Lecture 1 - Atoms, Isotopes and The Periodic Table

CHEM-111:
GENERAL
CHEMISTRY I
Lecture 1: Atoms,
Isotopes and the
Periodic Table
Judith Kumatso
Department of Applied
Studies 1
Objectives
 Define the atomic number, mass number, relative
atomic mass
 Define the atomic number, mass number, relative
atomic mass
 Identify the numbers of protons, electrons, and
neutrons in a particular isotope from its chemical
symbol.
 Perform calculations involving masses of isotopes
and percent abundances.
 Describe the composition of the Modern periodic
Table
2
Atomic structure
• Matter is composed of atoms.
Atoms have a nucleus which contains protons and

neutrons.
The nucleus is surrounded by a cloud of electrons.
The nucleus is a very small fraction of the volume

of an atom.
3
Fundamental concepts of the atom
• Solar system depiction

of atomic structure.
 Emphasizes proton,
neutron and electron
distribution; does not
accurately depict
current accepted
model of atomic
structure.
4
Fundamental concepts of the atom
• Electrons are depicted as

clouds of negative
charge surrounding the
nucleus.
 The density of the

small dots is related to
the probability of
finding an electron at
a particular location.
Cross-sectional view of an atom
• The atom contains a tiny

dense center called the
nucleus.
Electrons
• The nucleus has essentially
the entire mass of the atom.
• The nucleus is composed of

protons and neutrons
• The nucleus is positively

charged
• Electrons are dispersed

around the nucleus
6
Sub-atomic particles
Subatomic Mass Mass Location Charge Symbol

Particle g amu in atom
Proton 1.67262 1.00727 nucleus +1 p, p+, H+
x 10-24
Electron 0.00091 0.00055 empty -1 e, e-
x 10-24 space
Neutron 1.67493 1.00866 nucleus 0 n, n0
x 10-24
7
Atomic notation
• Each element has a characteristic number of protons

in the nucleus. This is the atomic number, Z.
• The total number of protons and neutrons in the
nucleus of an atom is the mass number, A.
• We use atomic notation to display the number of
protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom:
8
Using atomic notation
29
• An example: 14 Si : Silicon (symbol Si).
• The atomic number is 14; silicon has 14 protons.
• The mass number is 29; the atom of silicon has

29 protons + neutrons.
• The number of neutrons is A – Z = 29 – 14 = 15

neutrons.
9
Isotopes
• All atoms of the same element have the same
number of protons.
• Most elements occur naturally with varying numbers

of neutrons.
• Atoms of the same element that have a different

number of neutrons in the nucleus are called
isotopes.
• Isotopes have the same atomic number, but different

mass numbers. 10
Isotopes
• We often refer to an isotope by stating the name
of the element followed by the mass number.
1
– Protium is 1 H
2
– Deuterium is 1 H
• How many protons and neutrons does an atom of
lead-206 have?
The atomic number of Pb is 82, so it has 82 protons.
Pb-206 has 206 – 82 = 124 neutrons.
11
Simple and weighted averages
• A simple average assumes the same number of

each object.
• A weighted average takes into account the fact

that we do not have equal numbers of all the
objects.
• A weighted average is calculated by multiplying

the percentage of the object (as a decimal
number) by its mass for each object and adding
the numbers together.
12
Average atomic mass
• Since not all isotopes of an atom are present in
equal proportions, we must use the weighted
average.
• Gallium has two isotopes:

1. 69Ga, with a mass of 68.926 amu and 60.11% abundance.
2. 71Ga, with a mass of 70.925 amu and 39.89% abundance.
• The average atomic mass of gallium is:

(68.926 amu)(0.6011) + (70.925 amu)(0.3989)
= 69.72 amu
13
Practice question 1
• The chlorine present in PVC has two stable isotopes: 35Cl,

with a mass of 34.97 amu and 75.77 % abundance; and
37Cl, with a mass of 36.95 amu and 24.23 % abundance.
What is the atomic mass of chlorine?
14
Practice question 2
• Naturally occurring magnesium has an atomic

mass of 24.312 and consists of three isotopes.
The major isotope is 24Mg, natural abundance
78.99 %, relative atomic mass 23.98504. The
next most abundant isotope is 26Mg, relative
atomic mass 25.98259. The third most abundant
isotope is 25Mg, whose natural abundance is in
the ratio of 0.9083 to that of 26Mg. Find the
relative atomic mass of 25Mg.
• Ans: 25.06 amu

15
The Periodic Table of the Elements
• A chart in which elements having similar chemical and physical
properties are grouped together.
• The elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic

number.
• A vertical column on the periodic table is a group or family of

elements.
• A horizontal row on the periodic table is a period or series of

elements.
• There are 18 groups and seven periods on the periodic table.
16
17
Major divisions of the Periodic Table
18
19

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CHEM-111:

• Matter is composed of atoms.

Atoms have a nucleus which contains protons and

The nucleus is surrounded by a cloud of electrons.

The nucleus is a very small fraction of the volume

• Solar system depiction

• Electrons are depicted as

 The density of the

• The atom contains a tiny

• The nucleus is composed of

• The nucleus is positively

• Electrons are dispersed

Subatomic Mass Mass Location Charge Symbol

• Each element has a characteristic number of protons

• The atomic number is 14; silicon has 14 protons.

• The mass number is 29; the atom of silicon has

• The number of neutrons is A – Z = 29 – 14 = 15

• Most elements occur naturally with varying numbers

• Atoms of the same element that have a different

• Isotopes have the same atomic number, but different

• A simple average assumes the same number of

• A weighted average takes into account the fact

• A weighted average is calculated by multiplying

• Gallium has two isotopes:

• The average atomic mass of gallium is:

• The chlorine present in PVC has two stable isotopes: 35Cl,

• Naturally occurring magnesium has an atomic

• Ans: 25.06 amu

• The elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic

• A vertical column on the periodic table is a group or family of

• A horizontal row on the periodic table is a period or series of

• There are 18 groups and seven periods on the periodic table.

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