.
4. Experimentation:
o Purpose: To test cause-and-effect relationships between variables.
o Design: Involves manipulating variables and controlling for extraneous factors.
Certainly, here's a breakdown of the points on determining sample design in an easy-to-
understand format:

Sample Design
 A plan for selecting a subset of the population for your research.

 Determines how you will choose the individuals or units that will be included in your
study.

Types of Sampling
 Probability Sampling: Each member of the population has a known chance of being
selected.
o Simple Random Sampling: Every individual has an equal chance of being chosen.
o Systematic Sampling: Selecting every nth individual from a list.
o Stratified Sampling: Dividing the population into subgroups (strata) and then sampling
from each stratum.
o Cluster Sampling: Dividing the population into clusters and then randomly selecting
clusters.
o Multi-stage Sampling: Combining multiple sampling methods (e.g., selecting states,
then cities, then individuals).
 Non-probability Sampling: The probability of selecting each member is unknown.
o Convenience Sampling: Selecting individuals who are easily accessible.
o Judgment Sampling: Selecting individuals based on the researcher's expertise.
o Quota Sampling: Selecting individuals to fill predetermined quotas for certain
subgroups.
Factors to Consider When Choosing a Sample Design
 Nature of the Research: The purpose and objectives of the study.
 Population Characteristics: The size, diversity, and accessibility of the population.
 Resources: Time, budget, and available personnel.
 Desired Level of Accuracy: The level of precision required for the research.

Data Collection Methods

 Primary Data: Data collected directly from the source. 1

o Experimentation: Observing and measuring variables in a controlled environment. 2

o Surveys: Gathering information from individuals or groups.

 Observation: Observing behavior or phenomena directly. (Limited in scope)
3

 Personal Interviews: Conducting face-to-face interviews with respondents. (Can be

4

expensive)
 Telephone Interviews: Conducting interviews over the phone. (Limited by telephone
5

access)
 Mail Surveys: Sending questionnaires to respondents through the mail. (Relies on
respondent participation)
 Surveys using Schedules: Enumerators visit respondents and collect data using
prepared schedules. 6

Factors to Consider When Choosing a Data Collection Method

 Nature of the Research: The purpose and objectives of the study.
 Scope of the Inquiry: The size and complexity of the study.
 Resources: Budget, time, and available personnel.
 Desired Accuracy: The level of precision required for the data.

Execution of the Research Project

 Systematic Approach: The project should be executed in a well-organized and
methodical manner.
 Data Collection:
o Structured Questionnaires: If using questionnaires, code questions and answers for
easier data entry and analysis.
o Interviewer Training: If using interviewers, provide thorough training, including
instruction manuals and field checks.
 Quality Control:
o Statistical Control: Implement measures to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the
data collected.
o Address Non-response: Develop strategies to deal with respondents who do not
participate in the survey. (e.g., sub-sampling non-respondents)
Importance of Proper Execution
 Data Quality: Proper execution ensures the collection of high-quality, reliable, and
accurate data.
 Project Success: A well-executed project increases the likelihood of achieving the
research objectives.
 Credibility: Proper execution enhances the credibility and trustworthiness of the
research findings.

Data Analysis: Making Sense of the Information

 Data Preparation:
o Categorization: Organizing data into meaningful groups or categories.
o Coding: Assigning codes or symbols to represent different categories of data.
o Editing: Reviewing and cleaning the data to ensure accuracy and consistency.
o Tabulation: Arranging data in tables for easier interpretation and analysis.
 Statistical Analysis:
o Descriptive Statistics: Summarizing data using measures like mean, median, mode,
standard deviation, etc.
o Inferential Statistics: Drawing conclusions about the population based on sample
data.
 Hypothesis Testing: Testing whether observed differences or relationships are
statistically significant or due to chance. (e.g., t-tests, ANOVA)
 Regression Analysis: Examining the relationship between variables.
 Correlation Analysis: Measuring the strength and direction of relationships between
variables.
 Data Interpretation:
o Interpreting Results: Drawing meaningful conclusions from the statistical analysis.
o Relating Findings to Research Questions: Determining whether the research
objectives have been met.
Importance of Data Analysis
 Uncovering Insights: Data analysis helps to uncover patterns, trends, and
relationships within the data.
 Answering Research Questions: It provides evidence to support or refute research
hypotheses.
 Making Informed Decisions: The findings of data analysis can inform decision-making
in various fields.

Hypothesis Testing
What is Hypothesis Testing?

 A statistical method used to determine if the results of a study are statistically significant
or due to chance.

 Involves formulating a null hypothesis (H0) and an alternative hypothesis (H1).

 Uses statistical tests (e.g., t-test, chi-square test, ANOVA) to determine if the evidence
supports rejecting the null hypothesis.

The Process:
1. Formulate Hypotheses:
o Null Hypothesis (H0): A statement of no effect or difference.
o Alternative Hypothesis (H1): A statement that contradicts the null hypothesis.
2. Choose a Statistical Test: Select the appropriate test based on the research question
and the type of data.
3. Set a Significance Level: Determine the level of significance (e.g., 0.05, 0.01) which
represents the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true.
4. Calculate the Test Statistic: Calculate the value of the chosen test statistic using the
sample data.
5. Determine the Critical Value: Find the critical value from the appropriate statistical
table based on the significance level and degrees of freedom.
6. Compare the Test Statistic to the Critical Value:
o If the test statistic is greater than the critical value (or less than the negative critical
value), reject the null hypothesis. 1

o If the test statistic is less than or equal to the critical value (or greater than or equal to 2

the negative critical value), fail to reject the null hypothesis.

Interpreting Results:
 Rejecting the Null Hypothesis: Provides evidence to support the alternative
hypothesis.
 Failing to Reject the Null Hypothesis: Does not provide sufficient evidence to support
the alternative hypothesis.
Importance of Hypothesis Testing:

 Helps to make objective and data-driven conclusions.

 Avoids drawing false conclusions from the research findings.

 Provides a framework for evaluating the validity of research claims.

Generalization and Interpretation

 Generalization:
o Developing Theories: When a hypothesis is repeatedly supported by evidence from
multiple studies, it can be used to develop broader theories.
o Predicting Future Outcomes: Generalizations can be used to predict future outcomes
and make informed decisions.
 Interpretation:
o Explaining Findings: The process of explaining the meaning and significance of
research findings.
o Relating Findings to Existing Theories: Connecting research findings to existing
theories or developing new theoretical frameworks.
o Generating New Research Questions: The process of interpretation can often lead to
new research questions and avenues for further investigation.
 ;Preparing the Research Report;
1. Report Structure:
 Preliminary Pages:
o Title and Date

o Acknowledgements

o Foreword

o Table of Contents

o List of Tables

o List of Graphs and Charts

 Main Text:
o Introduction:
 Research objectives

 Methodology

 Scope of study

 Limitations

o Summary of Findings:
 Concise and non-technical summary of key findings and recommendations.

o Main Report:
 Detailed presentation of research findings in a logical and organized manner.

o Conclusion:
 Summary of key conclusions and their implications.

 End Matter:
o Appendices: Technical data and supporting documents.
o Bibliography: List of all sources consulted.
o Index: (Optional) For published reports.
2. Writing Style:
 Concise and Objective: Use clear and direct language, avoiding jargon and vague
expressions.
 Clarity and Brevity: Present information in a concise and easy-to-understand manner.
3. Visual Aids:
 Use Sparingly: Use charts and illustrations only when they enhance clarity and
understanding.
4. Reporting Constraints:
 Confidence Limits: Include information on the level of confidence in the research
findings.
 Limitations: Acknowledge any limitations or constraints encountered during the
research.

Criteria of Good Research

1. Clear Purpose: The research objective should be well-defined, and common
terminology should be used consistently.
2. Detailed Methodology: The research process should be described in sufficient detail
so that others can replicate the study.
3. Objective Design: The research design should be carefully planned to minimize bias
and ensure objective results.
4. Transparent Reporting: The researcher should honestly report any flaws in the
research design and their potential impact on the findings.
5. Rigorous Data Analysis: Data analysis should be thorough and appropriate for the
research question. The validity and reliability of the data should be carefully checked.
6. Justified Conclusions: Conclusions should be based solely on the evidence gathered
and should be limited to what the data actually supports.
7. Researcher Credibility: Greater confidence in research is warranted when conducted
by experienced, reputable, and ethical researchers.
Qualities of Good Research
1. Systematic: Research follows a structured and organized approach with well-defined
steps.
2. Logical: Research is guided by principles of logical reasoning, including induction and
deduction.
3. Empirical: Research is based on concrete data and observations from real-world
situations.
4. Replicable: Research can be repeated by other researchers to verify the findings.
In essence, good research is:
 Clear, objective, and well-defined.
 Methodologically sound and transparent.
 Based on empirical evidence and rigorous analysis.
 Replicable and verifiable.

The problems encountered by researchers in Bangladesh ,as outlined in

the provided text, are quite relevant and resonate with challenges faced in
many developing countries. Here's a summary of the key issues:

1. Lack of Methodological Training:

 Many researchers lack proper training in research methodology, leading to poorly

designed and executed studies.

 This results in unreliable findings and hinders the advancement of knowledge.

2. Insufficient Industry-Academia Collaboration:

 Limited interaction between universities and businesses hinders the relevance of

research to real-world problems.

 Academics lack practical insights, while businesses struggle to apply research findings.

3. Confidentiality and Trust Issues:

 Businesses are often reluctant to share data with researchers due to concerns about
confidentiality and misuse of information.

4. Research Overlap and Duplication:

 Lack of coordination among researchers leads to duplication of effort and inefficient use
of resources.

5. Lack of Code of Conduct:

 The absence of a code of conduct for researchers can lead to unethical practices and
inter-institutional rivalries.

6. Inadequate Secretarial and Computer Assistance:

 Researchers often face delays in their work due to lack of adequate support staff and
computing resources.

7. Inefficient Library Management:

 Poorly managed libraries hinder researchers' access to necessary resources and waste
valuable time.

8. Delayed Access to Government Publications:

 Libraries, especially those located outside major cities, face delays in receiving crucial
government documents.

9. Inconsistent and Inaccessible Data:

 The availability and consistency of published data from government agencies vary
significantly, creating challenges for researchers.

10. Conceptual and Practical Challenges:

 Researchers may encounter difficulties in conceptualizing research problems, collecting

data, and addressing practical challenges during the research process.

Addressing these challenges requires a multi-pronged approach:

 Strengthening Research Methodology Training:
o Offer mandatory courses and workshops on research methodology for all research
students.

o Encourage interdisciplinary collaborations and mentorship programs.

 Fostering Industry-Academia Partnerships:

o Establish mechanisms for knowledge sharing and collaboration between academia and
industry.

o Create incentives for joint research projects.

 Building Trust and Confidentiality:

o Develop clear guidelines and protocols for data sharing and confidentiality to ensure
trust between researchers and data providers.

 Improving Research Coordination:

 Establish a central repository for research projects to avoid duplication.

 Promote inter-institutional collaboration and knowledge sharing.

 Developing a Code of Conduct:

 Formulate and implement a code of conduct for researchers to ensure ethical and
responsible research practices.

 Providing Adequate Support Infrastructure:

 Enhance library resources and provide researchers with access to modern computing
facilities and efficient secretarial support.

 Improving Data Availability and Accessibility:

 Ensure timely and consistent dissemination of government data.

 Develop user-friendly online platforms for accessing data.

By addressing these challenges, Bangladesh can significantly improve the quality and
impact of research conducted within the country.