Y SYSTEMS

THE BOD

THE HUMAN
DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
 Introduction
Have you ever wondered where the
food we put into our bodies goes?
Then, what organs help in the
Intro process of digestion within our
body?
 What is a
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM?
The process of conversion of complex food substances to simple/smaller
substances until they can absorbed and assimilated into the body.

Theres 4 steps digestive process:

1. Ingestion : Taking food
2. Digestion : Breakdown food
3. Absorption : Taking nutrients to body
4. Egestion : Removing leftover wastes
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Through discussions and literature studies, students will be

able to accurately explain the anatomical structure and
functions of the organs that make up the human digestive
system.
 Organs of the Mr. Haz

digestive system

The organs of the digestive

system are divided into two: the
digestive tract and the
digestive glands.

Digestive Tract
A channel that processes food
through chewing, swallowing,
and mixing.
Digestive Glands Digestive tract Digestive glands
Digestive organs that can
produce enzymes to assist in
the chemical digestion process.
 Organs of the digestive
system

Stomach Large intestine Anus

Mouth Esophagus Small intestine
(Ventrikulus) (Kolon) (Rectum)
Mouth
The digestion process begins as food enters the
mouth. In the mouth, there are tools that assist in
the digestion process, namely the teeth, tongue,
and salivary glands (saliva). Inside the oral cavity,
food undergoes both mechanical and chemical
digestion. Some organs in the mouth include:
Functions as a mechanical digestive tool.

The function of teeth.

Cutting food into smaller pieces
Facilitating digestive enzymes to digest food
more efficiently and quickly.
Functions of the Tongue:

Helps to mix and swallow food.

Keeps food between the upper and lower
teeth while chewing.
Acts as a taste organ because it contains
many taste receptors.
Mixes and stirs food with saliva.
Pushes food into the esophagus.
Salivary Glands
The salivary glands are also called Glandula
Salivalis.

Functions of the Salivary Glands:

Secrete saliva, which contains the enzyme
ptyalin (converts starch into maltose).

Functions of Saliva:
1. Moistens food.
2. Prevents the mouth from drying out.
3. Kills microorganisms.
4. Acts as a buffer (pH buffer).
When food enters, the epiglottis closes off the
pharynx and trachea, allowing the food to enter
the esophagus.
When food enters, the epiglottis closes
the pharynx and the trachea, allowing
the food to pass into the esophagus
 Peristaltic Movement
the contraction and relaxation of smooth
muscles that push food towards the stomach
The stomach (ventriculus) is a food pouch in the digestive
tract located on the left side of the abdominal cavity.

In the stomach, both mechanical and chemical digestion

occur
Structure of the stomach

Explanation:
1. Cardiac, the upper part of the stomach near the
heart.
2. Fundus, the rounded middle part of the
stomach.
3. Pylorus, the lower part of the stomach near the
intestines.
4. Rugae, are mucosal membranes with folds that
function to protect the stomach lining from
stomach acid abrasion.
5. Esophageal sphincter, a valve that ensures food
stays in the stomach once it enters.
6. Pyloric sphincter, a valve that prevents food
from leaving the stomach before digestion is
complete.
Mechanical digestion occurs due to peristaltic Chemical digestion occurs with the help of
movement caused by stomach muscle gastric juice produced by glands located in the
contractions, which mix and churn the bolus into stomach wall beneath the fundus.
chyme
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) kills bacteria
present in food, alters protein properties,
and activates pepsinogen into pepsin.

Pepsin enzyme breaks down proteins into

peptones.

Renin enzyme activates caseinogen into

casein.

Gastrin hormone stimulates the secretion

of gastric juice.
It functions as a site for food digestion with enzymes.

It consists of two ducts:

1. Gallbladder = contains bile fluid produced by the
liver, which is useful for emulsifying fats.
2. Pancreas = produces pancreatic juice (which is
alkaline) containing several types of enzymes, such
as:
• Amylase
• Trypsin
• Lipase
The functions of the enzymes present in the pancreas:

Amylase
converts starch into sugar.

Trypsinogen
is activated by the enzyme enterokinase into
trypsin.

Trypsin
converts proteins into peptides and amino
acids.

Lipase
converts fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Small Intestine

There are enzymes produced by glands in the walls of

the intestine.
Functions of the enzymes present in the small
intestine:
1. Enterokinase: activates trypsinogen
2. Lactase: converts lactose into glucose
3. Erepsin: converts peptone into amino acids
4. Maltase: converts maltose into glucose
5. Disaccharidase: converts disaccharides into
monosaccharides
6. Peptidase: converts polypeptides into amino acids
7. Sucrase: digests sucrose into glucose and fructose
8. Lipase: converts triglycerides into glycerol and
fatty acids.
Absorptive Intestine

There are many folds/indentations called villi or intestinal

projections.
Function of Villi:
to expand the surface area of the intestine, making the
process of nutrient absorption more efficient.
Nutrients include:
Glucose
These are absorbed by the
Protein
blood capillaries in the villi
Vitamins B and C
and transported to the
Minerals liver
Water
Nutrients include:
Fatty acids
Glycerol
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
Structure of the Small Intestinal Wall

Enterocytes: Villi, folds in the wall of

the small intestine that function to
expand the absorption area.
Enterocytes: columnar epithelial cells
that absorb nutrients.
Goblet/Parietal Cells: cells that
function to produce mucus
 Functions of the Large Intestine

Regulates the levels Site of the

of water, mineral decomposition of
Forms fecForms fecal
salts, and useful food residues into
Forms fecal
mass.al mass.
mass.
substances remaining feces by bacteria,
in the feces. including
Escherichia coli.
The final part of the large intestine is called the
rectum, where no further water absorption occurs.
The rectum can contract, leading to defecation.

Defecation is the process of

expelling the waste products of
digestion through the anus.
The contraction of the rectum
can trigger the gastrocolic
reflex, which can be performed
consciously, and the digestive
muscles will contract to push
the feces out.
 Human
Digestive
Glands
Digestive organs that can
produce enzymes for chemical
digestion.
Liver Gland
Stomach Gland
Pancreas Gland
Small Intestine Gland
Pankreas Gland
The pancreas has an exocrine gland in
the form of acinar cells that produce
pancreatic juice.
Pancreatic juice contains sodium
bicarbonate (NaHCO3).
Enzymes produced by the pancreas:
1. Amylase, which converts starch into
glucose.
2. Lipase, which converts fats into fatty
acids and glycerol.
3. Trypsin, which converts proteins into
amino acid compounds.
Liver Gland
The liver is an organ with an exocrine gland
in the form of the gallbladder, which
produces bile fluid.
Bile fluid (bile) is a yellow-brown liquid
produced by liver cells.
Bile fluid contains:
1. Water
2. Bile salts (Na or K), as an emulsifier for
fats.
3. Bilirubin (bile pigment), a byproduct of
the breakdown of erythrocytes.
4. Cholesterol (lipid)
Liver Gland
Functions of bile fluid:
1. Elimination of metabolic waste
products from the breakdown of
erythrocytes (bilirubin).
2. Removal of excess cholesterol.
3. Emulsification of fats.
Functions of the liver related to
digestion:
1. Carbohydrate metabolism and
protein metabolism.
2. Regulation of glucose and amino acid
levels in the blood.