ABK –SSJ Class X

CH-1 Development
CLASS X : Social Science :Geography
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1. What may be development for one may not be development for the other." Explain with a suitable example.
Or How can two persons have different development goals? [2018]
Ans. Different persons have different notions of development because life situations of persons are different. For
example, Construction of dams leads to generation of hydroelectricity, thus development. However many people
have to be displaced from their villages, hence it may not be development for them.
2. What may be a goal of landless rural labourers regarding their income? [2019]
Ans. Goal of landless rural labourers regarding their income:
More days of work and better wages, local school is able to provide quality education for their children; there is no
social discrimination and they too can become leaders in the village.
3. What may be a goal of a prosperous farmer of Punjab? [2019]
Ans. Goal of prosperous farmer of Punjab-(i) Assured high family income; (ii) Higher crops; (iii) Able eto settle their
children abroad.
4. Conflicting goals can also be developmental goals.' Elaborate with examples.
Ans. All persons do not have the same notion of development or progress. Each one of them seeks different things.
The seek things that are most important for them, i.e., that which can fulfil their aspirations or desires. In fact at
times two persons or groups of persons may seek things which are conflicting. A girl expects as much freedom and
opportunity as her brother and that he also shares in the household work. Her brother may not like this.
To get more electricity, industrialists may want more dams. But this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of
people who are displaced, such as tribals. They might resent this and may prefer small check dams or tanks to
irrigate their land.
5. What are common developmental goals? Give any two suitable examples of common developmental goals
[2015]
Ans. There are certain goals which are the same or common for all. These are common developmental goals.
The developmental goals that people have are not only about better income but also about other important things in
life. More income or more material goods do not always give us a good quality life. There are other aspects such as
equal treatment, freedom, security, opportunity to learn, good working conditions, pollution-free atmosphere, job
security and good social life which are very important for a good quality life. Money or material things that one can
buy with it, is one factor on which our life depends. But quality of our life also depends on non-material things, for
example, the role of our friends in our life which cannot be measured but mean a lot to us.
6. Why do people look at a mix of goals for development? Explain. [2015]
Ans. Though income is one of the most important components of development, but there are other important
goals which people look at for development –
(i) People also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security and respect.
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(ii) Women need a safe and secure environment to take up a variety of jobs or to run businesses as entrepreneurs.
(iii) People seek a pollution free environment.
(iv) Students seek better education and equal opportunities to learn.
7. Explain with examples that there are other important development goals also besides income. [2014]
Ans. More income or more material goods do not always give us a good quality life. There are other aspects such as
equal treatment, freedom, security, opportunity to learn, good working conditions, pollution-free atmosphere, job
security and good social life which are very important for a good quality life. Money or material things that one can
buy with it, is one factor on which our life depends. But quality of our life also depends on non-material things, for
example, the role of our friends in our life which cannot be measured but mean a lot to us. Another example, if we
get a job in a far off place, before accepting it we would try consider many factors apart from income such as facilities
for our family, working atmosphere, or opportunity to learn. Similarly, for development, people look at a mix of
goals. It is true that if women are engaged in paid work, their dignity increases. However, it is also the case that if
there is respect for women there would be more sharing of house work and greater acceptance of women. The
developmental goals that people have are not only about better income but also about other important things in life.
8. Explain any five fields other than income where development is needed. [2012]
Or
Describe certain activities of public interest on which the government has to focus on priority basis.
Ans. Fields other than income where development is needed:
(i) Education. The government must provide adequate education facilities in all rural and urban areas. The
government must necessarily focus on education for girls so that all girls are able to acquire atleast secondary level
schooling. Running proper schools and providing quality education, particularly elementary education, is the duty of
the Government.
(ii) Health. Basic health care facilities are a must for all. Establishment of government hospitals, clinics and
dispensaries, especially in rural areas, to provide subsidized and unadulterated medicines to the poorer sections of
society.
(iii) Nutrition. An effective Public Distribution System-proper functioning of ration shops and equitable distribution
of foodgrains is very essential.
(iv) Transportation. A well developed public transport system to make it easy for general public to commute.
(v) Electricity. It is the duty of the government to provide electricity and water at reasonable rates to the common
man and prevent him from exploitation by private companies.
9. Define GDP. [2012]
Ans. GDP or Gross Domestic Product is the total value of all final goods and services produced during a particular
year in a country.
10. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? [2012]
Ans. The World Bank uses average income or per capita income as a criterion for classifying different countries.
11. Why is the total income of countries not used to make comparisons between them?
Ans. The total income of countries is not used to make comparisons between them, because the population of
different countries is different and does not give a clear picture if comparisons are made on this basis. [2014]

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12. What is the advantage of per capita income? Mention any one. [2014]
Ans. It helps to compare the development of countries as per capita income tells us whether people in one country
are better off than others in a different country.
13. Define the term Per Capita income. [2014,2020]
Ans. When total income of a country is divided by its total population, the result derived is called per capital income.
It is also called average income.
14. What is per capita income? Mention any two limitations of per capita income as an indicator of development.
[2012]
Ans. The total income of a country divided by its total population gives the Per Capita Income. Money cannot buy
all the goods and services that are needed to live well. So income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of
material goods and services that citizens are able to use. For example, money can not buy a pollution-free
environment or ensure that one gets unadulterated medicines, unless one can afford to shift to a community that
already has all these things.
15. On what basis the rich and low income countries have been categorized in the world? What are the limitations of
this approach? According to the World Development Report, 2017, India comes in which category? Give reason for
the same. [2015,2014]
Ans. The World Bank uses average income or per capita income as a criterion for classifying different countries.
Countries with per capita income of US $12,056 per annum and above (in the year 2017) are called rich countries
and those with per capita income of US $955 or less are called low income countries (India comes under low income
countries; the per capita income in India is US $1820 per annum). Limitations of this criterion. (i) While averages
are countries useful for comparison, they also hide disparities. Two may have identical average income, but one
country may have equitable distribution where people are neither very rich nor very poor, while in the other country
most citizens are very poor and very few are extremely rich. (ii) Better income cannot ensure a good quality life.
Criterion set by the World Bank has ignored certain attributes of a good life which do not depend on income or
cannot be bought with money. Examples: freedom, equal treatment, equal opportunities, free atmosphere, provision
of unadulterated medicines, etc.
16. Literacy rate measures the proportion of literate population in which age group? [2012,2017]
Ans. The age group of 7 years and above.
17. Which state of India has the lowest infant mortality rate? [2013]
Ans. Kerala
18. Name the report published by UNDP which compares countries based on the educational levels of the people,
their health status and per capita income. [2013]
Ans. Human Development Report
19. What term is used to describe the 'average number of years a person is expected to live at birth'? [2013]
Ans. Life Expectancy

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20. Study the table and answer the question given below. [2020]
Some comparative data on Haryana, Kerala and Bihar
State Infant Mortality Rate per Literacy Rate % 2011 Net Attendance Ratio (per 100 persons)
1,000 live births (2016) secondary stage (age 14 and 15 years) 2013-14
Haryana 33 82 61
Kerala 10 94 83
Bihar 38 62 43
Sources: Economic Survey, 2017-18 Vol. 2, Govt. of India: National Sample Survey Organisation (Report No. 575)
In comparison to Kerala which state has the highest infant mortality rate?
Ans. Bihar
21. What is Human Development Index? [2013]
Ans. Human Development Index is a composite index of achievements of a nation in terms of three important
variables, namely-longevity, knowledge and standard of living, that determine the quality of life.
22. Why is sustainable development essential? Give one reason. [2015]
Ans. Sustained development aims at economic development without damaging the environment and at the same
time conserving for the future. Resources are to be used in such a way that they are not overexploited.
23. On the basis of which three indicators of HDI 2004 Sri Lanka has better rank than India? [2014]
Ans. Three indicators of HDI 2004 in which Sri Lanka has better rank than India:
(i) Per capita income. The per capita income of Sri Lanka in US dollars was 4,390 US dollars while that of India was
3,139 US dollars.
(ii) Life expectancy at birth. The life expectancy at birth for Sri Lanka was 74, higher than that of India at 64.
(iii) Gross enrolment ratio for three levels. Sri Lanka had Gross Enrolment ratio of 69 while that of India was 60.
24. Explain with reasons why state of Punjab with a very high per capita income has a low literacy rate.
[2016,2017]
Ans. Per capita income is not a useful criterion at all to measure the human development ranking of a state. High per
capita income is not the only attribute to a good quality life. Money cannot buy all the essential things required for a
good life.
This can be seen in the case of Punjab which has a very high per capita income but a low literacy rate. Having
money in one's pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that we need to live well. Money cannot ensure
education and literacy. Another reason for low literacy rate in Punjab could be the lack of free and compulsory
educational facilities. The government needs to open more schools and provide other facilities so that all children
have a chance to study.
Pollution-free atmosphere to ensure good health, protection from infectious diseases, lowering of mortality rate,
promotion of literacy, essential for a etc. are good standard of living. In order to efforts have to be made by all
members of a community, be it rich or poor.
achieve these, joint
25. "Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live well" Do you agree with this statement?
Justify your answer with any three suitable arguments. [2015]
Ans. Yes, I agree with the statement because money income and material goods alone are not an adequate indicator
of a good quality of life. Money cannot buy all the goods and services one needs to live well.
- Money cannot buy a pollution free and clean environment with fresh air.

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- It cannot protect us from infectious diseases and guarantee good health for us.
- Money cannot assure that medicines available in the market are not adulterated.
To live well one needs non-material factors such as equal treatment, freedom, security, equal opportunity. To learn,
a pollution free environment, good and safe working conditions etc.
26. Apart from income, which other six things people look for as important aspects of our lives? [2014,2012]
Ans. High per capita income is not the only attribute to a good quality life. Money cannot buy all the essential
things required for a good life. Pollution-free atmosphere to ensure good health, protection from infectious diseases,
lowering of mortality rate, promotion of literacy, job security, good working conditions, etc. are essential for a good
standard of living.
27. How is the issue of sustainability important for development? Explain with examples. [2015]
Ans. (i) Development of a country needs to be continuous. Every country would like to have the level of
development go up further.
(ii) Many scientists have warned that the present levels of development cannot be sustained for the future as the
present rate of consumption of both renewable and non-renewable resources is very high. Resources are limited in
supply and hence should be used judiciously.
(iii) Sustainable development aims at development without damaging the environment and at the same time
conserving for the future.
(iv) Development should take place in the present without compromising the needs of the future. Sustainability of
development is essential not only for the present generation but also for future generations to ensure a good life.
28. Suggest any three ways to maintain Body Mass Index (BMI). [2020]
Ans. BMI is important as it tells about a person's health condition. It is calculated by dividing the weight of a
person in kgs by the square of his/her height in meter. It is an indicator of the level of nourishment in adults. Ways
to maintain BMI:
(i) Education level of people helps to maintain BMI
(ii) Staying hydrated and eating a balanced diet help in maintaining BMI.
(iii) It is important to exercise at least for 60-90 minutes most days of the week.
29. Suggest any three ways to improve health and nutritional status of people in India. [2020]
Ans. (i) Eat healthy food regularly, do regular exercise and go for regular health checkups.
(ii) Take measures for making pollution-free environment.
(iii) Use unadulterated products and medicines.
30. What does HDI stand for? Explain the main criteria of measuring HDI according to UNDP Report of 1990.
[2015]
Ans. HDI Stands for Human Development Index.
Main criteria of measuring HDI:
(i) HDI published by UNDP compares countries based on the educational levels of the people, their health status and
per capita income.
(ii) HDI determines the rank of a country by its overall achievement in three areas, ie, life expectancy, educational
level and per capita income.
(iii) Many improvements have been suggested in calculating HDI and many new components have been added to
Human Development Report.

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(iv) Pre-fixing Human to Development, it has made it clear that what is important in development is what is
happening to citizens of a country, i.e., the health and well being of the people is most important.
31. Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries." Justify the statement.
Ans. Environment is degraded though the depletion of resources like air, water and soil. It leads to destruction of
ecosystem and extinction of wildlife. It is now a global issue and has been debated over decades. Environmental
degradation is not restricted to the nation or state boundaries. It's consequences have been felt in the surrounding
states and neighbouring countries and sometimes globally.
(i) Pollution in one country may affect the other in the form of acid rain, climate change.
(ii) Deforestation in some countries may disturb the rainfall pattern in the surrounding countries for e.g.,
deforestation in Brazil has caused disturbance in rainfall pattern in South America.
(iii) Land degradation and dam bursts can bring massive siltation and flood like situation.
(iv) National calamities such as global warming, ozone layer depletion etc. cannot be controlled by a single nation
and hence are to be discussed by all the countries.
(v) Pollution of rivers in a country like India affects all as the rivers cross state boundaries and pass through
different states.
32. How is the criterion used by the UNDP different for the World Bank for measuring the development of a
country? Explain. [2020]
Ans. The criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development is different from the one used by the World Bank
in the following ways:
(i) Human development report published by UNDP measures development on the parameters of educational level of
the people, their health status and per capita income whereas World Bank measures the same only on the basis of per
capita income.
(ii) UNDP ranks the countries on the basis of development whereas World Bank classifies them into three
categories-rich countries, middle income countries and poor countries.
(iii) UNDP has a broader framework to measure development whereas World Bank has a narrow framework to
measure the same.
33. What is Human development? Explain its indicators. [2020]
Ans. Human development refers to the human-centered approaches towards development. It focuses on people
and qualitative improvement in human life. It is defined as the process of enlarging people's freedoms and
opportunities and improving their well-being. It is the development that enlarges people's choices and improves
their lives so that they can lead a healthy, meaningful and purposeful life with dignity.
Indicators of Human development:
(i) Life Expectancy. It is the age to which a particular person is expected to live. Higher life expectancy means
people have a greater chance of living longer and a healthy life.
(ii) Infant Mortality Rate. It is the total number of infant deaths below the age of 1 year out of 1000 babies.
(iii) Access to Knowledge. It refers to the number of people of both genders aging more than 15 years having the
ability to read and write and the number of children enrolled in schools.
(iv) Standard of living. The standard of living is usually measured by the gross national income (GNI) per capita.
The GNI indicates the total domestic and foreign output created by the residents of a certain country.
(v) Access to resources. It is measured in terms of purchasing power.

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