CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Introduction to carbon : Atomic number of carbon is 6 , mass number

is 12, its electronic configuration is 2,4
it belongs to 2nd period and IVA group in the modern periodic table
Occurrence of carbon : Carbon exists in free and combined state
Free state - Diamind,graphite,fullerenes, coal, coke etc
Combined state : all carbon containing compounds
Isotopes of carbon : the atoms of same element with same atomic
number and different mass number are called as isotopes. carbon has
three isotopes C12,C13,C14
Characteristics of Isotopes :
i) Same physical state ii) Same physical form
iii) Different physical properties iv) Similar chemical properties
 BONDING IN CARBON :
To get the octet in its outer shell it has to gain 4 more
electrons to form C4- ion. the electronegativity of carbon is
only 2.5 and its nucleus has only 6 protons. therefore its
difficult for a nucleus with 6 protons to hold 10 electrons.
Hence carbon cannot form C4- ions so easily. If carbon
looses 4 electrons from its outer shell, it has to form C4+
ion. This requires huge amount of energy which is not
available normally. Therefore C4+ formation also is a
remote possibility. Carbon has to satisfy tetravalency, by
sharing electrons with other atoms.so it has to form 4
covalent bonds either with its own atoms or atoms of
other
BONDING IN CARBON :
HYBRIDISATION :
HYBRIDISATION :
HYBRIDISATION :
Allotropes : The existence of an element in
same physical state but in different physical
forms with different physical and similar
chemical properties is called allotropy.
Characteristics of allotropes :
i) they are present in same physical state
ii) they are in different physical form
iii) they shows different physical properties
iv) they shows similar chemical properties
 UNIQUE PROPERTIES OF CARBON:
1. Catenation : Catenation is the phenomenon in which the atoms of same element join
together to form long chains, branched chains and ring structures leads to the formation of
a large number of compounds. Carbon exhibits maximum catenation because of strong
carbon - carbon bonds and tetra valency.

2. Formation of multiple bonds : Carbon atoms are capable of forming multiple bonds
with other carbon atoms (or) with the atoms of other elements. Carbon has the ability to
form four single bonds, a double bond and two single bonds, a triple bond and a single
bond or two double bonds with its own atoms (or) with other atoms as per the
requirements. All these bonds are strong bonds. This further gives rise to a large variety of
compounds.
Ex : CH3 – CH2 – CH3, CH3 – CH = CH2, CH3 – C CH, CH2 = C = CH2
3. Isomerism : The phenomenon in which 2 or more compounds have same molecular
formula but exhibit different properties due to difference in their structure (or)
difference in the arrangement of atoms with in the space is called isomerism. Those
compounds are called isomers.
Carbon compounds exhibit isomerism. i.e., for a particular molecular formula two (or)
more compounds may exist.
For example: for the molecular formula C5H12, the following isomers are possible.
CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH2 – CH3 (n - pentane)
CH 3  CH  CH 2  CH3(Iso pentane)
|
CH 3
CH3
|
CH3  C  CH3 (Neo pentane)
|
CH3

Characteristics of Isomers :
they have same molecular formula
they have different structural arrangement
they shows different physical properties
they shows different chemical properties
Important types of isomerism :
1. CHAIN ISOMERISM :
Important types of isomerism :
2. RING CHAIN ISOMERISM :
Important types of isomerism :
3. FUNCTIONAL ISOMERISM :
4. Tetravalency of Carbon : The atomic number of carbon is - 6. Its electronic
configuration in its ground state is
1s2 2s2 2 p1x 2 p1y 2 p1z

It has only two unpaired electrons, hence it should be divalent. But all the known
compounds of carbon confirm that carbon is tetravalent.
In order to account for tetravalency, it is believed that during the process of bond
formation which is energy releasing process, the two electrons in the 2s orbital get
unpaired and out of them, one is promoted to empty 2pZ - orbital. This is the excited
state and then its electronic configuration is

1s2 2s1 2 p1x 2 p1y 2 p1z

Note : The excitation energy of carbon is 501.6 k.cal /mole

HYDRO CARBONS AND HYDRO CARBON DERIVATIVES
HYDRO CARBONS AND HYDRO CARBON DERIVATIVES
A functional group is defined as an atom or
group of atoms within a molecule that has
similar chemical properties whenever it appears
in various compounds.
HYDRO CARBONS :
Compounds which are purely made up of
carbon and hydrogen.
Alkanes - saturated, undergo substitution
reactions only (inactive or less reactive). CnH2n+2)
Alkenes - unsaturated with double bond,
undergo addition reactions (very reactive). CnH2n)
Alkynes - unsaturated with triple bond
undergo addition reactions (less reactive). (CnH2n–2)
ALKYL GROUP :
An alkyl substituent is An alkane missing one hydrogen. The
term alkyl is intentionally unspecific to include many possible
substitutions. An acyclic alkyl has the general formula of
CnH2n+1. A cycloalkyl is derived from a cycloalkane by removal of
a hydrogen atom from a ring and has the general formula CnH2n-1
 IUPAC NOMENCLATURE :

2° prefix+1° prefix+Rootword+1° suffix+ 2° suffix

2° prefix +1° prefix + Rootword +1° suffix + 2° suffix

substituents cyclic No.of carbon (–) ane – COOH–
– X = Halo (cyclo) atoms (=) ene CHO – al
- CH3 = Methyl 1C = meth ( ) yne – OH – ol
-C2H5 = Ethyl 2C = eth C = O – one
-NO2 = Nitro 3C = prop
4C = but
In order to name the saturated hydrocarbons having branched chains by the
IUPAC method, we should remember the following rules :

1.The longest chain of carbon atoms in the structure of the compound (to be
named) is found first. The compound is then named as a derivative of the alkane
hydrocarbon which corresponds to the longest chain of carbon atoms (This is
called parent hydrocarbon).

2. The alkyl groups present as side chains (branches) are considered as

substituents and named separately as methyl (CH3—) or ethyl (C2H5—) groups.

3. The carbon atoms of the longest carbon chain are numbered in such a way
that the alkyl groups (substituents) get the lowest possible number (smallest
possible number).

4. The position of alkyl group is indicated by writing the number of carbon atom
to which it is attached.

5. The IUPAC name of the compound is obtained by writing the ‘position and
name of alkyl group’ just before the name of ‘parent hydrocarbon’.
ALKENES :
ALKYNES :
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS :
ALCOHOLS :
Homologous series :
A group of organic compounds having similar structure and
chemical properties, successive compounds differ by CH2
group.
Characteristics :
They differ by CH2 group ; They differ by 14 u mass
They shows different physical properties
They shows similar chemical properties
They obey same general formula
Eg : Alkane Homologous Series of Alkanes
Methane CH4 CH4
Ethane C2H6 CH3CH3
Propane C3H8 CH3CH2CH3
CHEMICAL PROPERITES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS :
CHEMICAL PROPERITES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS :
IDENTIFICATION TEST FOR SATURATED AND
UNSATURATED HYDRO CARBONS:
Flame test for unsaturated hydrocarbons :
Saturated - Complete combustion, blue, non
luminous, non sooty flame
Unsaturated - Incomplete combustion, yellow,
luminous, sooty flame

Bromine water test for unsaturated hydrocarbons :

Saturated - Cannot decolorize bromine water
Unsaturated - Decolorize bromine water
PHYSICAL PROPERITES :
CHEMICAL PROPERITES :
ETHYL ALCOHOL :
i) Reaction with sodium : 2C2H5OH + 2Na  2C2H5ONa + H2
Alkaline KMnO  Heat
ii) Oxidation : CH3CH 2OH  
or acidified K Cr O  Heat
2
 CH3COOH
4
2 7

Conc. H SO
iii) Dehydration : CH3CH 2OH  443 K
CH 2  CH 2  H 2O
2 4

iv) Reaction with metal bicarbonate / carbonate : No reaction

v) Reaction with Ethanoic acid : CH COOH  C H OH  CH COOC H  H O
3 2 5
H2 SO4
3 2 5 2

ETHANOIC ACID :
i) Reaction with sodium : 2CH3COOH + 2Na  2CH3COONa + H2
ii) Reaction with metal bicarbonate / carbonate :
CH3COOH  NaHCO3  CH3COONa  H 2O  CO2 
iii) Reaction with NaOH: CH3COOH + NaOH  CH3COONa + H2O
iv) Reaction with Ethyl alcohol :
H 2 SO4
CH 3COOH  C 2 H 5OH   CH 3COOC 2 H 5  H 2O
 Conc.H2SO4 H2
Alcohol Alkene Alkane
(X) (Y) Ni/Pd (Z)
Alkaline KMnO4 +
acidified K2Cr2O7 H2O

dil.H2SO4
Aldehyde
(Q)
Alkaline KMnO4
acidified K2Cr2O7
Conc.H2SO4 Ester + H2O
Carboxylic Acid + Alcohol
(X) (R)
(P)

Identification test for Ethanol and Ethanoic acid

a) By using litmus paper - Ethanoic acid will turns blue litmus to red litmus
b) And Reaction with Na2CO3 (or) NaHCO3 - Liberates CO2 gas
Ex : 2CH3COOH + Na2CO3  2CH3 COONa + CO2+ H2O
c) Ethanol doesnot respond to above two tests.
SOAPS AND DETERGENTS:
Soap - C17H35COONa, C15H31COONa.
Micelle - Aggregate of soap molecules (involved in cleaning action of soap)
Detergents - CH3 – (CH2)11 – C6H4 – SO3Na
CH3 – (CH2)10 – CH2 – SO4Na
Hardness of water - Temporary hardness - Bicarbonates of 'Ca' and 'Mg'
Permanent hardness - Chlorides, sulphates of Ca and Mg.
CLEANING ACTION OF SOAP :
Most dirt is oily in nature and as you know oil does not
dissolve in water. The molecules of soap are sodium or
potassium salts of long chain carboxylic acids. The
ionic end of soap dissolves in water while the carbon
chain dissolve in oil. The soap molecules, thus form
structures called micelles. Where one end of the
molecules is towards the oil droplet while the ionic end
faces outside. This forms an emulsion in water the soap
micelle thus helps in dissolving the dirt in water and we
wash our clothes clean.
MICELLE :