RDT ANS

Here are the detailed answers to each question from your document:

UNIT-1

1. How would you differentiate between primary and secondary data?

• Primary Data: Data collected firsthand for a specific purpose. Examples: surveys,
interviews, and experiments.
• Secondary Data: Data collected by someone else for a different purpose but used for
the current research. Examples: books, journals, government reports.
• Difference: Primary data is original and specific to the research, while secondary data
is already existing and may need verification.

2. What do you understand by secondary data and why is it important to obtain

secondary data before primary data?

• Secondary Data: Information collected by others and available through sources like
books, research papers, and government publications.
• Importance:
o Saves time and cost.
o Provides background information.
o Helps refine research objectives.
o Identifies gaps for primary data collection.

3. Define 'data' and explain its significance. Analyze the importance of checking data
for reliability, suitability, and adequacy.

• Data: Raw facts and figures that are processed to obtain useful information.
• Significance:
o Basis for decision-making.
o Helps in identifying trends and patterns.
• Reliability: Ensures data consistency over multiple trials.
• Suitability: Data should be relevant to research.
• Adequacy: Sufficient volume of data for accurate conclusions.

4. What are the advantages and limitations of secondary data? List sources of published
secondary data.

• Advantages:
o Cost and time efficiency.
o Provides historical data.
• Limitations:
o May be outdated or inaccurate.
o Not specific to the current research needs.
• Sources:
 o Government reports.
o Research journals.
o Books and newspapers.

5. "It is never safe to take published statistics at their face value without knowing their
meaning and limitation." Explain.

• Explanation:
o Statistics can be manipulated.
o Context must be understood.
• Points to Consider:
o Source credibility.
o Methodology used.
o Timeliness and bias.

6. What do you understand by primary data and explain its advantages and limitations?

• Primary Data: Data collected specifically for research.

• Advantages:
o More accurate and relevant.
o Customizable to research needs.
• Limitations:
o Expensive and time-consuming.
o Subject to response bias.

7. "Processing of data implies editing, coding, classification, and tabulation." Describe

these operations.

• Editing: Checking errors.

• Coding: Assigning numerical values.
• Classification: Grouping similar data.
• Tabulation: Arranging data in tables.

8. Problems in classification according to class intervals and their solutions.

• Problems:
o Choosing number of classes.
o Setting class limits.
o Assigning frequency.
• Solutions:
o Use Sturges’ rule for class numbers.
o Choose equal class width.
o Use cumulative frequency distribution.

9. Why is tabulation essential in research? Characteristics of a good table.

• Importance:
o Summarizes data effectively.
o Makes analysis easy.
• Characteristics:
 o Simplicity.
o Clarity.
o Proper headings.

10. Explain applications and principles of data presentation.

• Applications:
o Used in business, economics, and scientific research.
• Principles:
o Clarity.
o Accuracy.
o Visual appeal.

11. What do you mean by data visualization? Explain its advantages and limitations.

• Data Visualization: Graphical representation of data.

• Advantages:
o Easy interpretation.
o Identifies trends quickly.
• Limitations:
o Can be misleading.
o Requires expertise.

12. Best-suited conditions for different visualization methods.

• Histogram: Frequency distribution.

• Frequency curve: Continuous data trend.
• Ogives: Cumulative frequency distribution.
• Line Graph: Trends over time.

13. Basic chart formatting rules.

• Use appropriate colors and fonts.

• Label axes correctly.
• Keep it simple and clear.

14. What do you mean by diagrams? How does it differ from graphs?

• Diagrams: Pictorial representations (e.g., pie charts).

• Graphs: Mathematical representations (e.g., line graphs).
• When to use diagrams: When comparison or proportion is needed.

15. Strategy for communicating complex findings effectively.

• Use visuals.
• Simplify technical language.
• Focus on key insights.

16. Distinguish between:

 • Field Editing vs. Central Editing: Field editing is done during data collection;
central editing is done after collection.
• Simple vs. Complex Tabulation: Simple tabulation has one variable; complex
tabulation has multiple variables.

UNIT-2

1. Difference between descriptive and inferential statistics.

• Descriptive Statistics: Summarizes data (mean, median, mode).

• Inferential Statistics: Draws conclusions from data (hypothesis testing).

2. What does a measure of central tendency indicate?

• Represents the central value of a dataset.

• Types:
o Mean: Average value.
o Median: Middle value.
o Mode: Most frequent value.

3. Importance of Mean, Median, and Mode in research analysis.

• Mean: Useful for numerical data.

• Median: Best for skewed distributions.
• Mode: Best for categorical data.

4. Use of mean in frequency distribution and weighted mean.

• Mean in Frequency Distribution: Sum of (value × frequency) / total frequency.

• Weighted Mean: Assigns different weights to values.

5. Importance of analyzing variability in data.

• Variability: Measures dispersion in data.

• Measures:
o Range.
o Variance.
o Standard deviation.

6. What is sampling in data collection? Advantages.

• Sampling: Selecting a subset for analysis.

• Advantages:
o Cost-effective.
o Less time-consuming.

7. Define:
 • Sample: Selected subset.
• Sample Design: Plan for selecting a sample.
• Sample Survey: Study based on sample.
• Sampling Frame: List of elements to be sampled.
• Sampling Error: Deviation from true value.

8. What is sampling distribution?

• Distribution of a statistic over many samples.

9. Difference between Sample Distribution, Population Distribution, and Sampling

Distribution.

• Sample Distribution: Distribution of sample data.

• Population Distribution: Distribution of entire population.
• Sampling Distribution: Distribution of sample statistics.

10. What do you mean by hypothesis? How does it differ from a problem?

• Hypothesis: A testable assumption.

• Problem: A research question.

11. Characteristics of a good hypothesis.

• Testable.
• Based on existing knowledge.
• Clearly stated.

12. When is a hypothesis formulated? Purpose and function.

• Formulated before research begins.

• Purpose: Guide research.

13. Null and Alternative Hypothesis.

• Null Hypothesis (H₀): No effect or difference.

• Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): Presence of an effect.

14. Steps in hypothesis testing.

1. Define hypotheses.
2. Select significance level.
3. Choose test statistic.
4. Compute test statistic.
5. Make a decision.

15. Type 1 and Type 2 errors.

• Type 1 Error: Rejecting a true null hypothesis.

• Type 2 Error: Accepting a false null hypothesis.
16. One-tailed vs. Two-tailed test.

• One-tailed: Tests direction (greater or less).

• Two-tailed: Tests both directions.

Would you like explanations with examples for any specific questions?