S No.

Name of Experiment Date of Date of Remark

Experiment Submission

Introduction to Cisco
1.
Packet Tracer.
To study the concepts
2.
of Network Devices.
To implement Peer to
3.
Peer connection using
Cisco Packet Tracer.
To design a VLAN
4.
using CISCO PACKET
To design a VLAN
5.
using Switch.
To show inter-LAN
6.
connection using
Router.
To show working of
7.
Repeater.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 1
AIM: Introduction to Cisco Packet Tracer.
REQUIREMENTS: Personal Computer, Internet Connection, Cisco Packet Tracer.

THEORY:
Cisco Packet Tracer Overview
 Creating Devices
a) Choose a device type from the Device- Type Selection box
b) Click on the desired device model from the Device-Specific Selection box.
c) Click on a location in the workspace to put your device in that location.
d) If you want to cancel your selection, press the Cancel icon for that device.
e) Alternatively, you can click and drag a device from the Device-Specific Selection box
onto the workspace.
f) You can also click and drag a device directly from the Device-Type Selection box and
a default device model will be chosen.

Adding Modules

a) Click on a device to bring up its configuration window.

b) By default, you will be in the Physical Device View subpanel of the device.
c) You can browse (by clicking) through the list of modules and read their description in
the information box at the bottom.
d) When you have found the module, you want to add, simply drag it from the list into a
compatible bay on the device picture.
e) You can remove a module by dragging it from the device back into the list.
 Making Connections

a) To make a connection between two devices, first click the Connections icon
from the Device-Type Selection box to bring up the list of available
connections.
b) Then click the appropriate cable type.
c) The mouse pointer will change into a "connection" cursor.
d) Click on the first device and choose an appropriate interface to which to
connect.
e) Then click on the second device and do the same.
f) A connection cable will appear between the two devices, along with link lights
showing the link status on each end (for interfaces that have link lights).

Creating Networks
a) Start creating a network by first selecting the End Devices. Add a Generic PC and a
Generic Server to the workspace.
b) Under Connections, select the Copper Straight-through cable (solid black line) and
connect the devices with it. The red lights on the link indicate that the connection is not
working. Now, use the Delete tool to remove the Copper Straight-through cable, and
use a Copper Cross-over cable (dashed line) instead. The lights should turn green at this
point, and if the mouse pointer is held over either the PC or the Server, the link status
will be shown as “Up.” The network should look similar to the picture below.
c) Click on the PC. While paying attention to the link lights, turn the power on, off, and
on again. Follow the same steps for the server. The link lights turn red when the device
is off. This means that the link is down or is not working. The link lights turn green
when the device is turned back on.
d) Try all three ways to learn about the devices. First, mouse over the devices to see basic
configuration information about them. Second, click on each device with the Select tool
to show the device configuration window, which provides several ways to configure
the device. Third, use the Inspect tool to view tables the network device will build as it
 learns about the network around it. In this example, only the ARP tables will appear.
Since the devices have not been configured yet, the ARP tables are empty. Always
remember to close windows after viewing them or they will clutter the workspace.
e) Open the PC configuration window and change the settings using the Config tab.
Change the display name to Client and set the DNS server to 192.168.0.105. Under
Interface, click FastEthernet and set the IP address as 192.168.0.110. Packet Tracer
automatically calculates other parameters. Make sure that the Port Status box is
checked. For future reference, note that other Ethernet interface settings, such as
bandwidth, duplex, MAC address, and subnet mask can be modified using this window.
f) Go to the Desktop Tab and click on IP Configuration. Notice that the IP address, subnet
mask and DNS server can be changed here as well.
g) Open the Server configuration window and go to the Config tab. Change the display
name to Web Server. Click FastEthernet and set the IP address as 192.168.0.105. Make
sure that the Port Status is also on. Click DNS and set the domain name as
www.firstlab.com. Set the IP address as 192.168.0.105 and click Add. Finally, check
to make sure that the service for DNS is on.
h) Reposition the network devices by dragging them to a new location. Add a network
description by using the “i” button on the upper right corner. Then add some text labels
within the Logical Workspace by using the Place Note tool.
i) Load a background grid using the Set Tiled Background button.
j) Save your work using the File > Save As option and create a meaningful filename.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 2
AIM: To study the concepts of Network Devices.
THEORY:
• Router: Routers are networking devices operating at layer 3 or a network layer of the OSI
model. They are responsible for receiving, analysing, and forwarding data packets among the
connected computer networks. When a data packet arrives, the router inspects the destination
address, consults its routing tables to decide the optimal route and then transfers the packet
along this route.
How a Working of Router: A router examines a packet header's destination IP address and
compares it against a routing table to determine the packet's best next hop. Routing tables list
directions for forwarding data to particular network destinations, sometimes in the context of
other variables, like cost. They amount to an algorithmic set of rules that calculate the best way
to transmit traffic toward any given IP address. A routing table often specifies a default route,
which the router uses whenever it fails to find a better forwarding option for a given packet.
For example, the typical home office router directs all outbound traffic along a single default
route to its internet service provider (ISP) Routing tables can be static -- i.e., manually
configured -- or dynamic. Dynamic routers automatically updated their routing tables based on
network activity, exchanging information with other devices via routing protocols.

• Hub: A Network Hub is one of the most commonly used networking devices can be easily
found on any small networks such as home or office. Hub operates at the physical layer of OSI
model. It is the simplest networking device hence has low cost. Basically, a hub is a repeater
with multiple ports. The function of a hub in networking is similar to the repeater. It transfers
data in the form of binary bits and uses for broadcasting data.
Working of Hubs: When a host sends frames, the hub forwards the frames in all the ports.
Hubs do not separate the type of the frame, for example, whether the frame unicast should be
either multicast or broadcast. Hubs forward all the frames into all the ports. Although a hub
sends the frames to all the ports, a computer accepts the ones, whose MAC match matches the
destination MAC address field. The rest of the frames are discarded after receiving the required
information.
• Switch: A switch is a Networking device in a computer network that connects other devices
together. Multiple data cables are plugged into a switch to enable communication between
different networked devices. Switches manage the flow of data across a network by transmitting
a received network packet only to the one or more devices for which the packet is intended.
Working of Switch: Whenever a host sends a frame to any other host, then the source host is
stored with the port in the address table of the MAC address switch. A switch always stores the
address of the source in the table. Unless a host does send some data, its MAC address and port
number will not be stored in the table of the switch. Unless a host does send some data, its
MAC address and port number will not be stored in the table of the switch. When you initialize
the switch, the switch does not contain any information about any host and its address. In such
a situation, when a host frame sends, its MAC address is stored in the table but due to no
destination information, the switch sends the frame to all the hosts. When you initialize the
switch, the switch does not contain any information about any host and its address. In such a
situation, when a host frame sends, its MAC address is stored in the table but due to no
destination information, the switch sends the frame to all the hosts. As soon as the second host
sends some data, its address also gets stored in the table. As soon as the second host sends some
 data, its address also gets stored in the table. Whenever a host sends the frames, the switch
stores it if its address is not already present in the table. Thus, a switch creates its table. When
all the hosts' addresses and port numbers come in the switch, the switch delivers the frame to
all hosts only, delivering the same host to the host for which the data has been sent.
• Bridge: Bridge is termed as a network device which is helpful in filtering the data load of the
traffic by dividing it into segments or packets. They are used to lower the load of traffic on the
LAN and other networks. Bridges are passive devices, because there is no interaction between
bridged and the paths of bridging. Bridges operate on the second layer of the OSI model that is
the data link layer.
Working of Bridge: When various network segments are established at the data link layer of
the OSI model, we refer to it as bridge. However, when the packets of data are transferred along
a network, without locating the network addresses this process is termed as bridging. The
process of bridging is helpful in locating the addresses of unknown addresses to which it is
viable to send data. In bridging the data packets contain a header or a packet header which holds
the address to the intended device. Bridge can remember and recall the address of the devices
for further transmission. There are two kinds of bridging modes, the transparent bridging and
the source routing bridging. When the process of bridging occurs, it makes a bridging table
alongside where it stores the MAC addresses of the various terminals. This table helps the
bridges to send the data packet to the exact location next time. However, when a specific
address does not meet the contents of the bridging table, the data packet is forwarded further
ahead to every attached terminal in LAN except from the computer it is connected to. This type
of bridging is called transparent bridging. When the source computer presents pathway
information within the packet, this type of bridging is known as source route bridging. It is most
commonly used in used on Token Ring networks.
• Repeater: A repeater is a network device that retransmits a received signal with more
power and to an extended geographical or topological network boundary than what would be
capable with the original signal repeater is implemented in computer networks to expand the
coverage area of the network, re propagate a weak or broken signal and or service remote nodes.
Repeaters amplify the received/input signal to a higher frequency domain so that it is reusable,
scalable.
Working of Repeater: When an electrical signal is transmitted via a channel, it gets attenuated
depending upon the nature of the channel or the technology. This poses a limitation upon the
length of the LAN or coverage area of cellular networks. This problem is alleviated by installing
repeaters at certain intervals. Repeaters amplifies the attenuated signal and then retransmits it.
Digital repeaters can even reconstruct signals distorted by transmission loss. So, repeaters are
popularly incorporated to connect between two LANs.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 3
AIM: To implement Peer to Peer connection using Cisco Packet Tracer.
REQUIREMENTS: Personal Computer, Internet Connection, Cisco Packet Tracer.

THEORY: This post begins our discussion of software packet tracer. later we will learn
together to discuss many things about the network with packet tracer software. for the
uninitiated, is a packet tracer network simulation software manufacture. we try to start making
the network simple sanat. commonly called a peer-to-peer. I think peer-to-peer is a type of
network in which two or more computers connected to each other and each computer has the
same level of network usage.

PROCEDURE:
1. Open software packet tracer
2. Click End Devices icon (lower left corner) or press CTRL + ALT + V.
3. Drag icon general (Personal Computer) and drop to worksheets.

4. Click Connection’s icon or press CTRL + ALT + 0, then click Automatically Choose
Connection Type.
5. Click PC0 then click PC1.
6. Double click PC0.
7. Desktop tab, then click IP Configuration.
8. Set IP Address for Subnet Mask.
IP Address PC0 = 192.168.2.1
Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0

9. close window PC0.

10. double click PC1.
11. Desktop tab, then click IP Configuration.
12. Set IP Address for Subnet Mask.
IP Address PC0 = 192.168.2.2
Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0
13. Desktop tab, then click Command Prompt.
14. Type ping 192.168.2.1 then enter.
15. If it appears as shown below, it means PC0 and PC1 are connected and successful.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 4
AIM: To design a LAN using Hub.
REQUIREMENTS: Two or more Computers, Internet Connection, Cisco Packet Tracer.
LAN cable, eight port Hub.
THEORY: A local area network (LAN) is a collection of devices connected together in one
physical location, such as a building, office, or home. A LAN can be small or large, ranging
from a home network with one user to an enterprise network with thousands of users and
devices in an office or school. A LAN comprises cables, access points, switches, routers, and
other components that enable devices to connect to internal servers, web servers, and other
LANs via wide area networks. The advantages of a LAN are the same as those for any group
of devices networked together. The devices can use a single Internet connection, share files
with one another, print to shared printers, and be accessed and even controlled by one another.

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the CISCO Packet tracer software.

2. Drag and drop 6 pcs using End Device Icons on the left corner.
3. Select RJ 45 type connector (Hub) from Hub icon list in the left bottom corner.
4. Make the connections using Straight through Ethernet cables.
5. Give IP address of the PC0, PC1, PC2, PC3, PC4 and PC5 as 192.168.1.1,
192.168.1.2, 192.168.1.3, 192.168.1.4, 192.168.1.5 and 192.168.1.6 respectively,
ping between PCs and observe the transfer of data packets in real and simulation
mode.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 5
AIM: To design a LAN using Switch.
REQUIREMENTS: Two or more Computers, Internet Connection, Cisco Packet Tracer.
LAN cable, eight port Switch.
THEORY: A local area network (LAN) is a collection of devices connected together in one
physical location, such as a building, office, or home. A LAN can be small or large, ranging
from a home network with one user to an enterprise network with thousands of users and
devices in an office or school. A LAN comprises cables, access points, switches, routers, and
other components that enable devices to connect to internal servers, web servers, and other
LANs via wide area networks. The advantages of a LAN are the same as those for any group
of devices networked together. The devices can use a single Internet connection, share files
with one another, print to shared printers, and be accessed and even controlled by one another.

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the CISCO Packet tracer software.

2. Drag and drop 3 pcs using End Device Icons on the left corner.
3. Select RJ 45 type connector (Switch) from Switch icon list in the left bottom corner.
4. Make the connections using Straight through Ethernet cables.
5. Give IP address of the PC1, PC2 and PC3 as 192.168.1.1, 192.168.1.2 and
192.168.1.3 respectively, ping between PCs and observe the transfer of data
packets in real and simulation mode.
 EXPERIMENT NO. 6
AIM: To show inter-LAN connection using Router.
REQUIREMENTS: Two or more Computers, Internet Connection, Cisco Packet Tracer.
LAN cable, Router, 2 eight port Switch.
THEORY: A local area network (LAN) is a collection of devices connected together in one
physical location, such as a building, office, or home. A LAN can be small or large, ranging
from a home network with one user to an enterprise network with thousands of users and
devices in an office or school. A LAN comprises cables, access points, switches, routers, and
other components that enable devices to connect to internal servers, web servers, and other
LANs via wide area networks. The advantages of a LAN are the same as those for any group
of devices networked together. The devices can use a single Internet connection, share files
with one another, print to shared printers, and be accessed and even controlled by one another.
A router is an electronic device that interconnects two or more computer networks, and
selectively interchanges packets of data between them. Each data packet contains address
information that a router can use to determine if the source and destination are on the same
network, or if the data packet must be transferred from one network to another. Where multiple
routers are used in a large collection of interconnected networks, the routers exchange
information about target system addresses, so that each router can build up a table showing the
preferred paths between any two systems on the interconnected networks.

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the CISCO Packet tracer software.

2. Drag and drop 5 pcs using End Device Icons on the left corner.
3. Select Router from Router icon list in the left bottom corner.
4. Select Routers and Give the IP address for serial ports of router and apply clock rate
as per the table.

5. Make the connections using Straight through Ethernet cables.

6. Ping between PCs and observe the transfer of data packets in real and simulation
mode
 EXPERIMENT NO. 7
AIM: To show working of Repeater.
REQUIREMENTS: Two or more Computers, Internet Connection, Cisco Packet Tracer.
LAN cable, Repeater, 2 eight port Switch.
THEORY: A local area network (LAN) is a collection of devices connected together in one
physical location, such as a building, office, or home. A LAN can be small or large, ranging
from a home network with one user to an enterprise network with thousands of users and
devices in an office or school. A LAN comprises cables, access points, switches, routers, and
other components that enable devices to connect to internal servers, web servers, and other
LANs via wide area networks. The advantages of a LAN are the same as those for any group
of devices networked together. The devices can use a single Internet connection, share files
with one another, print to shared printers, and be accessed and even controlled by one another.
A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher level
and/or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer
distances. Repeater have two ports, so cannot be use to connect for more than two devices.
When an electrical signal is transmitted via a channel, it gets attenuated depending upon the
nature of the channel or the technology. This poses a limitation upon the length of the LAN or
coverage area of cellular networks. This problem is alleviated by installing repeaters at certain
intervals. Repeaters amplifies the attenuated signal and then retransmits it. Digital repeaters
can even reconstruct signals distorted by transmission loss. So, repeaters are popularly
incorporated to connect between two LANs.

PROCEDURE:
1. Open the CISCO Packet tracer software.

2. Drag and drop 5 pcs using End Device Icons on the left corner.
3. Select Repeater from Repeater icon list in the left bottom corner.
4. Make the connections using Straight through Ethernet cables.
5. Ping between PCs and observe the transfer of data packets in real and simulation
mode