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Chapter 2 - Atomic Structure

The document covers Chapter 2 of IGCSE Physical Science, focusing on atomic structure, including the definition of atoms, the nuclear model, subatomic particles, and isotopes. It explains the characteristics and properties of protons, neutrons, and electrons, as well as how to determine atomic and mass numbers. Additionally, it discusses the concept of relative atomic mass and provides examples and exercises related to isotopes and atomic calculations.

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15 views43 pages

Chapter 2 - Atomic Structure

The document covers Chapter 2 of IGCSE Physical Science, focusing on atomic structure, including the definition of atoms, the nuclear model, subatomic particles, and isotopes. It explains the characteristics and properties of protons, neutrons, and electrons, as well as how to determine atomic and mass numbers. Additionally, it discusses the concept of relative atomic mass and provides examples and exercises related to isotopes and atomic calculations.

Uploaded by

gissecondaryresources
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GRAND INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

IGCSE Physical Science (0652)

Chemistry
Chapter 2: Atomic Structure
Learning objectives:
1. atoms: particles that make different
elements.
2. nuclear model of atom.
3. relative charge and mass of
subatomic particles (protons, neutrons,
electrons).
4. atomic structure: proton number, mass
number.
5. isotopes: element with same proton
number but different number of neutrons
6. electron configuration in shells around
nucleus and relationship with Periodic Table.
7. determining relative atomic masses (Ar)
and relative molecular masses of
substances (Mr)
GETTING STARTED (DISCUSSION)

1. What is matter?
2. What is the difference between an atom
and a molecule?
3. Are there any particles smaller than an
atom?
4. Write down the chemical formular for
water.
2.1: Atoms and elements
o all substances around us are made up of
atoms.
o atoms are very small particles.
o element:
- substance made up of one type of atom.
- cannot be broken down into simpler substances
by chemical reactions.
- known elements: 118
- universe = 92% hydrogen (H), 7% helium (He),
remaining elements 1 %
- elements forming Earth: 94 elements, 8
elements = 98% mass of crust.
- silicon and oxygen (silicate rocks) = 75% mass
of crust.
o some elements form complex compounds
found in living things.
o example: human body (65% oxygen, 18%
carbon, 10% hydrogen, 3% nitrogen, 2%
calcium, 2% other elements.
o compound: substance formed by chemical
combination of two or more elements in fixed
proportions.
Structure of atom
o understanding of atom: atomic theory
(John Dalton, 1807). It states that:
- atoms: basic building blocks of elements.
- indivisible particles join to form molecules.
o further research: atoms made of subatomic
particles called protons, neutrons (1932)
and electrons (1807).
o particles universal (all atoms made from
them).
o atoms is space mostly occupied by positively
charged electrons surrounding small positively
charged nucleus.
o nucleus at centre of atom and has most number.
Characteristics of protons, neutrons and
electrons
o location of subatomic particles:
- protons and neutrons (nucleus).
- electrons (space around nucleus).
o electrostatic forces of attraction:
holds electrons within an atom to positive charge
of protons in nucleus.
Properties of subatomic particles

o protons, neutrons: same relative mass of = 1.


o electrons have no mass ( , 0.00054 mass of
protons)
o charges: protons (+), electrons (-), equal and
opposite charges
- neutrons: neutral (no charge).
o atoms have electrically charged particles but
atoms themselves are electrically neutral (no
overall charge)
o this means atoms have equal protons and
electrons.
o total positive charge on nucleus caused by
protons balanced by total negative charge of
orbiting electrons.
Examples of atoms
o hydrogen atom:
o hydrogen atom:
- protons = 1. o Important note:
- electrons = 1. number of neutrons
- neutrons = 0. required to hold nucleus
o helium atom: increase as atomic size
- protons = 2. increases.
- electrons = 2.
- neutons = 2.
Proton number and mass number
o protons number is called atomic number.
o mass number is called nucleon number.
o proton number (Z) determines name of
element.
o mass number (A) = number of protons +
neutrons.
o general form for element (X) on Periodic
Table =
Activity
o Write down the structure of lithium,
carbon, oxygen and uranium using the
form and the Periodic Table.
o Solutions:
o Given that proton and mass numbers of
elements are known, the following can be
worked out:
1. proton number (Z) = number of protons
2. mass number (A) = number of protons +
neutrons
Important:
number of electrons = number of protons =
atomic number
number of neutrons = mass number –
atomic number = A - Z
Protons, neutrons, electrons in
various elements
Class Exercise
Page 34
Questions 1 – 4
2.2: Isotopes
Measuring mass of atoms
o single atom has negligible mass (cannot be
weighed on scale).
o mass of 1 atom can be compared to mass
of another using a spectrometer.
o carbon (C) standard for comparison on
masses of other atoms because it is
common element in most compounds.
o values of atomic masses compared to
carbon results in relative atomic mass(Ar).
o pure samples of elements such as
carbon, hydrogen and chlorine have same
number of protons and electrons but have
atoms with different masses.
o this is due to different number of neutrons
in the nuclei of atoms of same elements
(isotopes).
o isotopes:
- atoms of same element with same
proton number but different number of
neutrons in nuclei (nucleon number).
- some isotopes are radioactive
because they have unstable nuclei
(radioisotopes).
examples: Titrium, Carbon
o carbon has several isotopes but
carbon - 12 is used as a standard.
o carbon 12 has a mass of 12.
o 1 atomic mass unit (a.m.u) = 1/12 x
mass of one atom of carbon-12.
o carbon-12 atoms are 12 times heavier
than hydrogen atoms (lightest).
o calcium atoms 40 times heavier than
hydrogen atoms.
o relative atomic mass (Ar):
average mass of naturally occurring atoms
of an element on a scale where the carbon-
12 atom has a mass of exactly 12 units.
Relative atomic masses of some elements
Group Work
Complete the table shown below. Use
the Periodic Table.
o many elements have isotopes e.g ---
hydrogen has two naturally occurring
isotopes: hydrogen, deuterium
artificially made: tritium
Characteristics of isotopes
o difference between isotopes of same
element is number of neutrons.
o number of protons/electrons similar.
o Isotopes determined by differences in
mass numbers.
o have same chemical properties due to
same number of electrons which give
same electronic configuration.
o number of electrons determines way in
which atom form bonds and reacts with
other atoms.
o some physical properties are different due
to different masses e.g density, rate of
diffusion.
o Example: density of ordinary ice and
heavy –water ice (frozen deuterium oxide
)
o has 10.6% greater density than ordinary
ice.
o normal ice floats in water, sinks.
o Tritium and carbon-14 also shows
differences in physical properties because
they are radioactive.
o imbalance of neutrons and protons in
nuclei cause instability due spontaneous
breaking of nucleus thereby emitting
radiation (radioisotopes).
Calculating Relative atomic mass
o most elements are mixture of isotopes,
average mass used for atomic mass.
o isotopes in large proportions have highest
contribution to averages.
o average value for mass of atom of
element is relative atomic mass (Ar).
o accurate values for Ar are decimals
because of isotopes.
o on Periodic Table, values are rounded to
whole numbers except for Chlorine.
o Worked Example:
Lithium has two isotopes, and
The relative abundances of these two
isotopes is shown below:
Calculate the relative atomic mass of
Lithium.
Solution:
Step 1: lithium-6 (75%), lithium-7 (92.5%)
Step 2: Calculate mass of 100 atoms as
= mass of each isotope x relative abundance
= (6 x 7.5) + (7 x 92.5) = 692.5
Step 3: average mass of 1 atom
= total mass ÷100
= 692.5 ÷ 100 = 6.925
Step 4: round answer to accuracy (2s.f) = 6.9
Individual activity:
Calculate the relative atomic masses of
Magnesium.
Homework
Page 36
Questions 5 – 8

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