Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.0 GENERAL :

GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast Slag) and steel slag are both byproducts of
steel production. GGBS is a fine, granulated slag that is commonly used in concrete as a
cement replacement, while steel slag is often used as an aggregate in concrete or road
construction. Steel slag can also be used in cement production and other applications
like wastewater treatment.

Ground granulated blast slag (GGBS) and steel slag are both byproducts of steel
production, but with distinct properties and applications. GGBS, a fine powder, is a
cementitious material used to replace cement in concrete, reducing carbon emissions
and improving concrete's durability. Steel slag, produced during steelmaking, can be
used as a granular aggregate in concrete or as a backfilling material for roads.

1.2 :SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES

• The scope and objective of this present project investigation is to increase the
strength of concrete by using GGBS & steel slag.
• To increase the strength of cocrete by partial replacement of coarse aggrigate with
steel slang which is a weast material product from steel industries.

1.3 : ADVANTAGES OF GGBS :

• GGBS improves workability,pumpability,and reduces thermal cracking. It also

increases long- Term strength and resistance to chemical attacks, making it suitable
for marine environments.
• Reduced Heat of Hydration:The rate of heat evolution is reduced when GGBS is
used, thermal cracing and improving durability, according to JSW Cement and
IAEME Publication.
• Sustainability:GGBS reduces reliance on traditional cement production, which is
carbonintensive, according to
• Cost-Effectiveness:Using GGBS can be more Better than using pure cement in all aspects
• Reduced Environmental Impact: GGBS is a byproduct of iron and steel production,
so its use minimizes waste and reduces emissions.

1.4 :STEEL SLAG ADVANTAGES:

• High-Strength Aggregate: Steel slag, when properly processed and graded, can be
used as a highquality aggregate road construction.
• Durable and Resistant: It offers high strength, abrasion resistance, and skid
resistance, making it suitable for areas with heavy traffic.

1
• Cement Clinker Raw Mix: Steel slag can be used as a raw mix component in cement
production, reducing energy consumption and the need for traditional raw materials,
according to IAEME Publication and ScienceDirect.com.
• Environmental Benefits: Utilizing steel slag reduces waste and can contribute to carbon capture.
• Cost-Effective Alternative: In some cases, steel slag can be a more cost-effective
alternative to traditional aggregates and raw materials.

Figure 1.1:Steel Slang Figure 1.2 : GGBS

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Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Vishnhgupta .P. Sravana, P. Srinivasa Rao (2014)

‘research on energy behaviour of excessive volumes of slag in concrete‘Investigated the

results on compressive energy, break up tensile energy and flexural power of concrete at
28, ninety, a hundred and eighty and 360 days by using partial alternative of cement with
GGBS on. He used 50% GGBS as replacement material of cement an extensively utilized
various water/binder ratios are zero.45, 0.forty, zero.36, 0.32, zero.30 and 0.27. He found
that the electricity gain with the aid of replacement of slag is inversely proportional to the
water/ binder ratio and slag concrete gains appreciable amount of electricity at later ages
(ninety days onwards). He observed out that the electricity of high quantity of slag concrete
is more at later a long time because fee of hydration of slag with Ca(OH)2 and water is
gradual. He concluded that on substitute of cement by means of 50% GGBS helps to
reduce the cement content material of concrete, thereby decreasing the fee of concrete and
also protecting the environment from pollution.

Reshma Rupa and Jaylalitha (2010)

‘Partial replacement of cement via floor granulated blast furnace slag in con- crete‘Studied
the results on various houses of concrete which includes compressive energy, tensile energy,
splitting energy, flexure power, modulus of elasticity, drying shrinkage and preliminary
floor absorption by way of partial replacement of OPC via GGBS on. The assessments were
conducted with alternative ranging from 30 % to 50% at 7and 28 days. It become observed
that compressive electricity is lower on the early age however increase after the later age
time. Flexural strength of take a look at specimens elevated via 22% and 24%, tensile
power increased by 12% and17% for 30% and 50% substitute respectively. Drying
shrinkage expanded through 3% and 4%. Static modulus of elasticity will increase through
five% and thirteen%. based totally on the effects the surest mix was the only with 50%
GGBS

Mohammed Siraj, Janaka prasad, A.ok.Mohan (2008)

‘energy improvement of cement mortar and urban incorporating GGBFS’Studied the

impact of curing manner on the cement mortar and urban incorporating floor granulated
blast furnace slag compressive electricity improvement. The compressive energy
improvement of cement mortar is calculated by using the 20, forty and 60 percent
substitute of GGBS for extraordinary sorts of sand. further the energy development of
3
concrete is investigated with 20, forty and 60 percentage alternative of GGBS on grades of
concrete. exams outcomes display that the incorporating 20% and forty% GGBS is
incredibly sizeable to growth the compressive power of mortar after 28 days and one
hundred fifty days, respectively.

Santosh Varma. Rama Rao, P. Markandeya Raju (2015)

‘Partial alternative of cement with GGBS in concrete’researched by the usage of 30%,

forty% and 50% as cement substitute tiers and cured the specimens of M20 and M40 And
even M60 grade of concrete for 28 and 90 days. He examined numerous homes of concrete
and located that the compressive power and tensile power of mortar mixes with slag whilst
decided on the a long time of seven, 14, 28 and days decreases at early a long time of curing
(3 and 7 days). The specimens showed boom in compressive strength when tested at 7 and
28 days, for 20% substitute of cement. Concrete cubes were additionally exposed to H2O
and HCl of one% and 5% awareness and have been examined for compressive power at 90
days and 28 days respectively.

C. Sabeer Alavi, I. Bhaskar, R. Venkata Subramani (2013):

‘strength and durability traits of GGBS based totally SSC ‘Studied the results of partial
alternative of cement with 10 - 50% of GGBS and found that 30% GGBS replacement is
good as beyond that the compressive energy begins lowering. He also concluded that the cut
up tensile strength and flexural strength carried out at 7 and 28 days will increase with
growth in GGBS content material. It changed into also located that the workability
increases with the growth in percent of GGBS

Magandeep Singh, Ragavendra parka and yugandr Singh (2013):

‘usage of floor granulated blast furnace slag to improve homes of concrete ‘ In there paper
found that after alternative of GGBS increases from 10 to 40 %, the stoop values of diverse
mix proportions of GGBS concretes extended. Compressive strength and flexural strength
decrease with boom in percent of GGBS at the age of 7 and 28 days however it will increase
with the increase in percentage of GGBS at the age of 56 days. He additionally located that
the cut up tensile energy of the combination with 20% and 30% cement alternative better
executed than at age of 56 days wherein as the mix with forty% cement substitute showed a
lower in power at 56 days. The sulphate resistance and chloride resistance improved within
the specimens with 30% GGBS content than the specimens without GGBS. that is due to
the power gain which takes longer time for the GGBS concrete due to the fact the
pozzolanic response is slow and relies upon on the calcium hydroxide availability.

Yogesh Patil, Prof P.N. Kishor , Dr, Ashok Dwivedi (2012):GGBS as partial alternative of
OPC in cement concrete ’Researched at the consequences on compressive electricity and
flexural electricity of concrete whilst cement is partially changed with various chances of
GGBS. The checks had been performed with substitute ranging from 10 % to forty % at 7,
28 and 90 days. It become located that the electricity of concrete is inversely proportional
4
to the proportion of alternative of cement with GGBS. The result shows the marginal
reduction of 4 – 6 % in compressive and flexural strength for 90 days curing with
replacement of OPC by way of GGBS up to 20%

Harsh Gupta et al (2017): The cause of this study became to look at the impact of steel slag
inclusive of converting the high quality part through zero%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and forty%
testing the concrete degree of M25 & M30 after 7, 14, 28 and Days 50 water remedies. A
difficult quantity of 20mm is selected and skilled with a 10mm clear out, an excellent
quantity of greater than four.75mm with a filter out and saved in a filter of six hundred
microns used.The end result shows that the maximum strength exchange price mixed is a
slag metallic for 7, 14, 28 days and 50 days for water restoration.

comparison of compression strength, flexibility and electricity to split regular concrete and
urban with Slag metallic as part substitute outcomes display that ordinary concrete
strength is slightly decrease than steel changed Slag.

The electricity of the separated slag increases by the way of increasing the share of iron
slag to 20%-30% weight at to its best mixture. extended tensile strength changed into about
sixteen.7% in 28 days recovery M25 concrete and elevated with aid of 1512%in 28 days of
M2 remedy. Flexural strength will increase within the share of iron slag up to 20%-30%
with the aid of weight of excellent mixture.

ISMAIL ET AL [2015] : in their research entitled increased carbonation and using steel
slag concrete as binding materials and aggregates. Experimental study, 60% of slag
metallic powders containing high loose CaO content material, 20% Portland cement up to
20% lively magnesia and lime mixed to repair binding compounds. Binding combinations
have been then used to solid concrete, while up to a hundred% of the herbal composite
cloth (limestone and river sand) become changed with steel slag aggregates. Concrete
changed into uncovered to carbonation restoration with a concentration of ninety nine.nine
% CO2 and a stress of zero.10 MPa at specific times (1d, 3-D, and 14d). carbonate
merchandise, compressive strength, microstructure, and power of concrete volume were
investigated. The outcomes of CO2 treatment on carbonation intensity, compressive
strength, and quantity stability of metal slag concrete as binding materials and aggregates
were investigated.

by means of compressed CO2. beneath ordinary moist curing, the compressive strength of
the concrete became combined with binding combos including 60% slag powders, up to
twenty% lime and magnesia, and handiest 20% of Portland cement changed into very low,
7.9 -10.7 MPa to -7. d and nine.four-eleven.five MPa for 28 d. but, they boom substantially
during subsequent CO2 treatment. The compressive power of concrete below CO2 curing
to fourteen d is extended via a coating of four.three -five.three in comparison to that of
cement moisture dealt with at 28 d. this is associated with the energy of concrete because of
the formation of carbonate merchandise. beneath humid remedy, the substitute of herbal
aggregates (limestone and river sand) with steel slag has had minimal impact on the
compression power of the concrete. CO2 remedy in metal slag concrete progressed its
volume power. then again, carbonation directly decreased the periclase and loose-CaO
content material in concrete.
5
RAMESWH ET AL [2017] :on this research entitled use of furnace slag (FS) and welding
slag (WS) as a substitute of satisfactory aggregates in concrete. The goal of this examine is
to have a look at the behavior of the WSA in HPC. For combinations containing WS, the 7
d compressive electricity of concrete cubes elevated from 10 to fifteen% and 28 d
compressive power expanded from 5 to 15%. It changed into concluded that five% of WS
and 10% FS alternative with nice aggregates is powerful for practical reason. On the basis
of the above literature, weld slag became potentially used in the manufacture of bricks and
as a alternative of great combination in concrete.Six mixture proportions have been made.
manipulate mixture (CM) without weld slag turned into organized and for different five
combinations, weld slag turned into replaced to great aggregates at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%,
respectively. To understand the combos, each aggregate turned into titled as CM, WSA 10,
WSA 20, WSA 30, WSA forty and WSA 50. WSA 20 denotes that the HPC mixture made
with 20% WSA changing

this report entitled effect of stainless-steel slag waste as a substitute for cement in mortars.
on this studies changing cement via stainless-steel slag waste and enhancing the mechanical
properties of the slag waste by way of the usage of one of a kind forms of treatment. The
cement changed into replaced with exclusive substitution percent of untreated chrome steel
slag and waste slag that became proceed to the crushing, burning, and both treatment to
decide the premier alternative ratio consistent with the mechanical properties. In this
situation based totally on multivariate element analysis to compare those continue waste in
line with their mechanical conduct. A mortar pattern with a mix percentage of
zero.5:1:three turned into designed because the manipulate mix. To examine SW with
cement made the use of common addition, 3 sets of cement with FA were manufactured
with exceptional substitution probabilities (10%,20%,and 30%). samples with different
substitution possibilities for the manufacture of cement mortar had been created to
investigate the cement capability of the stainless steel slag waste. The hardened mortar
changed into characterized in line with the six houses: bulk density, porosity, water
absorption, compressive and flexural electricity and dimensional instability. he shrinkage
age become much like or lowers than that of manipulate OPC cement in mixes with a
minimal substitution percent in the synthetic of cement and urban with metallic slag. In
cement mortar made with 20% and 30% SW, the shrinkage age cost elevated. Multivariate
analyses have been applied on compressive power, flexural energy and shrinkage because
they are essential parameters to assess the opportunity of using new cement. in this
evaluation have been executed on the end result of

parameters used at 28 days of FS and CS and at ninety days for SH from cement mortar.
The porosity of the fabric turned into determined the usage of SEM analysis at 28 days. It
suggests the high –decision snap shots of the fractured surfaces of different samples. The
cement mortar with the addition of SW did no longer gift massive pores.

RICHA POLLARD SV RAO AND G.D.RAMTAKER [2006] :steel Slag as Coarse and
first-rate aggregate Researchers Devi et al. studied the workability of concretesuch as SS as
mixture or sand and stated that workability of concrete decreases as the percentage of
replacement increases. as compared to herbal rocks, SS has high effect and crushing
strength. It has expanded skid resistance, fantastic affinity to bitumen and correct
6
resistance to sprucing. SS has excessive bulk density and is suitable for hydraulic
engineering functions .Its effect and crushing fee is excessive and has difficult surface
texture , those houses make it a terrific aggregate for unbound and bituminous certain
mixtures due to its high frictional and abrasion resistance, steel slag is used extensively in
business street s, intersections and parking areas in which high put on resistance is a ought
to. while in comparison to beaten limestone aggregates the physical properties of SS
aggregates had been located to be superior

7
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1
0
1
1
Chapter 3

MATERIALS USED IN THIS INVESTIGATION

3.1 GENERAL
An ever-evolving world needs constantly developing construction ways. In the present world,
concrete is one of the most widely used construction material. This can be due not along to the
large choice of applications that it offers, however in additions, its behavior, Strength,
affordability, durability and flexibility play vital roles. Therefore constructing building works
have faith in concrete as a secure, strong and simple object. It is utilized in all sorts of buildings
(from residential to multi story workplaces blocks) and in infrastructure comes (roads,
bridges, etc.,) Concrete is used for the development of foundations, columns, beams, slabs and
different load bearing components.

3.2 CONCRETE:

Concrete is an artificial stone like mass, the composite material that is created by mixing
binding material (cement or lime) along with the aggregate (sand, gravel, stone, brick chips,
etc.,), water, admixtures, etc., in specific proportions. The strength and quality dependent on
the mixing proportions.

Concrete binding material + fine and coarse aggregates + water + admixture (optional)
Concrete is very necessary and useful material for construction works. Once all the ingredients
cement, aggregate and water unit of measurement mixed inside the required proportions, the
cement and water being a reaction with one and another to bind themselves into a hardened
mass. The hardens rock like mass.

Concrete is powerful, easy to create and could be formed into varied shapes and sizes. Besides
that, it is reasonable, low cost and is instantly mixed. It is design to allow reliable and
highquality fast-track construction. Structure designed with the concrete unit measurement
plenty of durable and should be designed face up to earthquakes, hurricanes, typhoons and
tornadoes. This is an incredible advancement. With all the scientific advances there are in this
world, there still has not been the way of preventing nature's injuring

10
 FIGURE –3.1 Concret

3.3 MATERIALS USED: The different materials used in this investigation are:

• Cement
• Fine aggregates
• Coarse aggregates
• Mineral admixtures - GGBS
• Steel slag
• Water

3.3.1 CEMENT: Cement is a binding fabric, which is the mixture of two uncooked substances
referred to as calcareous and argillaceous materials. Zuari-fifty three grade normal Portland
cement conforming to IS: 12269 were used.

TESTS CONDUCTED ON CEMENT :

 Normal Consistency Of Cement

 Initial And Final Setting Time Of Cement
 Standard Consistency Of Cement
 Specific Gravity Of Fineness Of Cement

3.3.1.1 NORMAL CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT

The normal consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which will permit the
vicat plunger to penetrate to a point 5 to 7mm from the bottom of the vicat mould.

APPARATUS :

 Vicat Apparatus Conforming to IS: 5513-1976

 . Balance of capacity 1Kg and sensitivity to 1gram

 . Gauging trowel conforming to IS: 10086-1982

11
PROCEDURE :

 Take 300g of cement and place it in a bowl or tray.

 Now Assume standard consistencies of water is 28% and add the same quantity of cement and mix it.
 the paste thoroughly within 3-5 minutes. The time taken to obtain cement paste after adding water is called
gauging time.
 Now fill the paste in Vicat mould correctly any excessive paste remained on Vicat mould is taken off by using
a trowel.
 Then, place the VICAT mould on Glass plate and see that the plunger should touch the surface of VICAT
mould gently.
 Release the Plunger and allow it to sink into the test mould.
 Note down the penetration of the plunger from the bottom of mould indicated on the scale.
 Repeat the same experiment by adding different percentages of water until the reading is in between on
the vicat apparatus scale.

FIGURE :3.2 Vicat Apparatus

12
 Weight of cement takes-300g.
 Percentage of water added 27%
 Initial reading on vicat scale in mm 48mm.
 Final reading on vicat scale in mm 4mm
 Penetration of plunger meamrements from bottom of

mould in mm 7mm. CONCLUSION: The normal consistency of

given sample of cement is 29%.

3.3.1.3INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME :

PROCEDURE :

 put together a paste of 300 grams of cement with zero.85 instances the water
required to a given paste of standard consistency IS: 4031 (element 4) 1988

 The time of gauging anyhow shall not be much less than three mins not greater than
$ minutes and the gauging shall be finished earlier than any sign of putting occms.

 be counted the time of ganging from the time of including water to the dry cement
until taking off to fill the mould. Fill the vicat mildew with this paste making it level
with the top of the mildew.

 barely shake the mildew to expel the air.

 In filling the mould the operator arms and the blade the gauging trowel shall
handiest be ased

 initial placing Time without delay location the test block with the non-porous
resting plate. underneath the rod bearing the preliminary placing needle

 decrease the needle and fast launch allowing it to proctrate in to the moule

 in the begmeing the soulle will completely porece the mold Repeat this techniques
the needle fails to piener the mold for five

 record the length elapsed berween the times of adding need to the censent to the
time whilst needle fails to prerce the mold hy five+0.5mus because the preliminary
placing time

 very last placing Time update the needle of the vicat equipment by way of the
annular ring lower the needle and quick release noodle with an

 Repeat the process till the annular ting makes an impon on the mould

 report the duration elapsed between the times of adding water to the cnment to the
time when the annular ring fails to make the impression on the mold because the
final putting time.

13
 FIGURE-3.3 Initial And Final Setting Time Of Cement

 Amount of cement taken = 300g

 Amount of water added = 68.85 ml.
 Time of adding of water = 3 min.
 Final time = 5min

3.3.1.4 Standard Consistency Of Cement :

The precept of widespread consistency of cement is that the consistency at which the Vi-
cats plunger penetrates to a degree 5-7mm from the lowest of Vi-cats mold. equipment
used Vi-cats apparatus using 10mm diameter plunger outfitted into the needle-holder,
vi-cats mold, Gauging, Trowel Measuring jar, balance, glass plates, forestall Watch,
mixing tray, and sample of cement.

PROCEDURE:

 Take 400gms of cement and prepare a paste of weighed amount of water taking care
that time of blending (gauging)is between 3 to 5 mins and will be finished before
any signs emerge as visible. The time of gauging will be counted from the time of
including water to the dry cement till the commencement of filling mould.
 Fill the Vi-cats mold with the paste of the mold resting on a non-porous plate and
then smooth off the surface of the paste making it stage with a pinnacle of the
mildew.
14
 Plan the test block inside the mildew together with the non – porous region
underneath the rod bearing the plunger decrease the plunger gently to touch the
surface of the test block and speedy release allowing it to sink in to the paste. The
operation shall be finished without delay after filling the mildew and at room
temperature. prepare the trail paste with varying chances of water and take a look
at advert described above and measure the penetration of the needle. This take a
look at is be carried reduce the until precise penetrations is acquired.
 Repeat the till a paste which lets in the plunger to settle to a point with in 5mm to 7
mm from bottom of Vicats mildew is got.

TABLE NO :3.1 Water Percentage

S/No WATER ADDED ADDED [ML] [MM]

1 26% 104ml 36
2 28% 112ml 28
3 30% 120ml 16
4 32% 128ml 7

RESULT :Standard Consistency Of Cement =32%

15
 1 26% 104 ml 36

2 28% 112 ml 28
3 30% 120ml 16

4 32% 128 ml 7

16
3.3.1.5 Specific Gravity of Cement:

Unique Gravity is commonly described because the ratio among

the load of a given quantity of material and weight of an equal
extent of water. To determine the specific gravity of cement,
kerosene, which does no longer current with cement is used.
apparatus used are particular gravity bottle, balance ,weight field
cement kerosine.

PROCEDURE:

 weight the sample of cement the use of weighing stability.

 Fill the kerosene in lechatelier flask and record the level of studying.
 place a cement sample in lechatelier flask and file the extent of
studying. And subsequently discover the displaced quantity in
lechatelier flask calculate the Density and precise gravity of cement.

FIGURE – 3.4 Finding Specific Gravity Of Cement

conclusion :
 pattern weight of cement = 64 grams
 Displaced quantity in lechatelier flask = 21 cm
 Density of cement = Mass of cement/ Displaced quantity = 64/21 =
3.04 g/cm3
 precise Gravity of cement sample = Density of cement/Density of
water = 3.04/1.0 = 3.04

 RESULT : Specific Gravity of cement is 3.04

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3.3.1.6 Fineness of cement :

The fineness of cement is a degree of cement debris and is denoted as phrases of

the particular floor area of the cement. The fineness take a look at of cement of
test is accomplished through sieving cement pattern through popular IS sieve. the
load of the cement particles whose length is extra than 90 microns is determined
and the share of retained cement particle are calculated. this is known as the
fineness of cement.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 ninety micron is sieve cement sample Opc
 grade Tray weighing stability(0.1 accuracy)
 record word book

PROCEDURE:
 Weight correctly 100 g of cement and vicinity it on a trendy 90 microns is
sieve.
 spoil Down any air-set lumps in the cement sample with palms.
 continuously sieve the pattern giving circular and vertical motion for a
period of 15 minutes.
 As in keeping with IS code residue of cement sample left at the sieve ought
to not exceed 10%

Figure – 3.4 100 Grams Of Cement Sieved In 90micron Siever

RESULT : Fineness of cement sample is 4%.

Fineness of cement calculation :

18
  Weight of ce-WeightofFineness of ce-S.No
 ment sampleResidue (w2 gment(w2/w1)x100

conclusion:
As per IS code residue of cement pattern ought to no longer exceed 10%.subsequently
it should be beneficial for creation paintings.

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3.3.2.1 TESTS ON FINE AGGREGATE
Fineness Modulus of Fine Aggregate :

Sieve evaluation allows to determine the particle length distribution of the satisfactory mixture.
this is done by using sieving the mixture as according to identification 2386(element 1)-1963.on
this we use specific sieves as standardized with the aid of the IS code after which skip through
them and hence gather exclusive sized particles left over different sieves.

APPARATUS:

10mm,4.75mm,2.36mm,1.18mm, 600micron,300micron,150microns.

PROCEDURS:

 Take 500gms sample of first-rate aggregate.

 Take set of sieves.
 Grading pattern of a sample excellent aggregate is passed with the aid of sieving a pattern
successively in the course of all the sieves set up one over the opposite in order of length,
with large sieve at the top.
 The material retained on each sieve after shaking, sieve can be executed both manually or
robotically.
 Operation have to be endured such time that no particle is passing through. Foraccessing
the gradation via sieve analysis in the quantity of substances to be taken on the sieve
is given within the desk.
 From the sieve evaluation the particle size distribution in a pattern combination in
found out. all the retained cloth ought to weighed individually. via grading the
cumulative percentage of mixture retained on the every of the same old sieve and
dividing sum with the aid of an arbitrary range a hundred like this fineness modulus is
calculated.

11
0
 Table 3.5:Sieve Analysis Results of Fine Fine Aggregate

Sieve Cumulative %of cumulative % cumulative sizein Weight Re- weight

re- weight Zone 11 mm tained in gm tained gm retainedin gm

2.36 mm 17 3.40 5.80 94.20 75-100

1.18 mm 80 16 21.80 78.20 55-90

600 156 31.20 53.00 47.00 35-50

300 172 34.40 87.40 12.60 8-30

150 59 11.80 99.20 0.80 0-10

Pan 4 0.80 100.00 0.00 0-0

 Fineness modulus of Given sand is = 270/100

 The Fineness Modulus of Sand is = 2.70

11
1
 3.3.2.2 Specific Gravity Of Fine Aggregate

APPARATUS:
 Weighing Machine
 Pycnometer Bottle
 Fine Aggregate

PROCEDURE:
 Weigh the empty Pycnometer = W1gms
 Take 2/three of pleasant combination in Pycnometer and weigh it = W 2gms
 Weigh of Pycnometer+ 2/three of nice mixture + Water = W3gms
 Pour water into the Pycnometer and weight it =W4gms

FIGURE –3.6 Pycnometer

CALCULATIONS:
 Weight of Pycnometer (w1) = 0.542 kg
 Weight of Pycnometer with sand (w2) = 0.958 kg
 Weight of Pycnometer with sand + water (w3) = 1.692 kg
 Weight of Pyrometer with water (w4) = 1.434 kg

(5.1) = 0.958-0.542/[(0.958- 0.542)-(1.692-1.434)

= 2.60

RESULT :Specific Gravity of given Sand =2.60

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 3.3.2.1 TESTS ON COARSE AGGREGATE
Specific Gravity Of coarse Aggregate

APPARATUS:
 Weighing Machine Pycnometer
 Bottle coarse Aggregat

PROCEDURE:

 Weigh the empty Pycnometer = W1 gms

 Take 2/3 of coarse aggregate in Pycnometer and weigh it = W 2gms

 Weight of Pycnometer with water (W4) = 1.344 kg

 Pour water into the Pycnometer and weight it =W4gms Calculations:

 Weigh of Pycnometer+ 2/3 of coarse aggregate + Water = W3gms
 Weight of Pycnometer (W1) = 0.456 kg
 Weight of Pycnometer with coarse aggregate (W2) =1.040 kg
 Weight of Pycnometer with coarse aggregate +water (W3) = 1.718kg

Figure-3.7 Coarse Aggrigate In Pycnometer

21
 RESULT:
=1.04-0.45[(1.04- 0.45)-(1.718-1.344)] =2.78 The Specific Gravity of Coarse 2 .7

3.3.2.2 Flaky and elongation test on coarse aggregates

The apparatus for the shape checks includes the subsequent:

 A popular thickness gauge

 IS sieves of sizes 63, 50 forty, 31.five, 25, 20, 16, 12.five,10 and
6.3mm A
 stability of capacity 5kg, readable and correct up to one gm.

PROCEDURE :

 Sieve the sample through the IS sieves (as distinct in the desk).
 Take at the least 200 portions of every fraction to be examined and weigh
them.
 To separate the flaky materials, gauge every fraction for thickness on a
thickness gauge.
 Weigh the flaky fabric passing the gauge to an accuracy of least 0.1
percentage of the take a look at sample.
 To separate the elongated substances, gauge each fraction for duration on a
duration gauge.

 Weigh the elongated cloth retained at the gauge to an accuracy of as a

minimum zero.1 in line with cent of the take a look at sample.

 % Flaky Index = ( PX = 5570/PW = 27350X100) = (5570/27350)X100 =

20.36%
 %ElongationIndex = (PY = 5160/PW = 27350)X100 = (5160/27350)X100 =
20.sixteen%.

 Flaky and Elongation values are within the limits of range among 15-30% and
20- 30%. therefore it should be useful for production and dual carriageway
works.

22
 Figure 3.8: Thickness gauge

3.4.1 TEST OF GGBS

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF GGBS :
Specific Gravity is normally defined as the ratio among the weight of a given quantity of cloth and
weight of an same quantity of water. To determine the specific gravity of cement, kerosene, which does
not latest with GGBS is used. apparatus used are unique gravity bottle, stability, weight container,
cement, kerosene.

PROCUDURE :

 weight the sample of GGBS the use of weighing stability.

 Fill the kerosene in lechatelier flask and document the extent of analyzing.
23
24
CALCULATIONS:

 Sample weight of GGBS = 64 grams

 Displaced volume in lechatelier flask = 22 cm
 Density of GGBS = Mass of GGBS / Displaced volume = 64/22
= 2.9 g/cm3

 Specific Gravity of GGBS sample = Density of cement/Density of water = 2.9/1.0 = 2.9 Specific
 Gravity of GGBS is 2.9

2.4.2 Fineness of GGBS :

The fineness of cement is a degree of GGBS particles and is denoted as terms of the specific floor place of the
GGBS. The fineness check of GGBS of check is achieved by sieving cement sample thru popular IS sieve. the
burden of the GGBS particles whose size is more than 90 microns is determined and the share of retained
GGBS particle are calculated. this is called the fineness of GGBS.

PROPERTIES REQUIRED:
 ninety micron is sieve
 GGBS
 Tray weighing stability(zero.1 accuracy)
 record observe e-book system :

PROCEDURE :

 Weigh accurately 100 g of GGBS and location it on a wellknown ninety microns is sieve.
 Break Down any air-set lumps inside the GGBS pattern with arms.
 continuously sieve the pattern giving circular and vertical motion for a length of 15 minutes.
 Weigh the residue left inside the sieve. As per IS code the share residue have to now not exceed
10%.
 Weight of Weight of Fineness of S.No
 GGBS sampleResidue(w2)gGGBS(w2/w 1)x100

RESULT :
 Fineness of GGBS is 6%.

CONCLUSION:

As in keeping with IS code residue of GGBS pattern ought to not exceed 10%.therefore it must be beneficial for
production paintings.

25
 3.5.1 TEST ON STEEL SLAG

Generally steel slag test is performed to find out the strength,hardness,ductility and
chemical composition.Common tests like tensile testing,yield stress testing ,bend tests
and chemical analysis.this tests helps in ensure steel meets specific quality standards
and performance requirements

some general tests which we perform to find out nature of the steel slang are

1. Berinell Hardness Test [BHN]

2. Corossion Test On Steel Slag [salt spray test ]

3.5.1.1.BERINELL HARDNESS TEST [BHT] :

PROCEDURE :

 Indenter: 10 mm diameter hardened steel or tungsten carbide ball

 Test Load:Common: 500 kgf, 1500 kgf, or 3000 kgf (depends on material type)
 Mild steel: usually 3000 kgf
 Dwell Time: Typically 10–15 seconds

STEPS:

 Place the steel specimen on the anvil.

 Bring the indenter into contact with the surface.
 Apply the specified load gradually using the machine.
 Hold the load for the dwell time.
 Remove the load and measure the diameter of the indentation using a microscope or scale.
 Repeat for at least 2–3 points to ensure consistency.

26
 Figure -3.10 BHT Machine And Steel Slang Specimum

RESULT : Hardness of mild steel : 292.48

Table-3.3 VALUES OF SPECIMUM’S

3.5.1.2 : COROSSION TEST ON STEEL SLANG [ Salt Spray Test ] :

Objective: To evaluate the corrosion resistance of steel by exposing it to a

controlled corrosive environment, typically using a salt spray (fog) test

Materials and Equipment :

 Steel specimens (prepared and cleaned)

27
 • Salt spray chamber (ASTM B117 compliant
• Sodium chloride (NaCl)
• Distilled or deionized water
• pH meter or pH strips
• Measuring tools (calipers, weight balance)
• Personal protective equipment (PPE)

Preparation of Specimuns :

 Cut steel samples to desired size (e.g., 100 mm x 50 mm).

 Clean samples using acetone or ethanol to remove oil, grease, or other contaminants.
 Label samples appropriately (engraving or non-reactive markers).
 Optionally, record initial weight and photograph the surface.
 Salt Solution Preparation
 Dissolve 5% NaCl (w/v) in distilled water.

Example: 50g NaCl per 1 liter of water.

 Adjust pH to 6.5–7.2.
 Filter if necessary to remove particulate

TEST PROCEDURE : (ASTM B117)

 Fill salt spray chamber with prepared solution.

 Set chamber temperature to 35 ± 2°C.
 Place specimens in chamber at a 15–30° angle from vertical.
 Expose specimens for a set time (e.g., 24, 48, 96, 168 hours, etc.).
 Ensure continuous fog with 1–2 mL/hr fog collect particular

FINAL PROCEDURE :

 Remove specimens and rinse with deionized water.

 Dry specimens thoroughly.
 Visually inspect for corrosion (rust, pitting, discoloration).
 Record weight loss (optional): Clean corrosion products and re-weigh.
 Photograph and document corrosion patterns and extent.

28
Qualitative: Compare corrosion visually or with a reference image/chart.

Quantitative: Calculate weight loss or corrosion rate (mg/cm²/day).

Rate = (Weight Loss × 87,600) / (Density × Area × Time ]

FIGURE –3.11: Stages Of Steel Corossion

8. SAFEFTY AND PRECAUTIONS :

• Always wear PPE.

• Handle NaCl and corrosion products with care.
• Properly dispose of waste and used solutions.

RESULT : Average Corossion On This Slag =221.74

29
RESULT:Result Of Steel Slang

30
 Chapter 4

DESIGN MIX PROCEDURE

41 DESIGN MIX FOR M35 GRADE AS PER IS CODE 102622019

4.1.1 Stipulation for proportioning

GRADERS:

 Degnigation of aggrigate:300
 Type of cement : Opc 53grade
 Maximum nominal size : 20 mm of aggregate
 Exposure condition : severe
 Fine Aggregate : Zone II

4.1.2 Test data of Materials

 Specific Gravity of cement : 3.04
 Specific Gravity of coarse : 2.80
 Specific Gravity of Fine : 2.60
 Specific Gravity of GGBS: : 0.98

4.1.3 Target strength of mix proportioning

where
F’ck =Target average compressive strength at 28Days s
= standard deviation. From table 8 IS 10262-2019
Fck = characteristic compressive strength at 28 Days
For M35
The standard deviation, S = 5.0 N/mm2
30
 Therefore, Target Strength=35+1.65(5.0) = 43.25 N/mm2

4.1.4Selection of water cement Ratio:

From table 5 of IS 456,

Maximum water cement Ratio = 0.45
Based on Experience, adopt water-cement Ratio as 0.43
0.43 < 0.45 Hence 0k.

30
4.1.5 Selection of water content

Maximum Water content = 186 litre(25 to 50 mm slump range) for 20 mm and 12.5 mm coarse
aggregate.
Estimated water content for 70 mm slump 191.60 litre.

4.1.5 Calculation of cement content

W/C Ratio = 0.43
Cement content = 191.60/0.43
= 445.58 kg/m3

From table 5 IS 456, min cement content for severe exposure condition = 320 kg/m3

445.58 > 320 kg/m3

4.1.4 Volume of Coarse and Fine Content

From Table 3 IS 10262-2019,
Volume of CA Corresponding to 20mm size aggregate and fine aggregate (zone 2) is 0.62
for W/C Ratio 0.50

For W/c Ratio 0.43 = 0.635 of coarse

Fine Aggregate content = 1-0.635 = 0.365

4.1.5 Mix Calculations Volume

of concrete = 1.0 m3

Volume of Cement = (Mass of cement/Specific gravity of cement )X 1/1000

= (445.58/3.04)X 1/1000)
= 1.1809 m3

Volume of Water = (197.60/1.0) X 1/1000

= 0.1916 m3

Volume of Fine and Coarse = [volume of concrete-Volume of air entrapped)-(volume of

cement+ volume of water)]
= [1.0 – 0.01)-(0.1809+0.1976)]
= 0.652 m3

Mass of coarse aggregate = 0.652 X 0.635 X 2.80 X 1000

 = 1159.64 kg/m3

Mass of Fine Aggregate = 0.652 X 0.365 X 2.60 X 1000 = 618.745 kg/m3

4.1.6 Mix propotions:

Cement content = 550 kg/m3 water content

= 191.60 kg/m3 Fine aggregate content =

618.745 kg/m3 coarse aggregate content =

1159.64 kg/m3

4.1.9 Prepare And Casting Of Cubes:

Volume of one cube = (0.15m3)x 1.15 =0.00388m3

Volume of 6 cubes = 0.00388 x 6.0 = 0.0232m3

Weight of cement = 445.58 x 0.0232 = 10.33 kg Weight of water

= 191.60 x 0.0232 = 4.44 liters
Weight of fine aggregate = 618.745 x 0.0232 = 14.35 kg
Weight of Coarse aggregate = 1159.64 x 0.0232 = 26.85 kg

4.1.10For 20% of GGBS replacement

Weight of cement sample = 10.33 kg
Weight of GGBS sample = 2.066 kg

4.1.1.2. FOR 30% OF GGBS REPLACEME

WEight of cement sample = 10.33 kg
Weight of GGBS sample = 3.091 kg

4.1.13 For 40% of GGBS replacement

Weight of cement sample = 10.33 kg
Weight of GGBS sample = 4.132 kg
Figure 4.1: prepare and casting of cubes
 CHAPTER-5

TEST ON CONCRETE

5.1 Compression Test On Hardened Concrete :

Compression check is the maximum not unusual check carried out on hardened concrete, partial
because most of the applicable feature homes of concrete are quantitatively 3 related to its
compressive electricity. The Compression test is completed on specimens cubical or Cylindrical
in shape. Prism also sometimes used, however it isn't always common in our country now and
again the compressive electricity of concrete is decided the usage of parts of the beam tested in
flexure. The quit components of the beam are left intact after failure in flexural and,because the
beam is generally of rectangular go segment, skinny part of the beam may be used
to find out the compressive energy. The dice specimen sizes are 150mm x 150 mm x 150 mm

FIGURE –5.1 Curing Of Cubes

CALCULATIONS:
 The measured compressive power of the specimen will be calculated by means of
dividing 11
 The most load applied to the Specimen all through the take a look at by using the move
 sectional place 3
 calculated from suggest dimensions of the phase and will be expressed to the closest
kg/cm

common of all values will be taken as the presentation of the batch supplied individual
variant isn't extra than 15Average.
Compressive power = max crushing load/ floor region of cube =P/A=N/mm

FIGURE 5.2 – Curing Of Cylindrical Block

 FIGURE 5.3 : Compressive Strength Testing Machine

Table 5.1:Compresive strength of cubes

Percentage % GGBS Compressive Strength Compressive Strength Replacement N/mm @7Days N/mm

0%GGBS 32.80 45.28

20%GGBS 31.30 42.57
30%GGBS 32.60 44.90
40%GGBS 29.20 41.46
 TABLE 5.2 - Average Strength of slang

5.1MEASURE MENT OF WORKABILITY

The following tests are commonly employed to measure workability
 Slump test
 Compacting factor test

5.1.1SLUMP TEST :

 The fresh concrete would vertically settle when the lateral supports are remove this
settlement is called slump and various values of slump are preferred fir various
constructions.
 Slump is the measure indicating the consistency or workability of cement concrete
and gave the w/c ratio needed in mixing concrete for different works.

PROCEDURE :

 If this check is being accomplished inside the discipline, the pattern

blended concrete will be acquired. within the case of concrete containing
combination of maximum length greater than 38 mm, the concrete shall
be moist-sieved via one and half of inch screen to exclude mixture
particles larger than 38 mm.
 The internal surface of the mold shall be thoroughly cleaned and freed
from superfluous moisture and any set
 concrete earlier than starting up the test. the mold will be located on a
smooth, horizontal, rigid and nonabsorbent surface, including a carefully
levelled metallic plate, the mildew being firmly held in location while it's
far being filled.
 the mold shall be crammed in 4 layers, each about one-quarter of the peak
of the mold. each layer shall b stamped with twenty-5 strokes of the
 rounded cease of the tamping rod. The strokes shall be dispensed in a
uniform way over the pass-phase of the mold and for the second and
subsequent layers shall penetrate into the underlying layer.
 the lowest layer shall be tamped at some stage in its depth. After the
pinnacle layer has been rodded, the concrete shall be
 After the pinnacle layer has been rodded, strike off the surface of the
concrete via screeding and rolling movement the tamping rod.
 Any mortar which may also have leaked out among the mildew and the
bottom plate will be cleaned away. the mildew sha be eliminated from the
concrete immediately by using elevating it slowly and thoroughly in a
vertical route. This lets in the concrete to subside and the stoop shall be
measured straight away via figuring out the distinction between the peak
the mold and that of the highest point of the specimen being examined.
 The above operations shall be achieved at a place loose from
vibration or shock, and within a length of two mins after sampling.

Figure-5.4 Slump Test Mould

 OBJECTIVES :

FIGURE – 5.5 Describing About The Types Of Slump Stages And Failures

The vertical difference between top of the mould and the displaced original centre of
the top surface of the specimen mm Workability Compaction Factor Slump (mm)
Very Low 0.780-25 Low 0.85 25-50 Medium 0.92 50-100 High 0.95 100-175 Table 1:
Relation between Workability and Slump The pattern of slump is shown True
Slump/Shear Slump/ Collapse Slump.

TYPES OF SLUMP:

The slump measured will be recorded in terms of millimetres of subsidence of the

specimen at some point of the test. Any slump specimen which collapses or shears off
laterally offers wrong result and if this occurs take a look at shall be repeated with some
other sample. If, inside the repeat check additionally, the specimen should shear, the
slump shall be measured and the reality that the specimen sheared, will be recorded.
5.1.2 COMPACTING FACTOR TEST :

The compacting component check is design in the main for the use of the
laboratory however it could also be used inside the field. it is extra specific
and touchy than the slump test and is in particular useful for concrete mixes of
very low workability as are usually used while concrete is to be compacted
with the aid of vibration. The methods applies to plain and air-entrained
concrete, made with light weight, normal weight or heavy aggregates having a
nominal most size of 40mm or much less however not to aerated concrete or
no-fines concrete.

PROCEDURE:
 The inner floor of the hopers and cylinder will be thoroughly clean and
unfastened from superfluous moisture and any set of concrete
commencing the take a look at. The
 The pattern of concrete to be examined will be placed gently inside the top
hoper the usage of scope. The lure door will be opened without delay after
filling or approximately 6min after water is added so that the concrete fails
into the lower hoper. at some point of this method the cylinder will be
blanketed.
 Immediately after the concrete has come to the rest the cylinder shall be
exposed, the trap door of the lower hoper opened and the concrete allowed
falling to into the cylinder.
 For a few mixes have a propensity to the stick in one or each of the
hoppers. If this occurs the concrete shall be helped via via pushing the
tampering rod lightly into the concrete from the pinnacle.
 The excess of concrete last above the extent of the pinnacle of the cylinder
shall than be reduce off by way of preserving a trowel in every hand, with
the aircraft of the blades horizontal, and transferring them simultaneously
one from each side throughout the top of the cylinder, at that identical time
retaining them pressed at the pinnacle edge of the cylinder. The outdoor of
the cylinder shall then be wiped easy. This whole system will be
completed at a place loose from vibration or shock.
 determine the weight of concrete to the closest 10g. that is known as
"weight of partly compacter concrete", Wp.
 fill up the cylinder with concrete from the identical sample in layers about
50mm depth. The layers being heavily rammed with the compacting rod or
vibrated to reap full compaction. The pinnacle surface of the overall
compacted concrete will be carefully struck off and finished level with the
pinnacle of the cylinder. clean up the outdoor of the cylinder.
 determine weight of concrete to the nearest 10g. this is known as "weight
of fully compacted concrete".
 The compacting aspect, Fc may be calculated as follows: "weight of
completely compacted concrete", W. "
 FIGURE – 5.6 Compacting Factor Test

OBSERVATION :

The compacting factor is defined as the ratio of the weight of partially

compacted concrete to the weight of fully compacted factor. It shell normally
be started to the nearest second decimal place
Chapter 6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
6.1 Compressive Strength Of Concrete With Various
Proportions of GGBS and steel slang :
 The Compressive Strength of Concrete cubes are prepared With Different
Proportions of GGBS and Steel slang

Table 6.1:compresive strength of cubes

 Percentage% of GGBS Compressive strength N/mm2 Compressive strength

Replacement @7days N/mm2 @28days

0%GGBS 32.80 45.28

20%GGBS 31.30 42.57
30%GGBS 32.60 44.90
40%GGBS 29.20 41.46

 From the beneath parent it is clear that compressive electricity of concrete for 7 days and
28 days for zero% of alternative of GGBS is 32.80 and forty five.28 N/mm2
 From the underneath figure it's miles clear that compressive power of concrete for 7 days
and 28 days for 20% of substitute of GGBS is 31.30 and forty two.57 N/mm2
 From the below parent it is clean that compressive electricity of concrete for 7 days and
28 days for 30% of substitute of GGBS is 32.60 and 44.ninety N/mm2
 From the below parent it is clear that compressive strength of concrete for 7 days and 28
days for 40% of substitute of GGBS is 29.20 and 41.46 N/mm2

STRESS-STRAIN RESULTS:

 The relationship between stress and strain is important in understanding the basic
elastic behaviour of concrete in hardened state which is useful in design of
concrete Structures. From the values of stresses and strains, average stress-strain
curve for each mix is plotted, taking the average values of the results.

41
 Figure – 6.1 Stress Strain Curve

Figure 6.2 : Compressive Strength Graph

42
 Chapter 7

CONCLUSIN:
Based on the carried work out the following conclusion have been mentioned below:

 It is clear that there is increase in strength of concrete and it advantageous. It has

been observed using 20% of GGBS in concrete increases strength and 20% of steel
slag increases strength individually.
 combination with 20% of GGBS in replacement of cement and 20% steel slag in
replacement of coarse aggregate results in increase in the strength of concrete cubes.
 From the results t is clear that the mix proportion of 20% steel slag and 20% GGBS
have high compressive strength and high split tensile strength from the comparison.
 By observing the stress-strain relationship of concrete cylinder we can clear
conclude that maximum load can be resisted by the cylinders casted using 20% steel
slag and 20% GGBS.
 Deformation in the cylinder is less in concrete made with 20% steel slag and 20% GGBS.
 If we observe all the curves have nearly with similar shape and similar characteristic
properties and the shape of curves are strain-softening material properties.
 The only difference is that Curves of for 20% steel slag+20% GGBS concrete mixes
have shown improved stress values for the same strain levels compared to that of
other concrete mixes

Final conclusion is the 20% steel slag and 20% GGBS with partial replacement of coarse aggregate and
partial replacement of cement has high compressive strength and high split tensile strength in concrete and
high resistance than the other mixes of concrete and shows elastic plastic material characteristic property

43
 References :
1. Reshma Rughoopath and Jaylina Rana (2014) ‘Partial replacement of cement by ground
granulated blast furnace slag in concrete’ Journal engineering trends in engineering and applied
sciences (JETEAS), Vol. 5, Issue 5

2. T. Vijayagowri, P. Sravana, P. Srinivasa Rao (2014) ‘Studies on strength behaviour of high volumes
of slag in concrete’ International journal of research engineering and technology (IJRET), Vol.3,
Issue 4

3. C. Sabeer Alavi, I. Bhaskar, R. Venkata Subramani (2013) ‘Strength and durability characteristics of
GGBFS based SSC ‘International journal of engineering trends in engineering and development
(IJETED), Vol. 2, Issue 3

4. Santosh Kumar karri, G.V. Rama Rao, P. Markandeya Raju (2015) ‘Strength and durability studies
on GGBS concrete’ International journal of civil engineering (IJCE), Vol. 2, Issue 10

5. Magandeep , Ravikanth Pareek and Varinder Singh (2015) ‘Utilization of ground granulated blast
furnace slag to improve properties of concrete’ International journal of engineering and
technologies (IJET), Vol. 6, Issue 2

6. Yogendra O. Patil, Prof P.N. Patil, Dr, Arun Kumar Dwivedi (2013) ‘GGBS as partial replacement of
OPC in cement concrete’ International journal of scientific research (IJSR), Vol. 2, Issue 11

7. A. Oner, S. Akuyz (2007) ‘An experimental study on optimum usage of GGBS for the compressive
strength of concrete cement and concrete compositions’ Vol,3 , Issue

C0DE B00KS:
 IS 456-2000 (code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete)
 IS 10262-2009 (Concrete Mix proportioning guidelines).

44
45