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Functions 4

The document discusses the concepts of one-sided limits, continuity, and discontinuity of functions. It defines left-hand and right-hand limits, provides criteria for the existence of limits, and explains the conditions for a function to be continuous at a point. Several examples illustrate how to determine the continuity of functions at specific values.

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4 views

Functions 4

The document discusses the concepts of one-sided limits, continuity, and discontinuity of functions. It defines left-hand and right-hand limits, provides criteria for the existence of limits, and explains the conditions for a function to be continuous at a point. Several examples illustrate how to determine the continuity of functions at specific values.

Uploaded by

abdullahbari128
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Continuous and Discontinuous

Functions
One Sided Limit

In defining 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) , we restricted x to an open


𝒙→𝒄

interval containing 𝒄 i.e., we studied the behavior

of 𝒇 on both sides of 𝒄. However, in some cases it

is necessary to investigate one-sided limits i.e.,

the left hand limit and the right hand limit.


One Sided Limit
(i) The Left Hand Limit:

𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳 is read as the limit of 𝒇(𝒙) is equal to 𝑳 as 𝒙 approaches 𝒄 from the left. i.e.,
𝒙→𝒄

for all 𝒙 sufficiently close to 𝒄, but less than 𝒄, the value of 𝒇(𝒙) is close to 𝑳.

(ii) The Right Hand Limit:

𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑴 is read as the limit of 𝒇(𝒙) is equal to 𝑴 as 𝒙 approaches 𝒄 from the right i.e.,
𝒙→𝒄

for all 𝒙 sufficiently close to 𝒄, but greater than 𝒄, the value of 𝒇(𝒙) is close to 𝑴.
Criterion for Existence of Limit of a Function

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳 if and only if


𝒙→𝒄

𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳


𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
Determine whether 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) and 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) exist, when
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙→𝟒
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒊𝒇 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐
𝒇 𝒙 = ൞𝟕 − 𝒙 𝒊𝒇 𝟐 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟒
𝒙 𝒊𝒇 𝟒 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟔
Solution:
(i) 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎−(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏) = 𝟒 + 𝟏 = 𝟓
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙→𝟐

𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎+(𝟕 − 𝒙) = 𝟕 − 𝟐 = 𝟓


𝒙→𝟐 𝒙→𝟐

Since 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟓


𝒙→𝟐 𝒙→𝟐

⟹ 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) exists and is equal to 𝟓


𝒙→𝟐
(ii) 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎−(𝟕 − 𝒙) = 𝟕 − 𝟒 = 𝟑
𝒙→𝟒 𝒙→𝟒

𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎+(𝒙) = 𝟒


𝒙→𝟒 𝒙→𝟒

Since 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇(𝒙) ≠ 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ 𝒇(𝒙)


𝒙→𝟒 𝒙→𝟒

⟹ 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) does not exist


𝒙→𝟒
Continuity of a function at a number

(a)Continuous Function:

A function f is said to be continuous at a number “c” if and only if the following three

conditions are satisfied:

(i) 𝒇(𝒄) is defined (ii) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) exist (iii) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒄)
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄

(b) Discontinuous Function:

If one or more of these three conditions fail to hold at “𝒄”, then the function 𝒇 is said to be

discontinuous at “𝒄”.
Continuity of a function at a number

𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
Consider the function 𝒇 𝒙 =
𝒙−𝟏
Solution:
Here 𝒇 (𝟏) is not defined
⟹ 𝒇 (𝒙) is discontinuous at 𝟏

𝒇 (𝒙) is continuous at any other number


Continuity of a function at a number

For 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒 discuss continuity of 𝒇 at 𝒙 = 𝟏

Solution:

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒 = 𝟑 − 𝟓 + 𝟒 = 𝟐
𝒙→𝟏
And 𝒇 𝟏 =𝟑−𝟓+𝟒

⟹ 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒇(𝟏)
𝒙→𝟏
Therefore 𝒇 (𝒙) is continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟏
𝒙𝟐 −𝟗
𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≠ 𝟑
Discuss the continuity of the function 𝒇(𝒙)= ቐ 𝒙−𝟑 at 𝒙 = 𝟑
𝟔 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑
Solution:

Given 𝒇 𝟑 = 𝟔 ∴ 𝒇 𝒙 is defined at 𝒙 = 𝟑

𝒙𝟐 −𝟗 (𝒙+𝟑)(𝒙−𝟑)
Now, 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟔
𝒙→𝟑 𝒙→𝟑 𝒙−𝟑 𝒙→𝟑 𝒙−𝟑 𝒙→𝟑

As 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟔
𝒙→𝟑

∴ 𝒇(𝒙) is continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟑
It is noted that there is no break in the graph
Discuss the continuity of the function 𝒈(𝒙) at 𝒙 = 𝟑

𝒙𝟐 −𝟗
where 𝒈 𝒙 = if 𝒙 ≠ 𝟑
𝒙−𝟑

Solution: As 𝒈 (𝒙) is not defined at 𝒙 = 𝟑

⇒ 𝒈 (𝒙) is discontinuous at 𝒙 = 𝟑

It is noted that there is a break in the graph at 𝒙 = 𝟑


𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 < 𝟑
Discuss the continuity of the function 𝒇(𝒙)= ቊ at 𝒙 = 𝟑
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≥ 𝟑
Solution:
We see that there is a break in the graph when 𝒙 = 𝟑
Now 𝒇 (𝟑) = 𝟐(𝟑) + 𝟏 = 𝟕 ⇒ 1st Condition is satisfied

L.H.L= 𝐥𝐢𝐦− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎− 𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟑 − 𝟏 = 𝟐


𝒙→𝟑 𝒙→𝟑

R.H.L = 𝐥𝐢𝐦+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟐 𝟑 + 𝟏 = 𝟕


𝒙→𝟑 𝒙→𝟑

∵ 𝒍𝒊𝒎− 𝒇(𝒙) ≠ 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ 𝒇(𝒙)


𝒙→𝟑 𝒙→𝟑
i.e. 2nd condition is not satisfied
∴ 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) does not exist
𝒙→𝟑
Hence 𝒇(𝒙) is not continuous at 𝒙 = 𝟑
THANK YOU

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