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Statistics and Probability BCA Urdu Notes

The document covers the fundamentals of Statistics and Probability, including its origin, features, scope, functions, and importance across various fields such as economics, business, and education. It also discusses data collection methods, classification, presentation techniques, measures of central tendency, and measures of dispersion, highlighting their definitions, formulas, merits, and demerits. Additionally, it addresses the limitations and potential misuse of statistics.

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7 views5 pages

Statistics and Probability BCA Urdu Notes

The document covers the fundamentals of Statistics and Probability, including its origin, features, scope, functions, and importance across various fields such as economics, business, and education. It also discusses data collection methods, classification, presentation techniques, measures of central tendency, and measures of dispersion, highlighting their definitions, formulas, merits, and demerits. Additionally, it addresses the limitations and potential misuse of statistics.

Uploaded by

faizanhameed690
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Statistics and Probability (BCA 4th Sem)

Unit I: Statistics and Probability

1. Origin and Definition of Statistics

"Statistics" ka matlab hai "state affairs". Yeh lafz Latin word "Status" se nikla hai. Shuru mein

statistics sirf government data (population, tax) ke liye hoti thi. Aaj ke zamane mein, har field

jaise business, health, education, politics mein use hoti hai.

2. Features of Statistics

- Sirf numerical data ke sath deal karti hai

- Data ka systematic collection, presentation aur analysis karti hai

- Aggregated (collective) facts par based hoti hai

- Comparative studies aur forecasting ke liye use hoti hai

3. Scope of Statistics

- Economics: GDP, unemployment, inflation

- Business: profit-loss, marketing trends

- Medical: death rate, recovery rate

- Education: student performance analysis

- Psychology: behavior surveys, IQ testing

4. Functions of Statistics

- Data ko collect karna

- Usko classify aur summarize karna

- Analysis karke decision-making karna

- Trends ko predict karna (forecasting)

5. Importance and Uses

- Planning aur policy making mein help karti hai

- Scientific research mein logical base deti hai

- Management aur budgeting ko accurate banati hai


Statistics and Probability (BCA 4th Sem)
6. Limitations

- Sirf quantitative data handle kar sakti hai

- Agar data galat ho to results bhi galat honge

- Har situation mein applicable nahi hoti

7. Distrust of Statistics

- Jab statistics ko galat tareeqe se present kiya jaye

- Biased sources ya manipulated data

- Jab log statistics ka misuse karte hain

Collection of Data

- Primary Data: Direct researcher collect karta hai (interview, observation, survey)

- Secondary Data: Pehle se available hota hai (books, reports, internet)

- Statistical Errors: Sampling error aur non-sampling errors

- Rounding Off: Data ko approximate value mein convert karna (e.g., 3.78 → 3.8)

Unit II: Classification and Presentation of Data

1. Classification of Data

Data ko logical groups mein divide karna, jise samajhna aur analysis karna asaan ho jaye.

Objectives:

- Data ko readable aur meaningful banana

- Comparison aur analysis easy ho

- Complex data ko simple banana

Methods:

- Chronological (time-based)

- Geographical (place-based)

- Qualitative (gender, caste)

- Quantitative (age, income)


Statistics and Probability (BCA 4th Sem)

2. Frequency Distribution

Raw data ko class intervals mein divide karna aur har interval ki frequency likhna

3. Tabular Presentation

- Data ko rows aur columns mein dikhana

- Components: Title, headnote, captions (columns), stubs (rows), body, source

- Rules: Simplicity, clarity, consistency

- Types: Simple, complex, two-way, three-way tables

4. Diagrammatic Presentation

- Advantages: Easy, visually attractive

- Disadvantages: Detail missing hoti hai

- Types: Bar chart, pie chart, pictogram, histogram

5. Graphic Presentation

- Advantages: Trend clearly show karta hai

- Disadvantages: Accurate analysis mushkil ho sakta hai

- Types: Line graph, ogive, frequency polygon

Unit III: Measures of Central Tendency

1. Central Tendency

Ek single value jo poore data ko represent kare — isse ‘average’ bhi kehte hain

2. Purpose

- Entire data ko summarize karta hai

- Comparison ke liye base deta hai

3. Good Average ki Qualities

- Clearly defined ho
Statistics and Probability (BCA 4th Sem)
- Extreme values se zyada affected na ho

- Easy to calculate ho

- All data values ko use kare

4. Types of Averages

(a) Arithmetic Mean (AM)

- Formula: Sum of observations / Total observations

- Merits: Simple, sab values ko use karta hai

- Demerits: Extreme values ka impact hota hai

(b) Median

- Middle value when data is ordered

- Merits: Outliers ka effect nahi hota

- Demerits: Sab values ka use nahi karta

(c) Mode

- Sabse zyada frequently occurring value

- Merits: Easy to find, qualitative data ke liye useful

- Demerits: No or multiple modes possible

(d) Harmonic Mean

- Formula: HM = n / (1/x1 + 1/x2 + ... + 1/xn)

- Merits: Speed, ratio problems mein helpful

- Demerits: Complicated calculation

Unit IV: Measures of Dispersion

1. Dispersion

Data values central point se kitni dur ya close hain — iska measurement
Statistics and Probability (BCA 4th Sem)
2. Objectives

- Variability check karna

- Risk aur reliability evaluate karna

- Performance consistency measure karna

3. Good Dispersion ke Features

- All values pe based ho

- Easy to understand ho

- Rigidly defined ho

4. Range

- Formula: Largest – Smallest

- Merits: Very simple

- Demerits: Sirf extreme values pe based

5. Mean Deviation

- Mean ya median se deviation ka average

- Merits: Better than range

- Demerits: Sign ignore karta hai (absolute values use karta hai)

6. Standard Deviation (SD)

- Formula: √[Σ(x -

)² / n]

- Merits: Most scientific and accurate

- Demerits: Difficult calculation

7. Coefficient of Variation (CV)

- Formula: (SD / Mean) × 100

- Merits: Useful for comparing consistency between datasets

- Demerits: Mean zero ho to CV define nahi hoti

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