PRACTICAL-7

AIM: - Demonstrate working of CNC Lathe and CNC Milling Machine.

Objectives: Students can understand about importance of CNC machine in Milling and/or
lathe.
Expected Program Outcomes (POs): Basic & Discipline specific knowledge, Engineering tool
experimentation and testing, Life-long learning
Learning Outcome: - student will able to understand working of CNC Lath and CNC Milling
machine.
Relevent CO: Summarizing advancement in manufacturing process, machine tools and
manufacturing technology.
Practical Outcome (PRo): student will able to understand working of CNC Lath and CNC
Milling
machine.
Equipment required: - 1. CNC Lathe machine with all tools & attachments 2. CNC Milling
machine with all tools & attachments

INTRODUCTION:
Automation is a technology adopted with the application of mechanical, electronic and
computer – based systems to operate and control production.

Computer Numerical Control (CNC)

CNC stands for computer numerical control. It is a machine controlled by a computer. Its
external appearance is similar to that of a NC machine. Tape or Computer Keyboard or
Tutor Keyboard is used as input media for CNC machines.

For NC machines tape is to be fit repeat to produce repeated jobs. But for CNC machine
tape is fit once and the program is stored in the memory and can be run repeat to produce
repeated jobs.

Working Principle of CNC Machines

It contains two distinct controls, one is CNC controller which doses the function of program
decoding interpolation, diagnostics machine actuation etc. Another is programmable logic
controller (PLC), which dose spindle on off, coolant on off, turret operation etc.

The slides are moved by their own feed drive (AC or DC) servomotors or through balls
screw and nut drive. The feed drive controllers the feed drive motors. Suitable transducers
fitted either to the table or motor measure the slide position.
Also the position is monitored and checked through the feedback transducers to ensure the
accuracy of positioning. Spindle is provided with stepped motors of AC or DC. A suitable
control is used to vary is speed of the spindle motor. A suitable fed back device attached to
the shaft monitors the speed.

AXIS IN CNC MACHINES

The Basis Of Axis Identification Is The 3-Dimensional Cartesian Co-Ordinate System And
Three Axis Of Movement Are Identified As X,Yand Z Axis

Z AXIS.

Z- Axis The Z Axis of motion is always the axis of the main spindle of the machine.It doses
not matters whether the spindle carries the work piece or the cutting tool . On vertical
machining centers Z axis is vertical and on horizontal machining center and turning centers Z
axis is horizontalPositive Z Movement is away from the spindle

X- Axis

The axis is always horizontal and is always parallel to the work holding surface. Positive X
Axis movement is identified as being to the right, when looking from the spindle towards its
supporting column.

Y- Axis

The axis is always at right angle to both X-Axis and Z-Axis

Rotary axis

The rotary motion about the X,Y and Z-Axis are identified by A,B,C respectively. Clockwise is
designated as
+VE.. Positive rotation is identified looking in x y and z direction respectively.

AXIS IN CNC LATHE

AXIS IN MILLING MACHINE

A milling machine has 3 axes of movement identified by X, Y & Z axes.

DIMENSION SYSTEM

Dimensional information in a work piece drawing can be stated in two ways Absolute
Dimension System and Incremental Dimension System.

Absolute Dimension System

Data in absolute dimension system always refer to a fixed reference point. This point has
the function of a coordinate zero point. The dimension lines run parallel to the coordinate
axes and always start at the reference point. Absolute dimensions are also called as
'Reference dimensions'

Incremental Dimension System

When using Incremental Dimension system, every measurement refers

to a
previouslydimensionedpositionIncrementaldimensionsaredistancebetweenadjacentpoints.The
sedistance sareconvertedintoincrementalcoordinatesbyacceptingthelastdimension point as
the coordinate origin for the new point. This may be compared to a small coordinate
system, i.e., shifted consequently form point to point (P1..P2..throughP9). Incremental
dimensions are also frequently called 'Relative dimensions' or 'Chain dimensions'.
 POINTS XVALUE ZVALUE POINTS XVALUE ZVALUE
P1 0 0 P1 0 0
P2 20 0 P2 20 0
P3 20 20 P3 0 20
P4 70 20 P4 50 0
P5 70 0 P5 0 -20
P6 100 0 P6 30 0
P7 100 40 P7 0 40
P8 70 70 P8 -30 30
P9 0 70 P9 -70 0

ABSOLUTESYSYEM(G90) INCREMENTALSYSTEM(G91)

 CNC CODING SYSTEM

X,Y,Z: Coordinate data for three linear

axes A,B,C: Coordinate data for three
rotational axes
I,J,K: Coordinate values of arc center corresponding to X, Y and Z axes
F : Feed rate per minute or per revolution in either inches or mm as specified by G code
S : Spindle speed in rpm
T : Tool selection (used for machine with automatic tool
changers) R : Radius of arc; used in circular interpolation
N : Sequence number
G-Codes: Preparatory Codes.

G00: Rapid Travel

G01: Linear interpolation
G02: Circular interpolation CW
G03: Circular interpolation
CCW G04: Dwell for a specific
time G17: XY plane
G18: XZ Plane
G19: YZ plane
G20: Inch data
input G21: mm
data input G28: Go
Home
G32: Thread cutting in Turning
G40: Cancel cutter Offset
G41: Offset cutter Left
G42: Offset cutter Right
G80: Cancel canned cycle
G81: Drilling cycle
G82: Counter boring cycle
G83: Deep hole drilling cycle
G90: Program in absolute
Coordinate G91: Program in
incremental Coordinate G92:
Specify Tool Origin
G94: Feed mm/min in milling and
Drilling G95: Feed mm/rev in milling
and Drilling G98: Feed mm/min in
turning
G99: Feed mm/rev in Turning
M-Code: Miscellaneous Code
M00: Program stop; used in middle of program. The machine must be
restarted. M02: Machine Stop
M03: Spindle start
CW M04: Spindle
start ACW M05:
Spindle Stop
M06: Tool Change
M07: Coolant on
(Flood) M08:
Coolant on (Mist)
M09: Coolant off
M13: Spindle start and coolant
on M17: Spindle Stop and
Coolant Off M30: End of
program
M98: Call Milling Cycle
Subprogram M99: End of
Milling Subprogram
Example of CNC milling machince

Step-01-N05 G0 G90 X40 Y48 Z2 S500 M3 (N05 The tool traverses in rapid traverse on P1, three axes
concurrently, spindle speed = 500 rpm, clockwise)

Step-02-N10 G1 Z-12 F100 (N10 In feed on Z-12, feed 100 mm/min)

Step-03-N15 X20 Y18 Z-10 (N15 Tool travels on a straight line in space on P2)

Step-04-N20 G0 Z100 (N20 Retraction in rapid traverse)

Step-05-N25 X-20 Y80

Step-06-N30 M2 (N30 End of program)

Example of CNC lathe machince

 O0001
Step-01- N5 M12 (N5 Clamping workpiece)

Step-02- N10 T0101 (N10 Changing No.1 tool and executing its offset)

Step-03- N15 G0 X100 Z50 (N15 Rapidly positioning to A point)

Step-04- N20 M3 S600 (N20 Starting the spindle with 600 r/min)

Step-05- N25 M8 (N25 Cooling ON)

Step-06- N30 G1 X50 Z0 F600 (N30 Approaching B point with 600mm/min)

Step-07- N40 W-30 F200 (N40 Cutting from B point to C point)

Step-08- N50 X80 W-20 F150 (N50 Cutting from C point to D point)
Step-09- N60 G0 X100 Z50 (N60 Rapidly retracting to A point)

Step-10- N70 T0100 (N70 Canceling the tool offset)

Step-11- N80 M5 (N80 Stopping the spindle)

Step-12- N90 M9 (N90 Cooling OFF)

Step-13- N100 M13 (N100 Releasing work piece)

Step-14- N110 M30 (110 End of program, spindle stopping and Cooling OFF)

Step15- N120
Reference:
1. Production Technology, Author- R. K. Jain & S.C.Gupta, Khanna
Publications,ISBN: 9788174090997
2. Production Technology Vol-I, Vol-II , O.P.Khanna Dhanpat Rai and Sons
ISBN: 978- 9383182046
3. Elements of Workshop Technology Vol-I, Vol-II , Hazra Choudhary , Media
promotors and publishers pvt. Limited, ISBN: 978-8185099156
4. Manufacturing processes, M. L. Begeman, Willey International
edition, USA,ISBN(10)0471062405,ISBN(13)978-0471062400
5. Manufacturing Technology: Foundry, Forming & Welding, P.N. Rao, TATA Mc-
Graw Hill ISBN (13)978-9353160500 , ISBN (10)9353160502
6. Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-integrated Manufacturing,
Mikell P. Groover, PEARSON, ISBN 13: 978-0-13-349961-2,ISBN 10: 0-13-
349961-8
7. Computer Aided Manufacturing, P. N. Rao, N. K. Tewari, T. K. Kundra, TATA
Mc-Graw Hill , ISBN(13):978-0-07-068193-4

Assessment
Indicators
Assessment criteria
Poor Average Good Very Excellent
good
Basic Knowledge of Experiment 1 2 3 4 5

Understanding of 4 5
1 2 3
Experiment/AIM
Identification Of tools 1 2 3 4 5

Safety Precaution 1 2 3 4 5

Timely Submission 1 2 3 4 5

Total marks / 25

Faculty Name & Sign: