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Solar Energy Lec 3&4

The document discusses solar energy, focusing on solar radiation, the geometry of the Earth and Sun, and the measurement of solar radiation. It explains the principles of photovoltaic technology, including the operation of solar cells, their efficiency, and methods to enhance output. Additionally, it covers applications of photovoltaics in various settings and the importance of cleaning systems for maintaining efficiency.

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Omar Mostafa
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3 views40 pages

Solar Energy Lec 3&4

The document discusses solar energy, focusing on solar radiation, the geometry of the Earth and Sun, and the measurement of solar radiation. It explains the principles of photovoltaic technology, including the operation of solar cells, their efficiency, and methods to enhance output. Additionally, it covers applications of photovoltaics in various settings and the importance of cleaning systems for maintaining efficiency.

Uploaded by

Omar Mostafa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solar Energy

Components of Radiation

Solar radiation incident on the Atmosphere from the direction


of the Sun is the solar extraterrestrial beam radiation. Beneath
the Atmosphere at the Earth's surface, the radiation will be
observable from the direction of the Sun's disk in the direct
beam, and also from other directions as diffuse radiation.
Geometry of the Earth and the Sun
• It rotates in 24 hours about its own axis,
which defines the points of the north and
south poles, N and S.
• The axis of the poles is normal to the Earth's
equatorial plane.
• C is the center of the Earth.
• The point P on the Earth's surface is
determined by its latitude ϕ and longitude ψ
• ϕ is positive for points north of the Equator,
negative south of the equator
Definition sketch for latitude ϕ and longitude ψ
• ψ is measured positive eastwards from
Greenwich, England
Geometry of the Earth and the Sun
• Solar time, 𝑡𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 , is measured as by a sundial at each longitude.
• The hour angle ω at P is the angle through which the Earth has
rotated since solar noon.
• Since the Earth rotates (360°/24h) = 15°/h, the hour angle is given by:

where 𝑡𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 and 𝑡𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 are respectively the local solar and civil-zone time, measured in hours. ψ𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 is the longitude
where the Sun is overhead when 𝑡𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 is noon (i.e. where solar time and civil time coincide). ω is positive in the
evening and negative in the morning.
Geometry of the Earth and the Sun

• The Earth orbits the Sun once per year, while the direction of its axis
remains fixed in space, at an angle 𝛿0 = 23.45° away from the normal
to the plane of revolution.
• The angle between the Sun's direction and the equatorial plane is
called the declination δ.
Geometry of the Earth and the Sun

The angle between the Sun's direction and the equatorial plane is called the declination δ.
Geometry of the Earth and the Sun

where n is the day in the year (n = 1 on January 1st).


Latitude, season and daily insolation
The daily insolation H is the total
solar energy per unit area received
on a surface in one day:
Geometry of Collector and the Solar Beam
Geometry of Collector and the Solar Beam
ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMISSION, ABSORPTION AND REFLECTION
MEASURING SOLAR RADIATION

(a) Kipp & Zonen pyranometer (solarimeter) with two quartz


domes for standardized global insolation;
(b) such pyranometers, used to measure global insolation on a
solar panel;
(c) collimated pyroheliometer for measurement of direct
irradiance;
(d) modern online sunshine duration recorder.
MEASURING SOLAR RADIATION
20
Photovoltaic Power Technology
Typical stand-alone applications of photovoltaics

(a) Powering a railway signal box in a remote area of Australia. (b) PV module powering lights for a house in the Solomon Islands.
Photovoltaic Power Technology
• photovoltaic generation with no
moving parts using solar cells
(technically photovoltaic cells),
which produce electricity from the
absorption of electromagnetic
radiation, especially light, within
semiconductor materials.
Photovoltaic

PV generation from photons of sunlight absorbed near a


junction between semiconductor layers A and B with different
doping.

Note that conventional (direct) current flows from (+) to (−),

Commercial photovoltaic cells have efficiencies between about


12% and 25% in ordinary sunshine, dependent on type and
price.
Photovoltaic
• The current from the cells is inherently
direct current (DC);

• electronic inverters are used to change


this to alternating current (AC).

• For a given commercial module in an


optimum fixed position, daily output per
unit collector area depends on the
climate, but may be expected to be about
0.5 to 1.0 kWh/(𝑚2 day).
Photovoltaic
Output can be increased using
• tracking devices,
• bi-facial modules,
• solar concentrators.
Tracking devices
tracking devices
Bi-facial modules
• Bifacial solar modules allow
light to enter from both the
front and rear sides of the
panel generating up to 30%
more solar power than
mono-facial or conventional
PV panels,
Solar concentrators

•In Concentrating Photovoltaics (CPV), a large area of


sunlight is focused onto the solar cell with the help of an
optical device. By concentrating sunlight onto a small
area, this technology has three competitive advantages:

1- Requires less photovoltaic material to capture the same


sunlight as non-concentrating pv.
2- Makes the use of high-efficiency but expensive multi-
junction cells economically viable due to smaller space
requirements.
3- The optical system comprises standard materials,
manufactured in proven processes. Thus, it is less
dependent on the immature silicon supply chain.
Moreover, optics are less expensive than cells.
Photovoltaic

5 kW photovoltaic microgeneration connected into the


electricity circuits of a building with grid connection,
Photovoltaic

A large MW capacity solar farm with many ∼100 kW free-standing arrays


connected through a site substation to a utility distribution grid network.
Photovoltaic

Solar lighting kits

Solar home system as commonly installed where there is no


electricity grid.
Cleaning systems
Cleaning systems
Cleaning systems
Cleaning systems
Cleaning systems
Cleaning systems

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