Republic of Iraq

Ministry of Higher Education

and Scientific Research
University of Babylon / College of Engineering
Environmental Engineering Department

Design Sewage Treatment Plant for a

City with a Capacity of 4000 Person

A Project
Submitted to the College of Engineering of the
University of Babylon in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of
Science in Environmental Engineering

By
MOHAMMED ABD FAZA’A
MAHDI HAIDER MAHDI

Supervisor
Prof. Dr. Alaa Hussein AL-Fatlawi
MAY 2021
RAMADHAN 1442

1
 ‫ِيم‬ ‫ح‬ ‫الر‬
‫ه‬ ‫ن‬
‫ِ‬ ‫م‬
‫َ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ْ‬ ‫الر‬
‫ه‬ ‫ه‬
‫َّللا‬
‫ِ‬ ‫بسم‬
‫ِ‬
‫اس ِم َر ِّب َك ا هلذِي َخ َل َق(‪َ )1‬خ َل َق‬ ‫ا ْق َر ْأ ِب ْ‬
‫سانَ ِمنْ َع َل ٍق(‪ )2‬ا ْق َر ْأ َو َر ُّب َك‬ ‫اإلِن َ‬
‫األَ ْك َر ُم(‪ )3‬ا هلذِي َع هل َم ِبا ْل َق َل ِم(‪َ )4‬ع هل َم‬
‫نسانَ َما َل ْم َي ْع َل ْم(‪)5‬‬‫اإلِ َ‬
‫صدق َّللا العلي العظيم‬
‫سوره العلق االيات من (‪ )1‬الى (‪)5‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
 Dedication

...To whomever delivered the message

.. .And the honesty valley .. and advised the nation

To the prophet of mercy and the light of the worlds

Our master Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace

To the one who swallowed the cup empty to give me a drop of love

To whom I hope to give us a moment of happiness To whom

Harvest the thorns from my path to pave the path of knowledge for me

To the big heart (dear father)

To the one who nursed me love and tenderness

To the symbol of love and healing balm

To the white heart

(my dear mother)

3
Everything I have accomplished is simply a sign of God’s
grace to me. I have taken a journey that seemed very
tired. Now, looking back at what I have been able to
achieve since then, I am glad I kept the faith and the
resolve to see the end.
I wish to express my sincere thanks and deep gratitude to
my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Alaa H. AL-Fatlawi, for his
valuable efforts, support, advice, and guidance during the
study.
To the good heart, to my first teacher and my model in
life, special thanks and gratitude are due to (My Dear
Father) for his care, patience and encouragement
throughout the research period.
To the lips was wished plenty of what is good whenever
the spoke, to the one who carried me in weakness and
stayed awake caring for my comfort (My Dear Mother).

MAHDI & MOHAMMED

4
 SUPERVISOR CERTIFICATION

I certify that this project entitled “Design Sewage

Treatment Plant for a City with a Capacity of
4000 Person” Presented by MAHDI HAIDER
MAHDI AND MOHAMMED ABD FAZA’A was
prepared under my supervision as partial fulfillment
for the degree of Bachelor of Science in
Environmental Engineering at the Department of
Environmental Engineering / College of Engineering
/ University of Babylon.

Signature:
Name: Prof. Dr. Alaa Hussein AL Fatlawi

Date: / / 2021

5
 CERTIFICATION
We certify that we have read this project entitled
“Design Sewage Treatment Plant for a City
with a Capacity of 4000 Person" and as an
examining committee, examined the
students" MAHDI HAIDER MAHDI AND
MOHAMMED ABD FAZA’A " in its content and
in what is connected with it, and that in our
opinion it meets the standard of a graduated
project for the degree of Bachelor of Science in
Environmental Engineering.

Approval of Environmental Engineering Department

Signature

Name: Asst. Prof. Dr. Hussien A. Mahdi

Head of the Environmental Engineering Department

6
 List of Content
Title page
Acknowledgements I

Chapter One: Introduction

1.1 Introduction 9
1.2 Overview of wastewater treatment 10
1.3 Aim of project 12

Chapter Two: Theoretical Concepts

2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Characteristic of waste water 14
2.2.1 Physical characteristic of waste water 14
2.2.2 Chemical characteristic of waste water: 16
2.2.3 Biological characteristic of waste water: 16
2.3 Conventional wastewater treatment processes 16
3.3.1 Preliminary treatment 17
2.3.2 Primary treatment 18
2.3.3 Secondary treatment 19
2.3.4 Tertiary and/or advanced treatment 21
2.3.5 Disinfection 23
2.3.6 Effluent storage 23
Chapter Three:
3.1 Introduction 25

3.2 Conclusion 33
REFERENCES 34

7
 ABSTRACT

The purpose of this project was Design Sewage Treatment Plant for a City
with a Capacity of 4000 Person .
In chapter one , We talked about the importance of water ,
Water quality ( tests monitor and control ) , Water Quality Parameters (Turbidity ,
Odors and tastes , Temperature ,etc. ). In addition to explain what is Wastewater and
its resources, Necessary to Treat Human Waste, also Impacts of Organic and
Inorganic Matter on Marine Environment. and we talk about wastewater Production,
Treatment,
Chapter two show Wastewater Treatment Objective, Methods, Processes and
procedure of design according to the standards and assumption of references. In
Chapter Three we talked about the station's hydraulic design.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

8
1.1 Introduction
Wastewater is water whose physical, chemical or biological
properties have been changed as a result of the introduction of certain
substances which render it unsafe for some purposes such as drinking. It
is known. In much of the water supplied ends up as wastewater which
makes its treatment very important. Wastewater treatment is the process
and technology that is used to remove most of the contaminants that are
found in wastewater to ensure a sound environment and good public
health. Wastewater management, therefore, means handling wastewater
to protect the environment to ensure public health, economic, social and
political soundness peace [Amoatey and Richard, 2011].
The huge shortage in the amount of water needed to meet the
needs of the population, industries and the recent conflict over water and
the emergence of the concept of a water war globally has forced
researchers and scientists to think deeply and seriously to find water
sources other than surface water, and they are developing plans and
solutions to make optimal use of currently available water. Among the
sources that can be exploited are groundwater, and in recent years the
interest and demand for groundwater has increased due to the qualitative
advantages that characterize it has developed and increased the use of this
water significantly in many regions of the world and the proportion of
groundwater (15 to 20) % of the total water used for various purposes
worldwide in 1978 [Hussein et al., 2010].
Conventional WWTs are composed of three steps: main, primary,
secondary as well as tertiary. Briefly, the whole process is as follows:
Though oil, fat and lighter solids remain in water, temporarily kept in a
quiescent bath is a sewage. The residual liquid is discharged or subjected
to primary treatment after removal of the settled and floating materials
where soluble and suspended biological material is extracted. In this step,

9
indigenous and waterborne microorganisms are used to treat water and to
extract organic and phosphorous compounds in a controlled environment.
After the isolation of microorganisms, the treated water goes to tertiary
care, which involves numerous processes to ensure that the treated water
is released into a highly sensitive or fragile environment (Yadollahpour et
al., 2014).

1.2 Overview of wastewater treatment

Wastewater treatment processes can involve physical, chemical and
biological processes depending on the required effluent standards, the
nature of the wastewater and the scale of the works. Among the processes
which may arise in wastewater treatment are showing in Fig. 1.1.

Fig. 1.1: processes which may arise in wastewater treatment

Wastewater is the water which has been released to the environment that
is defined as a combination of the water plus wastes that have been added
to the water from a variety of uses, such as industrial, commercial,

10
residences and there are two sources which release the wastewater into
the environment [Rivas et al.,2008] .

First, sewage/community wastewater is the kind which has been

expelled from domestic premises such as institutions, residence etc. and
commercial establishments which are organic because of the consistency
of carbon composites alike vegetables, human waste, paper etc. Second,
is the wastewater that has been produced by industrial procedures which
is also organic in composition (Zhou, H. 2002). These pollutions can be
dangerous for human body and environment so wastewater should be
treated in order to prevent these damages to take place, the process which
purifies the wastewater in order to discharge it back into a watercourse is
known as wastewater treatment. Wastewater treatment uses chemical,
physical, and biological processes to cleanse wastewater in order to
protect the environment and public health.
Wastewater treatment happens in some infra structures which are
called wastewater treatment plant (Hammer, 1986). Generally a
wastewater treatment plant consists of Mechanical treatment, Biological
treatment and Sludge treatment sections. There are different kinds of
pollutants and wastes in the wastewater such as, nutrients, inorganic salts,
pathogens, and coarse solids etc., which are very dangerous for ecology
and human. In order to remove these pollutants different processes have
been exposed. There are specific processes and unit operations in
wastewater treatment which are chemical, physical or biological. All
these processes should be considered before deigning a proper wastewater
treatment plant which depends on the characteristics of the wastewater. In
this text a wastewater treatment plant will be designed related to the
characteristics of the wastewater [Smith et al., 2005] .

11
1.3 Aim of project
Sewage Treatment Plant is a facility designed to receive the waste
from domestic, commercial and industrial sources and to remove
materials that damage water quality and compromise public health and
safety when discharged into water receiving systems. It includes physical,
chemical, and biological processes to remove various contaminants
depending on its constituents. Using advanced technology it is now
possible to reuse sewage effluent for drinking water.
The main objective of this project was to design a wastewater
treatment plant that would remove contaminants from a water stream to
satisfy certain limits. The plant was designed for small town of 4000
capita.

CHAPTER TWO

12
 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
2.1 Introduction
The principal objective of wastewater treatment is generally to allow human
and industrial effluents to be disposed of without danger to human health or
unacceptable damage to the natural environment. Irrigation with wastewater is both
disposal and utilization and indeed is an effective form of wastewater disposal (as in
slow-rate land treatment). However, some degree of treatment must normally be
provided to raw municipal wastewater before it can be used for agricultural or
landscape irrigation or for aquaculture. The quality of treated effluent used in
agriculture has a great influence on the operation and performance of the wastewater-
soil-plant or aquaculture system. In the case of irrigation, the required quality of
effluent will depend on the crop or crops to be irrigated, the soil conditions and the
system of effluent distribution adopted. Through crop restriction and selection of
irrigation systems which minimize health risk, the degree of pre-application
wastewater treatment can be reduced. A similar approach is not feasible in
aquaculture systems and more reliance will have to be placed on control through
wastewater treatment [Culp et al ., (1978)].
The most appropriate wastewater treatment to be applied before effluent use in
agriculture is that which will produce an effluent meeting the recommended
microbiological and chemical quality guidelines both at low cost and with minimal
operational and maintenance requirements (Arar 1988). Adopting as low a level of
treatment as possible is especially desirable in developing countries, not only from the
point of view of cost but also in acknowledgement of the difficulty of operating
complex systems reliably. In many locations it will be better to design the reuse
system to accept a low-grade of effluent rather than to rely on advanced treatment
processes producing a reclaimed effluent which continuously meets a stringent quality
standard [Davis, and Cornwell (2008)].
Nevertheless, there are locations where a higher-grade effluent will be necessary and
it is essential that information on the performance of a wide range of wastewater
treatment technology should be available. The design of wastewater treatment plants
is usually based on the need to reduce organic and suspended solids loads to limit
pollution of the environment. Pathogen removal has very rarely been considered an
objective but, for reuse of effluents in agriculture, this must now be of primary

13
concern and processes should be selected and designed accordingly (Hillman 1988).
Treatment to remove wastewater constituents that may be toxic or harmful to crops,
aquatic plants (macrophytes) and fish is technically possible but is not normally
economically feasible. Unfortunately, few performance data on wastewater treatment
plants in developing countries are available and even then they do not normally
include effluent quality parameters of importance in agricultural use [ Dominguez
and Gujer 2006 ] .

The short-term variations in wastewater flows observed at municipal

wastewater treatment plants follow a diurnal pattern. Flow is typically low during the
early morning hours, when water consumption is lowest and when the base flow
consists of infiltration-inflow and small quantities of sanitary wastewater. A first peak
of flow generally occurs in the late morning, when wastewater from the peak morning
water use reaches the treatment plant, and a second peak flow usually occurs in the
evening. The relative magnitude of the peaks and the times at which they occur vary
from country to country and with the size of the community and the length of the
sewers. Small communities with small sewer systems have a much higher ratio of
peak flow to average flow than do large communities. Although the magnitude of
peaks is attenuated as wastewater passes through a treatment plant, the daily
variations in flow from a municipal treatment plant make it impracticable, in most
cases, to irrigate with effluent directly from the treatment plant. Some form of flow
equalization or short-term storage of treated effluent is necessary to provide a
relatively constant supply of reclaimed water for efficient irrigation, although
additional benefits result from storage [Douglas J.M. 1988] .

2.2 Characteristic of waste water

2.2.1 Physical characteristic of waste water
Odor: It depends on the substances which arouse human receptor cells on coming in
contact with them. Pure water doesn’t produce odor or taste sensations. Thus waste
water which contains toxic substances has pungent smell which makes it easy to
distinguish. Odor is recognized as a quality factor affecting acceptability of drinking
water. The organic and inorganic substance contributes to taste or odor. The ultimate

14
odor tasting device is the human nose. The odor intensity is done by threshold odor
test [Gernaey et al., 2006]

Taste: The sense of taste result mainly from chemical stimulation of sensory nerve
endings in tongue. Fundamental sensations of taste are, by convention more than by
research evidence, salt, sweet, bitter, and sour. The rating involves the following
steps: a) dilution series including random water into mouth and holding it for several
seconds and discharging it without swallowing. c) Forming an initial judgment on the
rating scale d) a final rating made for the sample e) rinsing mouth with taste and odor
free water f) resting [Grady et al ., 1999] .

Color: Color in water results from the presence of natural metallic ions such as Fe or
Mg, humus and peat materials, planktons and weeds. It is removed to make water
suitable for general and industrial applications.
After turbidity is removed the apparent color and that due to suspended matter is
found out. Tristimulus, Spectroscopic and Platinum cobalt method is used.
Total solids: It refers to matters suspended or dissolved in water and waste water.
Solids affect the water or effluent quality adversely in a number of ways. Water with
highly dissolved solids are not palatable and may cause physiological reaction in
transient consumer. A limit of 500 mg dissolved solids/L is desirable for drinking
waters. Evaporation method is used to separate total solids and their weight is found
out.
Floatables: One important criterion for evaluating the possible effect of waste
disposal into surface water is the amount of floatable material in the waste. Two
general types of floating matters are found:
(i) Particulate matters like 'grease balls'
(ii) Liquid component capable of spreading as thin visible film over large areas.
It is important because it accumulates on the surface and may contain pathogenic
bacteria and viruses.
Turbidity: Clarity of water is important in producing products destined for human
consumption and in many manufacturing uses. It is caused by suspended matter such
as clay, silt, and finely divided organic and inorganic matter, soluble colored organic
compounds. Turbidity is an expression of the optical property that causes light to be
scattered and absorbed rather than transmitted in straight lines through the sample.
15
The standard method for determination of turbidity has been based on the Jackson
candle turbidimeter and Nephlometer [Hoffman et al., 2003].

2.2.2 Chemical characteristic of waste water:

Chemical characteristics of water state the presence of metals their treatment, the
determination of inorganic non-metallic constituents and the determination of organic
constituents. Here goes a brief description of all the experiments we have performed.

2.2.3 Biological characteristic of waste water:

Water quality has a key role in deciding the abundance, species composition, stability,
productivity and physiological condition of indigenous populations of aquatic
communities. Their existence is an expression of the quality of the water. Biological
methods used for evaluating water quality include the collection, counting and
identification of aquatic organisms. Most microorganisms known to microbiologists
can be found in domestic wastewater like Bacteria, Protozoa, Viruses, and Algae.
Planktons, Periphyton, Macro-phyton, Macro-invertebrates, Fish, Amphibians and
Aquatic reptiles are the biotic group of interdependent organism. Wastewater contains
vast quantities of bacteria and other organisms. Aerobic bacteria break down organic
matter in the presence of available oxygen. Anaerobic bacteria disintegrate organic
matter which is shut off from free oxygen, such as in the interior of a mass of feces or
a dead body. The products of anaerobic decomposition have an extremely nauseating
odor. Matter in which this condition exists is said to be septic. A multitude of the
bacteria in wastewater are coliform bacteria: those found in the digestive tract of
normal humans. It is these comparatively few pathogenic organisms that pose the
greatest public health hazard. Waste water which is not properly treated may
eventually find its way into a community water source and spread waterborne diseases
[Jenkins, et al.,2003].

2.3 Conventional wastewater treatment processes

Conventional wastewater treatment consists of a combination of physical,
chemical, and biological processes and operations to remove solids, organic matter
and, sometimes, nutrients from wastewater. General terms used to describe different
16
degrees of treatment, in order of increasing treatment level, are preliminary, primary,
secondary, and tertiary and/or advanced wastewater treatment. In some countries,
disinfection to remove pathogens sometimes follows the last treatment step. A
generalized wastewater treatment diagram is shown in Fig. 2.1.

3.3.1 Preliminary treatment

The objective of preliminary treatment is the removal of coarse solids and other large
materials often found in raw wastewater. Removal of these materials is necessary to
enhance the operation and maintenance of subsequent treatment units. Preliminary
treatment operations typically include coarse screening, grit removal and, in some
cases, comminution of large objects. In grit chambers, the velocity of the water
through the chamber is maintained sufficiently high, or air is used, so as to prevent the
settling of most organic solids. Grit removal is not included as a preliminary treatment
step in most small wastewater treatment plants. Comminutors are sometimes adopted
to supplement coarse screening and serve to reduce the size of large particles so that
they will be removed in the form of a sludge in subsequent treatment processes. Flow
measurement devices, often standing-wave flumes, are always included at the
preliminary treatment stage [ Karia, and Christian 2013] .

17
 Fig. 2.1: Generalized flow diagram for municipal wastewater treatment
(Asano et al. 1985).

2.3.2 Primary treatment

The objective of primary treatment is the removal of settleable organic and
inorganic solids by sedimentation, and the removal of materials that will float (scum)
by skimming. Approximately 25 to 50% of the incoming biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD5), 50 to 70% of the total suspended solids (SS), and 65% of the oil and grease
are removed during primary treatment. Some organic nitrogen, organic phosphorus,
and heavy metals associated with solids are also removed during primary
sedimentation but colloidal and dissolved constituents are not affected. The effluent
from primary sedimentation units is referred to as primary effluent.
In many industrialized countries, primary treatment is the minimum level of
preapplication treatment required for wastewater irrigation. It may be considered
sufficient treatment if the wastewater is used to irrigate crops that are not consumed
by humans or to irrigate orchards, vineyards, and some processed food crops.
However, to prevent potential nuisance conditions in storage or flow-equalizing
reservoirs, some form of secondary treatment is normally required in these countries,
even in the case of non-food crop irrigation. It may be possible to use at least a
portion of primary effluent for irrigation if off-line storage is provided [Karia, and
Christian (2006)] .
Primary sedimentation tanks or clarifiers may be round or rectangular basins,
typically 3 to 5 m deep, with hydraulic retention time between 2 and 3 hours. Settled
solids (primary sludge) are normally removed from the bottom of tanks by sludge
rakes that scrape the sludge to a central well from which it is pumped to sludge
processing units. Scum is swept across the tank surface by water jets or mechanical
means from which it is also pumped to sludge processing units, [Vidal et al., 2002] .
In large sewage treatment plants (> 7600 m3/d in the US), primary sludge is
most commonly processed biologically by anaerobic digestion. In the digestion
process, anaerobic and facultative bacteria metabolize the organic material in sludge
(see Example 3), thereby reducing the volume requiring ultimate disposal, making the
sludge stable (nonputrescible) and improving its dewatering characteristics. Digestion
is carried out in covered tanks (anaerobic digesters), typically 7 to 14 m deep. The
residence time in a digester may vary from a minimum of about 10 days for high-rate
18
digesters (well-mixed and heated) to 60 days or more in standard-rate digesters. Gas
containing about 60 to 65% methane is produced during digestion and can be
recovered as an energy source. In small sewage treatment plants, sludge is processed
in a variety of ways including: aerobic digestion, storage in sludge lagoons, direct
application to sludge drying beds, in-process storage (as in stabilization ponds), and
land application.

2.3.3 Secondary treatment

The objective of secondary treatment is the further treatment of the effluent
from primary treatment to remove the residual organics and suspended solids. In most
cases, secondary treatment follows primary treatment and involves the removal of
biodegradable dissolved and colloidal organic matter using aerobic biological
treatment processes. Aerobic biological treatment (see Box) is performed in the
presence of oxygen by aerobic microorganisms (principally bacteria) that metabolize
the organic matter in the wastewater, thereby producing more microorganisms and
inorganic end-products (principally CO2, NH3, and H2O). Several aerobic biological
processes are used for secondary treatment differing primarily in the manner in which
oxygen is supplied to the microorganisms and in the rate at which organisms
metabolize the organic matter [Mara. and Horan, 2003] .
High-rate biological processes are characterized by relatively small reactor
volumes and high concentrations of microorganisms compared with low rate
processes. Consequently, the growth rate of new organisms is much greater in high-
rate systems because of the well-controlled environment. The microorganisms must
be separated from the treated wastewater by sedimentation to produce clarified
secondary effluent. The sedimentation tanks used in secondary treatment, often
referred to as secondary clarifiers, operate in the same basic manner as the primary
clarifiers described previously. The biological solids removed during secondary
sedimentation, called secondary or biological sludge, are normally combined with
primary sludge for sludge processing.
Common high-rate processes include the activated sludge processes, trickling
filters or biofilters, oxidation ditches, and rotating biological contactors (RBC). A
combination of two of these processes in series (e.g., biofilter followed by activated
sludge) is sometimes used to treat municipal wastewater containing a high
concentration of organic material from industrial sources [Metcalf and Eddy 2003] .
19
i. Activated Sludge
In the activated sludge process, the dispersed-growth reactor is an aeration
tank or basin containing a suspension of the wastewater and microorganisms, the
mixed liquor. The contents of the aeration tank are mixed vigorously by aeration
devices which also supply oxygen to the biological suspension. Aeration devices
commonly used include submerged diffusers that release compressed air and
mechanical surface aerators that introduce air by agitating the liquid surface.
Hydraulic retention time in the aeration tanks usually ranges from 3 to 8 hours but can
be higher with high BOD5 wastewaters. Following the aeration step, the
microorganisms are separated from the liquid by sedimentation and the clarified liquid
is secondary effluent. A portion of the biological sludge is recycled to the aeration
basin to maintain a high mixed-liquor suspended solids (MLSS) level. The remainder
is removed from the process and sent to sludge processing to maintain a relatively
constant concentration of microorganisms in the system. Several variations of the
basic activated sludge process, such as extended aeration and oxidation ditches, are in
common use, but the principles are similar [Olsson1 et al.,1999] .

ii. Trickling Filters

A trickling filter or biofilter consists of a basin or tower filled with support
media such as stones, plastic shapes, or wooden slats. Wastewater is applied
intermittently, or sometimes continuously, over the media. Microorganisms become
attached to the media and form a biological layer or fixed film. Organic matter in the
wastewater diffuses into the film, where it is metabolized. Oxygen is normally
supplied to the film by the natural flow of air either up or down through the media,
depending on the relative temperatures of the wastewater and ambient air. Forced air
can also be supplied by blowers but this is rarely necessary. The thickness of the
biofilm increases as new organisms grow. Periodically, portions of the film 'slough off
the media. The sloughed material is separated from the liquid in a secondary clarifier
and discharged to sludge processing. Clarified liquid from the secondary clarifier is
the secondary effluent and a portion is often recycled to the biofilter to improve
hydraulic distribution of the wastewater over the filter.
iii. Rotating Biological Contactors
Rotating biological contactors (RBCs) are fixed-film reactors similar to
biofilters in that organisms are attached to support media. In the case of the RBC, the
20
support media are slowly rotating discs that are partially submerged in flowing
wastewater in the reactor. Oxygen is supplied to the attached biofilm from the air
when the film is out of the water and from the liquid when submerged, since oxygen
is transferred to the wastewater by surface turbulence created by the discs' rotation.
Sloughed pieces of biofilm are removed in the same manner described for biofilters,
[Hammer,1986].
High-rate biological treatment processes, in combination with primary
sedimentation, typically remove 85 % of the BOD5 and SS originally present in the
raw wastewater and some of the heavy metals. Activated sludge generally produces an
effluent of slightly higher quality, in terms of these constituents, than biofilters or
RBCs. When coupled with a disinfection step, these processes can provide substantial
but not complete removal of bacteria and virus. However, they remove very little
phosphorus, nitrogen, non-biodegradable organics, or dissolved minerals.

2.3.4 Tertiary and/or advanced treatment

Tertiary and/or advanced wastewater treatment is employed when specific
wastewater constituents which cannot be removed by secondary treatment must be
removed. As shown in Figure 3, individual treatment processes are necessary to
remove nitrogen, phosphorus, additional suspended solids, refractory organics, heavy
metals and dissolved solids. Because advanced treatment usually follows high-rate
secondary treatment, it is sometimes referred to as tertiary treatment. However,
advanced treatment processes are sometimes combined with primary or secondary
treatment (e.g., chemical addition to primary clarifiers or aeration basins to remove
phosphorus) or used in place of secondary treatment (e.g., overland flow treatment of
primary effluent).
An adaptation of the activated sludge process is often used to remove nitrogen
and phosphorus and an example of this approach is the 23 Ml/d treatment plant
commissioned in 1982 in British Columbia, Canada (World Water 1987). The
Bardenpho Process adopted is shown in simplified form in Figure 6. Effluent from
primary clarifiers flows to the biological reactor, which is physically divided into five
zones by baffles and weirs. In sequence these zones are: (i) anaerobic fermentation
zone (characterized by very low dissolved oxygen levels and the absence of nitrates);
(ii) anoxic zone (low dissolved oxygen levels but nitrates present); (iii) aerobic zone
(aerated); (iv) secondary anoxic zone; and (v) final aeration zone. The function of the

21
first zone is to condition the group of bacteria responsible for phosphorus removal by
stressing them under low oxidation-reduction conditions, which results in a release of
phosphorus equilibrium in the cells of the bacteria. On subsequent exposure to an
adequate supply of oxygen and phosphorus in the aerated zones, these cells rapidly
accumulate phosphorus considerably in excess of their normal metabolic
requirements. Phosphorus is removed from the system with the waste activated
sludge.
Most of the nitrogen in the influent is in the ammonia form, and this passes
through the first two zones virtually unaltered. In the third aerobic zone, the sludge
age is such that almost complete nitrification takes place, and the ammonia nitrogen is
converted to nitrites and then to nitrates. The nitrate-rich mixed liquor is then recycled
from the aerobic zone back to the first anoxic zone. Here denitrification occurs, where
the recycled nitrates, in the absence of dissolved oxygen, are reduced by facultative
bacteria to nitrogen gas, using the influent organic carbon compounds as hydrogen
donors. The nitrogen gas merely escapes to atmosphere. In the second anoxic zone,
those nitrates which were not recycled are reduced by the endogenous respiration of
bacteria. In the final re-aeration zone, dissolved oxygen levels are again raised to
prevent further denitrification, which would impair settling in the secondary clarifiers
to which the mixed liquor then flows.
An experimentation program on this plant demonstrated the importance of the
addition of volatile fatty acids to the anaerobic fermentation zone to achieve good
phosphorus removal. These essential short-chain organics (mainly acetates) are
produced by the controlled fermentation of primary sludge in a gravity thickener and
are released into the thickener supernatant, which can be fed to the head of the
biological reactor. Without this supernatant return flow, overall phosphorus removal
quickly dropped to levels found in conventional activated sludge plants. Performance
data over three years have proved that, with thickener supernatant recycle, effluent
quality median values of 0.5-1.38 mg/l Ortho-P, 1.4-1.6 mg/l Total nitrogen and 1.4-
2.0 mg/l nitrate-N are achievable. This advanced biological wastewater treatment
plant cost only marginally more than a conventional activated sludge plant but
nevertheless involved considerable investment. Furthermore, the complexity of the
process and the skilled operation required to achieve consistent results make this
approach unsuitable for developing countries.

22
 In many situations, where the risk of public exposure to the reclaimed water or
residual constituents is high, the intent of the treatment is to minimize the probability
of human exposure to enteric viruses and other pathogens. Effective disinfection of
viruses is believed to be inhibited by suspended and colloidal solids in the water,
therefore these solids must be removed by advanced treatment before the disinfection
step. The sequence of treatment often specified in the United States is: secondary
treatment followed by chemical coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, and
disinfection. This level of treatment is assumed to produce an effluent free from
detectable viruses. Effluent quality data from selected advanced wastewater treatment
plants in California are reported in Table 14. In Near East countries adopting tertiary
treatment, the tendency has been to introduce pre-chlorination before rapid-gravity
sand filtration and post-chlorination afterwards. A final ozonation treatment after this
sequence has been considered in at least one country [Avijit, and Mhia, 2018].

2.3.5 Disinfection
Disinfection normally involves the injection of a chlorine solution at the head
end of a chlorine contact basin. The chlorine dosage depends upon the strength of the
wastewater and other factors, but dosages of 5 to 15 mg/l are common. Ozone and
ultra violet (uv) irradiation can also be used for disinfection but these methods of
disinfection are not in common use. Chlorine contact basins are usually rectangular
channels, with baffles to prevent short-circuiting, designed to provide a contact time
of about 30 minutes. However, to meet advanced wastewater treatment requirements,
a chlorine contact time of as long as 120 minutes is sometimes required for specific
irrigation uses of reclaimed wastewater. The bactericidal effects of chlorine and other
disinfectants are dependent upon pH, contact time, organic content, and effluent
temperature.

2.3.6 Effluent storage

Although not considered a step in the treatment process, a storage facility is, in
most cases, a critical link between the wastewater treatment plant and the irrigation
system. Storage is needed for the following reasons:

23
i. To equalize daily variations in flow from the treatment plant and to store excess
when average wastewater flow exceeds irrigation demands; includes winter storage.
ii. To meet peak irrigation demands in excess of the average wastewater flow.
iii. To minimize the effects of disruptions in the operations of the treatment plant and
irrigation system. Storage is used to provide insurance against the possibility of
unsuitable reclaimed wastewater entering the irrigation system and to provide
additional time to resolve temporary water quality problems.

CHAPTER THREE

24
 HYDRAULIC DESIGN

3.1 Introduction

Since and due to increase in population in recent days and looking on the
future aspect, it was quite necessary to construct a sewage treatment plant. The plant
is designed perfectly to meet needs and demands of approximate 10000 population
with a very large period of time. The project consist of the design of complete Sewage
treatment plant components starting from receiving chamber, screening, grit chamber,
skimming tank, sedimentation tank, secondary clarifier, activated sludge tank and
drying bed for sewage Fig. (3.1).

Fig. 3.1: The Sewage treatment plant components.

Product teardown and engineering specifications

• Sewage treatment plant
• Pre-treatment
• Primary treatment
• Secondary treatment
• Tertiary treatment

25
Equipment specification
a) Bar Screen
Type – 1 : Manually cleaned with handbrake
Construction : In MS flats of side 10 mm × 50 mm
not more than 20 mm C/c and the
width of the chamber be 60 cm.
: 1 No. MS hand rack shall be provided with
GI pipe rod.
b) Grit chamber
Quantity : 2 Nos.
Duty : Flow from screen chamber
shall be taken into Grit
chamber for the removing of
oil or fats.
Type : Vertical
Size : Size of 1.7m × 1.2m grit chamber
through a 600mm wide RCC channel
with c/c spacing between the bars be
10mm.
c) Primary
Sedimentat
ion Tank

Quantity : 1 No.
Duty : Settles the sludge while
grease and oil rise to the
surface are skimmed off.
Type : Circular tank
Size : Dia of the tank is 3.9m or 4m with
23.89 𝑚3 capacity of sewage
holding.
d) Aeration Tanks
Quantity : 2 Nos.
Duty : Tank which provide a location where
biological treatment of the waste
water takes place.
Size : Overall size of 19m × 9m × 4.1m
e) Secondary clarifier
Quantity : 1 No.
Duty : The activated sludge converts
organic substances into oxidized
products & the floc gets settled in
this tank.
Type : Circular type
Size : Dia of the circular tanks is 10m.
f) Sludge Pumps
Quantity : 2 Nos.
Duty

: To transfer secondary sludge from

26
 Clarifier to aeration tank & sludge thickness.
Type Motor : Horizontal centrifugal non clog self-
priming open impeller Pump
: 400 – 440 v 50 Hz A/C

Analytical and numerical model solutions

Total Population = 4000
At 2021, population=4000
We are designing for future purpose, so after 21 years, that means in 2041 the
population;

𝑃𝑛 = 4000 X 𝑒𝑘(𝑡2−𝑡1)

= 4000 * e0.05 (2041-2021)

= 10,873

So, let’s take 10,000 people.

Water Consumed= 10000 X (90/100) X 150
= 1350000 LPCD
= 1350 KLD (or) 1.35 MLD (or) 1350 𝑚3/day
Avg. Sewage generated = 85% of Supplied water
= 0.85 x 1.35
= 1.147 MLD
= 1147 KLD
Avg. Sewage per hour =
1147/24 = 47.79 𝑚3/hr
Peak Factor = 3
Design flow capacity = 47.79 X 3
= 143.37 𝑚3/hr
= 0.039 𝒎𝟑/sec.
II. Sizing Calculation for Collection Pit:

Retention time required = 4hr. Avg.

Design flow = 47.79 𝑚3/hr
Capacity of collection sump = 4 x 47.79
= 191.16 𝒎𝟑
Assume liquid depth = 5m

27
 Area, required for collection pit = 191.16/5
Area = 38.23 𝒎𝟐
Let it is a circular tank.
Now,
38.23 = 𝜋𝑟2
r = 38.23/ 𝜋 = 3.48 m
Volume of the pit provided = 𝜋/4

III. Design of sewer chamber

𝑄max = 0.039 𝑚3/sec

Assumption;
Shape of bar = M.S. Flats Size = 10 mm X 50 mm
Clear spacing between the bars = 20 mm
Inclination of bars = 80 deg.
Assume avg. Velocity to sewer = 0.8 m/sec
At peak flow, net inclined area required = 0.03 9/0.8 = 0.048 m2
Gross inclined area = 0.048 x 1.5
= 0.072 m2
Gross vertical area required = 0.072 x sin80
= 0.070 m2
Provide submergence depth = 0.3 m
Width of channel = 0.070/0.3 = 0.23 m ≈ 0.30 m
Provide 20 bars of 10 mm x 50 mm at 20 mm clear spacing. Screen chamber will be
60 cm wide

IV. Design of Grit Chamber

Flow from screen channels shall be taken into grit chamber, provided in duplicate
2 no C.I gates, one each at inlet and outlet are provided for each grit chamber.
Design Flow = (2.5 x 1.147)/2
= 1.433 MLD (OR) 1433 𝑚3/day
Surface Loading = 1100 𝒎𝟑/ m2 /day
To account for turbulence and short circuiting, reduce the surface loading
to about 800 𝑚3/sq. m/ day. Area required = 1433/800 = 1.79 m2
Provide 1.70m dia. Chamber

28
 (Circular) detention time= 60 sec.
Volume = (1433 x 60) / (24 x 3600)
= 0.99 𝑚3
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 0.99
Liquid depth= = = 0.553m
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 1.79

V. Check for horizontal velocity

Cross sectional area of grit chamber = 1.7 x 0.553

= 0.940 m2
Velocity = 1433/ (1.7 x 0.553 x 24 x 3600) = 0.017m/sec.
= 1.7 cm/sec < 18cm/sec. [Hence OK]
Grit generation assumed = 0.05 𝒎𝟑 per 1000 𝒎𝟑 of sewage flow.
Even though the grit is continuously raked, still grit storage is provided for avg.
Flow. Storage volume required = (1147 x 8 x 0.05) / (24 x 1000) = 0.019 𝒎𝟑
Grit storage area = (𝜋/4) x1.72
= 2.27 𝒎𝟐
Grit storage depth = 0.019/2.27 = 0.0083 m
Total liquid depth = 0.553 + 0.008 = 0.561 = 0.6m
Provides grit chamber of size = 1.7 x (0.6 + 0.6)
= 1.7m x 1.2m
=2.04m
Out flow from grit chamber shall be carried to the aeration tank through a 600mm
wide RCC channel provided with fine bar screen (manually operated). The clear
spacing between the bars shall be 10 mm.

VI. Design of Primary Sedimentation Tank

Detention time = 2hr.

Volume of sewage = max. Quantity of sewage/(detention time x 24 )
= 1147/2 x 24 = 23.89 𝒎𝟑

29
 Provide depth = 2m.
Surface area = Volume/Depth
= 23.89/2 = 11.95 m2
(𝜋/4) x 𝑑2 = 11.95
𝑑2 = 15.21
𝐝 = 3.9 m

VII. Design of Aeration Tank

No. of tanks = 2
Avg. Flow to each tank = 1.433 MLD/2 = 0.716 MLD
Q = 716 𝒎𝟑/𝐝𝐚𝐲
Total BOD entering STP = 295 mg/L
Assuming that negligible BOD is removed in screening and grit chamber (since it
mainly removes inorganic solids). The BOD of sewage coming to aeration tank= 𝑌0
= 295 𝑚𝑔/𝐿
BOD Left in the effluent= 𝑌𝐸 = 20 𝑚𝑔/𝐿
BOD removed in activated plant = 295 – 20 = 275 mg/L
Minimum efficiency required in the activated plant = 275/295 = 0.93 = 93 % (OK (
Volume of aeration tank can be designed by assuming a suitable values of MLSS
and ‘𝜃𝑐 ‘(or F/M ratio) = 3000 mg/L, (Between 3000 – 3500 mg/L)
F/M ratio = 0.15 (Between 0.18 – 0.10)
F/M = Q/V = 𝑌0 /𝑋𝑇
Therefore, Q = 716 𝒎𝟑/day
𝑌0= 295 mg/L
X(T) = 3000 mg/L
F/M = 0.12 0.15= (716 x 295)/v x 3500
V = (716 x 295)/(3000 x 0.12)
V = 586.7 𝒎𝟑
Aeration tank dimensions;
Let us adopt an aeration tank of liquid depth 3.5m, 9m width then; length of the tank
= V/ B x D
= 586.7/9 x 3.5 = 18.63 m = 19m
Therefore, Volume provided= 19x9x3.5

30
 = 598 𝒎𝟑
(i) Check For aeration period;
t = (V/Q )x 24 hr = 598 x 24/716 t =20.04 hr = 20hrs (OK)
(ii) Check for volumetric loading ;
= Q. 𝑌0 /𝑉 gm of BOD5/𝑚3
Volume of tank. = (716 x 295)/598 gm/ 𝑚3 = 353.21 gm/𝑚3
= 0.35 kg/ 𝒎𝟑 (OK) (It should lie between 0.2-0.4)

VIII. Design of Secondary Clarifiers

No. of clarifiers = 1 no.

Avg. Flow = 1147 KLD = 1147 𝒎𝟑/𝐝𝐚𝐲
Recirculated flow, say 50% = 716 𝒎𝟑/𝐝𝐚𝐲
Total inflow = 1147 + 716= 1863 𝒎𝟑/𝐝𝐚𝐲
Provide hydraulic detention time = 2hrs
Volume of tank = 1863 x 2/24 = 155.25 𝒎𝟑
Assume liquid depth = 3.5m

Area = 155.25/3.5=44.35 𝒎𝟐
Surface loading rate of avg. flow = 15
Surface area to be provided = 1147/15 = 76.46 𝒎𝟐 = 77 𝒎𝟐
(Provide area greater of two i.e 77 𝑚2)
Dia. of circular tank (d);
4
D= 77x 𝜋 = 9.9 = 10

Actual area provided = 85 𝒎𝟐

Check for weir loading; Avg. flow = 1147 𝒎𝟑/day
Weir loading = 1147/(π x 10) = 36.5 𝑚3/day/m (Ok) [as it is less
than 185 𝑚3/day/𝑚]
Provide a peripheral loading,
Check for solids loading:
Recirculated flow = 716 𝑚3/day
Avg. flow = 1147 𝑚3/day MLSS solids inflow = 3000 mg/L
Total solids inflow = (1147 + 716) x 3
= 5589 kg/day
31
 Solids loading = 5589/77 = 72.58 kg/day/ 𝑚2
Provide a clarifier a 10m dia having liquid depth as 3.5m
Hopper slope shall be 1 in 12.
Free board will be 0.3m.

IX. Return Sludge Pump House

Total return flow = 716 𝒎𝟑/day = 29.83 𝒎𝟑/hr = 0.497 𝑚3/min
Detention time = 15min.
Volume of wet well = 0.497 x 15
Provide wet well = 2.5m x
1.5 x 1.8m SWD provide dry
well = 2.5m x 2.5m
Size of annexe control room = 2.5m x 2.5m
Provide 2 No.s pumps each of 0.716MLD capacity in the dry well for returning the
sludge to the aeration tank. The return sludge pipe line should be 150mm Ø.

X. Design of Sludge Drying Beds

Sludge applied for drying beds@100 kg/MLD
Sludge applied = 125 kg/day
Specific gravity = 1.015
Solid contents = 1.5%
125 1 𝑚
Volume of sludge = 1.5% X 1000𝑥1.015 = 8.2 𝑑𝑎𝑦3

Considering monsoon etc. Total no of cycle in 1yr. = 33

Period of each cycle = 365/33 = 11 days.
Volume of sludge = 8.2 X 11 = 90.2 𝑚3
Spreading a layer of 0.3 m/cycle area of beds required = 90.2/0.3 = 300.67
Provide 4 beds of 1.2mX7m
Thus providing = 336 𝑚2area

XI. Filtrate Pump House and Sump

Actual 𝐵𝑂𝐷5 20 deg. C removed per day = 1147 X (295-20)/1800 = 315.42 kg.
Excess water sludge

20.09d = (598 / Qw. XR) X 3000

32
 Qw . XR = (598 X 3000)/20.9 = 85837 gm/d =85.8 gm/d

Thus excess sludge provided = 85.8 gm/d

Assuming the excess sludge to contain 1% solids and specific gravity = 1.015
85.8 𝑚3 𝑚3
Volume of excess sludge = 1000𝑥 1.015𝑥1% = 8.45 = 0.35 m3/hr
𝑑 𝑑

Volume of wet will = 8 X 0.35 = 2.8 𝑚3 for 1% concentration.

Provide liquid depth = 1m
Area required for 1% concentration of solids = 2.8/1 = 2.8 𝑚2
4
Dia. of wet well = 2.8 x = 1.88m
𝜋

Assume 2.0 m dia.

3.2 Conclusion
This project was undertaken to design a wastewater treatment plant with some
particular data. The grit chamber, equalisation basin, primary sedimentation tank and
secondary settling tank have been designed, then the values for mean cell residence
time, volume of aeration tank, hydraulic retention time, f/m ratio, return sludge flow
rate, sludge production and oxygen requirement have been calculated, ultimately the
theoretical aspects of grit chamber, waste sludge and biological phosphorus removal
have been covered. Some assumptions have been made during designing the plant, the
recommendation is to reduce these assumptions as many as possible to achieve the
more accurate and reliable results. In addition, this designing process is suitable for
this particular situation and it cannot be followed for every situations. Designing a
wastewater treatment plant depends on the characteristics of the wastewater so the
designing process should be analyzed carefully because even a small mistake can be
fatal.

33
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