Online Voting System

PROJECT REPORT
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements

For the award of Bachelor of Computer Application Degree (14)

LNCT UNIVERSITY, BHOPAL (M.P.) (20)

MAJOR PROJECT REPORT (14)

Submitted by (14)

Abhishek Sharma (LNCCBCA11109)

Aryan singh (Enrollment No.)

Alok Yadav(LNCCBCA11120.)

Ramji sen (Enrollment No.)

Under the Guidance of (14)

<College Guide Name>

BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATION (14)

LNCT UNIVERSITY, BHOPAL (M.P.) (16)

JAN-JUNE- 2025
 LNCT UNIVERSITY, BHOPAL (M.P.) (18)
BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATION (14)

CERTIFICATE (16)
This is to certify that the work embodied in this Minor project report “Online Voting System” has been satisfactorily

completed by Name of Student-1 (Enrollment No.) (14), Name of Student-2 (Enrollment No.) (14), Name of Student-3

(Enrollment No.) (14), Name of Student-4 (Enrollment No.) (14). It is a bona fide piece of work, carried out under my

guidance in the Bachelor of Computer Application, LNCT University, Bhopal for the partial fulfillment of the Bachelor

JAN-JUNE
of Computer Application degree during the academic session , 2025. (14)

Guided By

<College Guide Name>

Approved By

Head of Department

Forwarded by

Director

LNCT UNIVERSITY, BHOPAL (14)

 LNCT UNIVERSITY, BHOPAL (M.P.) (18)
BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATION (14)

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL (16)

This foregoing minor project report is hereby approved as a creditable study of a Computer Application Subject carried out

and presented in a manner satisfactory to warranty its acceptance as a prerequisite to the degree for which it has been

submitted. It is understood that by this approval the undersigned do not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made,

opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but approve the thesis only for the purpose for which it has been submitted.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

LNCT UNIVERSITY, BHOPAL (M.P.) (18)

BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATION (14)

DECLARATION (16)
We, Name of Student-1 (Enrollment No.) (14), Name of Student-2 (Enrollment No.) (14), Name of Student-3 (Enrollment No.)

(14), Name of Student-4 (Enrollment No.) (14) a student of Bachelor of Computer Application, LNCT University,

Bhopal, hereby declare that the work presented in this Minor Project is outcome of my own work, is bona fide, correct to the

best of my knowledge and this work has been carried out taking care of Engineering Ethics. The work presented does not

infringe any patented work and has not been submitted to any University for the award of any degree or any professional

diploma.

Name of Student-1 (Enrollment No.) (14),

Name of Student-2 (Enrollment No.) (14),

Name of Student-3 (Enrollment No.) (14),

Name of Student-4 (Enrollment No.) (14).

Date : xx-xx-xxxx(14)
 CONTENTS
Chapter 1. Introduction 1

1.1 Introduction of project 1

1.2 Analysis of project 1

1.3 Backend and Front end 3

1.3.1 system configuration 5

…..

…..

…..

…..

Bibliography 118
 BIBLIOGRAPHY (In below format )
1.
Han J. and Kamber M. (2003): “Data Mining, Concepts and Techniques”, Academic Press, 2003.

2.
Hand D., Mannila H. and Smyth P. (2001): “Principle of Data Mining”. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 2001.

3. rd
J. Han and M. Kamber (2011): “Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques”, Morgan Kaufmann Pub., 3 ed., 2011.

4.
Berson (1997): “Data warehousing, Data Mining & DLAP, Computing” Mcgraw-Hill, 1997.

5. ed
W. H. Inmon (2005): “Building the Data Warehouse”, 3 , Wiley India, 2005.

(Note: this only for example how write bibliography.)

1.1 Introduction of the Project

Introduction

In the contemporary world of digital transformation, technology continues to redefine the manner in which democratic processes are conducted. Voting, a fundamental pillar of democ-
racy, has traditionally relied on manual, paper-based systems that are often inefficient, costly, and vulnerable to fraud. To address these challenges, the concept of an Online Voting Sys-
tem emerges as a modern, secure, and efficient alternative. This project proposes the development and implementation of an Online Voting System designed to enhance the electoral
process through automation and digital accessibility.

An Online Voting System allows registered voters to cast their votes electronically, eliminating the need for physical presence at polling stations. The aim of this project is to create a plat-
form that ensures ease of use, transparency, accuracy, and security while maintaining the confidentiality of votes. By leveraging contemporary web technologies and secure backend infra-
structures, the system will streamline the election process, reduce administrative overheads, and encourage greater voter participation.

This project holds particular relevance in educational institutions, corporations, government elections, and other organisational voting scenarios where time efficiency and data accuracy
are essential. The motivation behind this work lies in addressing the growing demand for safe and transparent voting mechanisms that keep pace with technological advancement and meet
public expectations for integrity and accountability.

Objectives of the Project

The main objectives of the Online Voting System project are:

1. To develop a user-friendly online voting interface for voters and administrators.

2. To ensure the integrity and confidentiality of the voting process.
3. To automate vote counting and result generation to minimise human error.
4. To enable secure user authentication and authorisation using ID verification.
5. To store voting data securely with audit logging capabilities for post-election review.
6. To improve voter participation by enabling access from anywhere via internet-enabled devices.

Need for the Project

Traditional voting systems, particularly paper-based ballots, are susceptible to several shortcomings, including:

 Long queues and wait times at polling stations.

 High cost of materials, labour, and logistics.
 Risk of human error in vote counting.
 Vulnerability to tampering, ballot stuffing, and fraud.
 Limited accessibility for remote or differently-abled voters.
These limitations necessitate the need for an Online Voting System that simplifies the process and enhances electoral integrity. The global shift towards digitalisation and e-governance
also demands the adoption of innovative voting methods that cater to modern needs.

Scope of the Project

The scope of this project encompasses the design, development, and testing of an end-to-end voting system accessible via web browsers. The system will have two primary modules:

1. Admin Module: Responsible for managing elections, verifying users, publishing candidate lists, and monitoring votes.
2. Voter Module: Allows eligible users to log in securely, view candidate details, and cast their votes.

The system is intended for small to medium-scale elections, such as student council elections, society board elections, and local organisational votes. It is built with scalability in mind to
extend for larger use cases with further development.

Methodology

The project follows a structured software development life cycle (SDLC) using the waterfall model, including the following phases:

1. Requirement Analysis – Identifying system requirements from stakeholders.

2. System Design – Designing UI/UX layouts, database schemas, and data flow diagrams.
3. Implementation – Coding the backend logic and frontend interfaces using technologies like HTML, CSS, JavaScript, PHP/Python, and MySQL.
4. Testing – Conducting functional, usability, and security testing.
5. Deployment and Maintenance – Hosting the system on a server and addressing updates and improvements.

Features of the System

The Online Voting System will offer several key features, including:

 Secure login system for voters and administrators.

 Real-time voting updates and confirmation of successful votes.
 Access control to ensure only authorised users can vote.
 Audit trail for administrators to track voting activity.
 Vote anonymity to protect the privacy of users.
 Automated result display upon election completion.

Advantages of the Online Voting System

1. Time-saving – No need to travel to polling locations.

2. Cost-effective – Reduces the expense of printing, transportation, and staffing.
3. Improved accuracy – Minimises human error during vote counting.
4. Higher accessibility – Enables remote participation.
5. Environment-friendly – Reduces paper usage.
6. User convenience – Easy-to-use interface on common devices like laptops and smartphones.

Challenges in Developing the System

Despite its benefits, there are several challenges associated with building a robust Online Voting System:
  Ensuring data security against cyber threats and breaches.
 Maintaining vote anonymity while enabling result transparency.
 Building trust among users sceptical of electronic voting.
 Scalability and performance under high traffic conditions.
 Legal and ethical considerations in implementing such systems.

Conclusion

The Online Voting System represents a significant innovation in modern democratic processes. By digitising the electoral mechanism, the system offers a reliable, secure, and accessible
solution to traditional voting challenges. This project not only provides a practical tool for conducting small-scale elections but also serves as a foundation for future expansion into more
complex electoral contexts.

Through this project, we aim to demonstrate the potential of digital solutions in public service and governance, laying the groundwork for more advanced e-voting systems. The system
aligns with contemporary needs for efficiency, transparency, and inclusivity in voting, making it a relevant and impactful contribution to the digital era.

1.2 Analysis of the Project

1.2.1 Introduction to Analysis

Before designing and implementing an Online Voting System, a thorough analysis is essential to ensure the success and functionality of the final product. This analysis includes an in-
depth study of user needs, technical requirements, functional specifications, and environmental conditions. It also highlights the system’s feasibility, reliability, and performance
expectations.
In this section, we examine all critical components influencing the system, ensuring it aligns with modern software standards, democratic principles, and cybersecurity guidelines.

1.2.2 Problem Definition

The manual voting systems currently employed in many organisations, universities, and even local governmental elections face numerous issues:

 Inefficiency in managing large voter populations.

 Delays in vote counting and result declaration.
 Increased costs due to paper, logistics, and manpower.
 Voter fraud and impersonation.
 Limited accessibility for remote voters or individuals with disabilities.

This system aims to address these issues by offering a digital alternative that is fast, reliable, and secure.

1.2.3 System Study

A. Existing System

The existing voting process typically involves ballot papers, physical presence at polling stations, manual verification of voter identities, and manual counting of votes. While reliable in
concept, this system:

 Is labour-intensive and time-consuming.

 Can suffer from inaccurate results due to human error.
 Is not environmentally sustainable due to excessive paper usage.
 Fails to address the needs of voters who cannot attend in person.

B. Proposed System

The proposed Online Voting System provides:

 Electronic identity verification through login credentials or tokens.

 Real-time vote tracking and encrypted data storage.
 Instant result generation, eliminating manual counting.
 Web-based access, allowing voters to cast votes from anywhere.

1.2.4 Feasibility Study

Before initiating development, a feasibility analysis was conducted to determine whether the system is viable in terms of cost, time, and technical requirements.

A. Technical Feasibility

The system is technologically feasible as it will be developed using widely supported tools:

 Frontend: HTML, CSS, JavaScript

 Backend: PHP/Python with MySQL or PostgreSQL
 Server: Apache or NGINX
These tools are open-source, well-documented, and compatible across multiple platforms.

B. Economic Feasibility

The cost of development is minimal due to the use of open-source tools. Additionally, it eliminates future costs related to:

 Printing ballot papers

 Hiring polling officers
 Transportation of voting materials

C. Operational Feasibility

End-users (voters and administrators) can operate the system with minimal training. Its interface is user-friendly, and access is possible via laptops and smartphones.

D. Legal Feasibility

Although legally applicable only in certain controlled environments (e.g. universities or private organisations), the system complies with general data protection regulations (GDPR) and
digital privacy standards.

1.2.5 Requirements Analysis

A. Functional Requirements

 User registration/login for both voters and admins.

 Secure authentication system to verify identity.
 Candidate registration and display.
 Vote casting and submission.
 Result computation and announcement.
 Audit logs and vote history for admin purposes.

B. Non-Functional Requirements

 Performance: The system should support up to 1,000 users concurrently.

 Reliability: 99.9% uptime during voting period.
 Usability: Simple and intuitive UI.
 Security: End-to-end encryption, captcha for login, and input sanitisation.
 Scalability: Ability to extend to larger elections with slight modifications.

1.2.6 Use Case Analysis

Primary Use Cases:

Actor Use Case Description

Admin Login and Manage Election Manages voters, candidates, and activates voting session.
 Actor Use Case Description

Voter Login and Cast Vote Authenticated users can view candidates and vote once.

System Validate Vote and Store in DB Ensures the vote is valid and records it securely.

1.2.7 SWOT Analysis

Strengths:

 Secure, fast, and cost-effective.

 Easy to use with real-time result computation.
 Accessible from any location.

Weaknesses:

 Internet dependency.
 Requires digital literacy among voters.

Opportunities:

 Scalable to public elections with improved legal support.

 Integration with national ID systems for verification.

Threats:

 Cybersecurity attacks (e.g., DDoS, data breach).

 Voter scepticism about digital voting reliability.

1.2.8 Risk Analysis

Risk Likelihood Impact Mitigation Strategy

Server Downtime Medium High Use of backup servers and cloud hosting.

User Data Breach Low Very High Implement HTTPS, hashed passwords, SQL injection prevention.

Multiple Voting Low High Use of unique voter tokens and session tracking.

System Misuse (Admin fraud) Medium High Role-based access controls and audit logs.
1.2.9 Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

Level 0 DFD

 User → System → Authentication → Vote Database

Level 1 DFD
 Admin: Create Election, Add Candidates
 Voter: Login → Cast Vote → Receive Confirmation
 System: Process Vote → Update Database → Show Results

(A diagram can be created using tools like Lucidchart, draw.io or by hand for printing)

1.2.10 Conclusion of Analysis

Through comprehensive analysis, this project confirms that the Online Voting System is a feasible, reliable, and efficient solution to the limitations of traditional voting methods. It
improves transparency and accessibility, reduces costs, and aligns with technological advancements. The next phase will involve architectural planning, interface design, backend and
frontend development, and practical coding of the application.

1.3 Backend and Frontend

1.3.1 Overview of System Architecture

The Online Voting System is designed using a three-tier architecture:

1. Presentation Layer (Frontend) – User interface for voters and administrators.

2. Application Layer (Backend) – Handles business logic, authentication, and vote processing.
3. Data Layer (Database) – Stores user, vote, and election data securely.

1.3.2 Technologies Used

Component Technology

Frontend HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Bootstrap

Backend PHP (or Python Flask/Django)

Database MySQL (or PostgreSQL)

Server Apache (via XAMPP/WAMP)

Security HTTPS, SHA-256 password hashing, Input validation

Tools VS Code, phpMyAdmin, Postman (API testing), Git

1.3.3 Frontend Development

The frontend is the interface used by voters and admins. It should be clean, intuitive, and responsive.

A. Homepage (index.html)

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en">

<head>

<meta charset="UTF-8">

<title>Online Voting System</title>

<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">

</head>

<body>

<h1>Welcome to the Online Voting System</h1>

<a href="login.html">Login</a> | <a href="register.html">Register</a>

</body>

</html>

B. Login Page (login.html)

<form action="login.php" method="post">

<label>Username:</label>
<input type="text" name="username" required>
<label>Password:</label>
<input type="password" name="password" required>
<button type="submit">Login</button>
</form>
C. Vote Page (vote.html)
<h2>Choose your Candidate</h2>
<form action="submit_vote.php" method="post">
<input type="radio" name="candidate" value="Candidate A"> Candidate A<br>
<input type="radio" name="candidate" value="Candidate B"> Candidate B<br>
<button type="submit">Submit Vote</button>
</form>
D. CSS (styles.css)
body {
font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;
margin: 20px;
 background-color: #f9f9f9;
}
form {
padding: 10px;
border: 1px solid #ccc;
background-color: #fff;
}

1.3.4 Backend Development (PHP Version)

A. Database Configuration (MySQL)
CREATE DATABASE voting_system;
CREATE TABLE users (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
username VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
password VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
role ENUM('voter', 'admin') DEFAULT 'voter',
has_voted BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE
);
CREATE TABLE candidates (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
votes INT DEFAULT 0
);
B. User Registration (register.php)
<?php
$conn = new mysqli("localhost", "root", "", "voting_system");
$username = $_POST['username'];
$password = password_hash($_POST['password'], PASSWORD_DEFAULT);
$conn->query("INSERT INTO users (username, password) VALUES ('$username', '$password')");
echo "Registered successfully!";
?>
C. Login Verification (login.php)
<?php
$conn = new mysqli("localhost", "root", "", "voting_system");
$username = $_POST['username'];
$password = $_POST['password'];
$result = $conn->query("SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = '$username'");
$row = $result->fetch_assoc();
if (password_verify($password, $row['password'])) {
session_start();
$_SESSION['user_id'] = $row['id'];
header("Location: vote.html");
} else {
echo "Login failed";
}
?>
D. Vote Submission (submit_vote.php)
<?php
session_start();
$user_id = $_SESSION['user_id'];
$candidate = $_POST['candidate'];
$conn = new mysqli("localhost", "root", "", "voting_system");
// Check if user has already voted
$check = $conn->query("SELECT has_voted FROM users WHERE id = $user_id");
$row = $check->fetch_assoc();
if ($row['has_voted']) {
echo "You have already voted.";
} else {
$conn->query("UPDATE candidates SET votes = votes + 1 WHERE name = '$candidate'");
$conn->query("UPDATE users SET has_voted = 1 WHERE id = $user_id");
echo "Vote submitted successfully.";
}
?>

1.3.5 Admin Dashboard (admin.php)

<?php
$conn = new mysqli("localhost", "root", "", "voting_system");
$result = $conn->query("SELECT name, votes FROM candidates");
echo "<h2>Election Results</h2><table>";
while ($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {
echo "<tr><td>{$row['name']}</td><td>{$row['votes']} votes</td></tr>";
}
echo "</table>";
?>

1.3.6 Security Measures

1. Password Hashing – Using password_hash() to store passwords securely.

2. Session Handling – PHP sessions to restrict vote access to logged-in users.

3. SQL Injection Protection – Use prepared statements in real deployment.
4. HTTPS – Secures data in transit.
5. Captcha and OTP (optional) – For enhanced user verification.

1.3.7 Testing the System

Functional testing scenarios:

Test Case Expected Outcome

User Registration New account created

Login with valid credentials Redirect to vote page

Submit vote Vote count increases, message shown

Double voting attempt Error message: Already voted

Admin checks results Table with candidates and vote counts

1.3.8 Responsive Design and UX

The frontend is made responsive using Bootstrap or media queries to allow voting via:
 Desktop/Laptops
 Tablets
 Mobile Phones

This ensures inclusivity and accessibility for all voters.

1.3.9 Error Handling and Logging

 All failed login attempts can be logged.

 Input validation for empty/invalid fields.
 Error messages displayed in a user-friendly manner.

1.3.10 Deployment and Hosting

For local testing:

 Use XAMPP or WAMP to run PHP + MySQL on your laptop.

 Database managed via phpMyAdmin.
 Access system at http://localhost/voting_system/.

For cloud hosting:

 Use platforms like Heroku, Hostinger, or DigitalOcean.

 Migrate database and secure with SSL/TLS.

Conclusion of Backend & Frontend

The development of the Online Voting System has been structured with practical implementation using real-world tools. The frontend ensures an intuitive experience for users while the
backend guarantees data security and logical integrity. This implementation supports the key pillars of modern voting: accessibility, transparency, and reliability.

1.3.1.1 Introduction to System Configuration

System configuration is a crucial phase in setting up the Online Voting System to ensure it operates efficiently, securely, and at scale. This involves configuring the underlying hardware,
software, network settings, and environment to meet the performance, security, and usability requirements of the system.

In this section, we will cover the hardware and software requirements, installation steps, server configuration, and network setup necessary for deploying the Online Voting System.

1.3.1.2 Hardware and Software Requirements

A. Hardware Requirements

The Online Voting System is designed to run on typical modern server or cloud environments. Below are the hardware specifications:

1. Server:
o Processor: Intel Core i5 or higher
o RAM: 8 GB or more
o Storage: 500 GB HDD or SSD
o Network: Minimum 1 Gbps connection
o Backup: External storage or cloud-based backup for data recovery

2. Client Machines (for voters and admins):

o Processor: Intel Core i3 or higher
o RAM: 4 GB or more
o Storage: 50 GB or more
o Display: Minimum 1366x768 resolution (HD)

B. Software Requirements

The following software tools and technologies are necessary for the deployment of the system:

1. Web Server:
o Apache HTTP Server 2.x or NGINX

2. Database Server:
o MySQL 5.x or PostgreSQL 12.x

3. Backend Framework:
o PHP 7.x or Python (Flask/Django)

4. Frontend Technologies:
o HTML5, CSS3, JavaScript, Bootstrap for responsive design

5. Operating System:
o Linux (Ubuntu or CentOS recommended) or Windows Server (Windows 10 or Server 2016+)

6. Other Tools:
o phpMyAdmin or Adminer for database management
o Git for version control
o Visual Studio Code or Sublime Text as a code editor

1.3.1.3 Installation of Necessary Software

A. Installing Apache Web Server

1. For Ubuntu/Linux:

sudo apt update

sudo apt install apache2

sudo systemctl start apache2

sudo systemctl enable apache2

2. For Windows:

Download XAMPP (which includes Apache, MySQL, and PHP) from here.

Follow the installation wizard to install and configure XAMPP.

B. Installing MySQL Database Server

1. For Ubuntu/Linux:

sudo apt install mysql-server

sudo mysql_secure_installation

sudo systemctl start mysql

sudo systemctl enable mysql

2. For Windows:

Download MySQL Community Server from here.

Follow the setup guide to install MySQL.

C. Installing PHP (for Backend)

1. For Ubuntu/Linux:

sudo apt install php libapache2-mod-php php-mysql

sudo systemctl restart apache2

2. For Windows:

Install PHP using XAMPP or directly from the PHP download page.

Configure PHP by modifying the php.ini file.

D. Installing Frontend Dependencies

Frontend libraries such as Bootstrap and jQuery can be added via a CDN or by downloading them.

Example CDN for Bootstrap and jQuery:

<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.5.2/css/bootstrap.min.css">

<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.5.1.slim.min.js"></script>
1.3.1.4 Database Configuration

To set up the MySQL database for the Online Voting System:

1. Create the Database:

sql
CopyEdit
CREATE DATABASE voting_system;

2. Create the Users Table:

sql
CopyEdit
CREATE TABLE users (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
username VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
password VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
role ENUM('voter', 'admin') DEFAULT 'voter',
has_voted BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE
);

3. Create the Candidates Table:

sql
CopyEdit
CREATE TABLE candidates (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
votes INT DEFAULT 0
);

4. Populate Initial Data (Optional):

sql
CopyEdit
INSERT INTO candidates (name) VALUES ('Candidate A'), ('Candidate B');

5. Configure Database Connection (PHP):

php
CopyEdit
$conn = new mysqli('localhost', 'root', '', 'voting_system');
if ($conn->connect_error) {
die('Connection failed: ' . $conn->connect_error);
}

1.3.1.5 Server Configuration

The server configuration ensures that the system operates smoothly and securely, even under load.

A. Configuring Apache (or NGINX)

1. Apache Configuration (for PHP applications):

o Edit /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf to point to the project folder:

bash
CopyEdit
DocumentRoot /var/www/html/voting_system

2. NGINX Configuration:
o Edit /etc/nginx/sites-available/default:

nginx
CopyEdit
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
root /var/www/html/voting_system;
index index.php index.html index.htm;
}

3. Restart Apache or NGINX:

bash
CopyEdit
sudo systemctl restart apache2
sudo systemctl restart nginx

1.3.1.6 Network Configuration and Security

A. Configuring Firewalls and Port Access

Ensure that port 80 (HTTP) and 443 (HTTPS) are open for web traffic:

 For Ubuntu/Linux:

bash
CopyEdit
sudo ufw allow 80,443/tcp
sudo ufw enable

 For Windows, allow Apache through the firewall by following the prompts during installation or configuring manually via Control Panel > Windows Defender Firewall >
Allowed Apps.

B. Enabling HTTPS (SSL/TLS)

For secure data transmission:

1. Obtain SSL certificate from a provider like Let's Encrypt.

2. Install SSL:

bash
CopyEdit
sudo apt install certbot python3-certbot-apache
sudo certbot --apache

3. Force HTTPS by redirecting all HTTP requests to HTTPS in the Apache config:
apache
CopyEdit
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTPS} off
RewriteRule ^ https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI} [L,R=301]

C. Data Encryption and Hashing

 Password Hashing: Use PHP’s password_hash() to store encrypted passwords.

 Data Encryption: Ensure sensitive data like votes and user details are encrypted in the database.

1.3.1.7 Cloud Hosting Configuration (Optional)

For scalable deployment, consider using cloud platforms like Heroku, DigitalOcean, or AWS.

1. Heroku:
o Deploy the system using Git:

bash
CopyEdit
git push heroku master

o Ensure that the MySQL database is provisioned through ClearDB or JawsDB.

2. DigitalOcean/AWS:
o Set up a LAMP stack (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP) on a virtual private server.
o Configure DNS, security groups, and SSL.

1.3.1.8 Backup and Recovery

It is crucial to maintain backups of the system, especially the database:

 Daily Backups: Use MySQL dump or automated scripts to back up the database.
 System Snapshots: Use server snapshot capabilities from cloud providers like AWS or DigitalOcean.
 Data Recovery: In case of failure, restore the most recent backup to ensure minimal data loss.

1.3.1.9 Conclusion of System Configuration

System configuration is essential to ensure that the Online Voting System is secure, scalable, and efficient. By setting up the necessary hardware, software, database, and security
protocols, the system can reliably serve users during elections. The configuration also ensures that the system is ready to handle high traffic loads, sensitive data, and real-time vote
processing.