PERCENTAGE

The concept of “percentage” comes from the Latin term “per centum,” which means “for every hundred.”
It’s a way to express a number or ratio as a fraction of 100, represented by the symbol "%."
For example, 50% is the same as 50 out of 100, or half.
The percentage difference between two numbers is calculated by subtracting the smaller number from
the larger one, dividing the result by the original number, and then multiplying by 100 to convert it into
a percentage. This method is useful for tracking changes over time or comparing quantities in different
situations.
Let’s say you scored 80 out of 100 on a test last week and this week you scored 90 out of 100. The
90−80
percentage difference would be calculated as: × 100 = 12.5%. This indicates that your score has
80
increased by 12.5% from last week to this week.

Example 1: Two students Aman and Sohan score 150 and 240 in different exams whose total marks of
exams are 200 and 300 then find whose performance are better?
Solution: Let’s calculate:
𝟏𝟓𝟎
• Aman scored 150 out of 200. So, his percentage = ×100 = 75%.
𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟒𝟎
• Sohan scored 240 out of 300. So, his percentage = ×100 = 80%.
𝟑𝟎𝟎
Therefore, Sohan performed better as he scored a higher percentage of marks (80%) compared to Aman
(75%).

“A chart is provided here that allows for the conversion of percentage values into fractions, and vice
versa.”
PERCENTAGE TO FRACTION CHART

1 7.69% 7 87.5%
100% 9 1
1 13 (7 )% 8 (87 )%
13 2

1 1 7.14% 2 66.66%
50% 1 2
2 14 (7 )% 3 (66 )%
7 3

1 33.33% 1 6.66% 5 83.33%

1 2 1
3 (33 )% 15 (6 )% 6 (83 )%
3 3 3

1 1 6.25% 2
25% 1 40%
4 16 (6 )% 5
4

1 1 3
20% 5.88% 60%
5 17 5

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 15
(5 )%
17

1 16.66% 1 5.55% 4
2 5 80%
6 (16 )% 18 (5 )% 5
3 9

1 14.28% 1 5.26% 3
2 5 75%
7 (14 )% 19 (5 )% 4
7 19

1 12.5% 1 2 28.56%
1 5% 4
8 (12 )% 20 7 (28 )%
2 7

1 11.11% 1 3 42.84%
1 4% 6
9 (11 % 25 7 (42 )%
9 7

1 1 2 22.22%
10% 2% 2
10 50 9 (22 )%
9

1 9.09% 3 37.5% 6
1 1 120%
11 (9 )% 8 (37 )% 5
11 2

1 8.33% 5 62.5% 5
1 1 125%
12 (8 % 8 (62 )% 4
3 2

CONVERSION FROM PERCENTAGE TO FRACTION

The process of converting a percentage to a fraction involves two steps:
Express the percentage as a fraction of 100.
Reduce the fraction to its simplest form.

Example 2: Let’s take 45% as an example:

45
Solution: We first write 45% as a fraction of 100, which gives us .
100
9
Next, we simplify the fraction. Both 45 and 100 can be divided by 5, so we do that to get .
20
9
Therefore, 45% is equivalent to the fraction of
20

Example 3: Convert 166.66% to a fraction.

2
Solution: The fraction value of 66.66% is .
3
For 166.66%, add 1 to the numerator (because 100% equals 1, and this is more than 66.66% of the
denominator for the numerator).
2+3 5
So, equals .
3 3

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Example 4: Convert 387.5% to a fraction.
7
Solution: The fraction value of 87.5% is .
8
For 387.5%, add three times the numerator (because 300% equals 3, and this is more than 87.5% of the
denominator for the numerator).
7+24 31
So, equals .
8 8

CONVERSION FROM FRACTION TO PERCENTAGE

To transform a fraction into a percentage, you first do the division operation that the fraction represents
(i.e., numerator divided by denominator), which gives you a decimal. You then multiply this decimal by
100 to get your percentage.

𝟑
Example 5: Let’s use as an example:
𝟒
𝟑
Solution: Multiply by 100: × 100 = 75.
𝟒
𝟑
So, when expressed as a percentage, becomes 75%.
𝟒

Example 6: Convert 375% into fraction.

𝟑𝟕𝟓
Solution: Start by writing the percentage as a fraction over 100. So, 375% becomes .
𝟏𝟎𝟎
Next, simplify this fraction.
To do this, find the greatest common divisor (GCD) of the numerator (the top number) and the
𝟑𝟕𝟓
denominator (the bottom number), and then divide both by this number. For ,The GCD is 25.
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟓
When you divide both the numerator and denominator by 25, you get .
𝟒

Example 7: Find the value of 60% of 25% of 83.33% of 21600.

𝟑 𝟏 𝟓
Solution:60% of 25% of 83.33% of 21600 = × × × 21600 =2700
𝟓 𝟒 𝟔

Example 8: Find the value of 360% of 233.33% of 8100.

𝟑 𝟏 𝟏𝟖 𝟕
Solution: 360% of 233.33% of 8100 = (𝟑 + ) × (𝟐 + ) × 8100 = × × 8100 = 68040
𝟓 𝟑 𝟓 𝟑

Example 9: If 66.66% of a number is added itself then it becomes 75 then find the original number.
𝟐
Solution: 66.66% =
𝟑
By unit original number is 3 unit
Final number = 3+2 = 5 unit
𝟕𝟓
Then original number = × 3 = 45
𝟓

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Example 10: If a number is decreased by 62.5% then it decreases 39 then find the number after
decrement.
𝟓
Solution: 62.5% =
𝟖
Original number = 8 unit , Final number = 5 unit , Reduction in number = 8-5 = 3 unit
𝟑𝟗
Number after decrement = × 5 = 65
𝟑

FORMULA FOR CALCULATING A PERCENTAGE

TARGET VALUE
PERCENTAGE = × 100%
BASE VALUE
Here, the ‘Target Value’ is the value whose percentage we are seeking to determine,
and the ‘Base Value’ is the value that serves as a reference point or standard for comparison.
This formula allows us to express the ‘Target Value’ as a fraction of the ‘Base Value’, in terms of per
hundred or percentage.

Example 11: 54 days is what percent of 27 weeks?

Solution: To find out what percent of 54 days is of 27 weeks, we first need to convert the weeks into
days. Since there are 7 days in a week, 27 weeks would be 27 × 7 = 189 days.
The formula to calculate the percentage is:
TARGET VALUE 54
× 100% = × 100 ≈ 28.57%
BASE VALUE 189
Therefore, 54 days is approximately 28.57% of 27 weeks.

FOR PERCENTAGE CHANGE IN VALUE, WE CAN USE THE FORMULA GIVEN BELOW
The formulas given are used to calculate percentage change. The decreased percentage formula
calculates the percentage decrease between two numbers, using the larger value as the base. The
increased percentage formula calculates the percentage increase, using the smaller value as the base.
Difference of the number
1. Decreased percentage = × 100%
Large value
Difference of the number
2. Increased percentage = × 100%
Smaller value

Example 12: Ram weighs 65 kg and Raman weighs 39 kg. Determine the percentage by which Raman’s
weight is less than Ram’s weight.
Solution: To find the percentage by which Raman's weight is less than Ram's weight, we can use the
formula for the percentage difference:
Difference in Weight
Percentage Difference= × 100%
Weight of Ram
Difference in Weight = Weight of Ram−Weight of Raman=65 kg−39 kg=26 kg
26
So, Percentage Difference= × 100=40%
65

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Example 13: In a race between Radha and Vasudha, Vasudha travels 150 meters at the same time while
Radha travels 250 meters. Find out how much percentage more Radha travels than Vasudha.
Difference of the number
Solution: Increased percentage = ×100%
Smaller value
Here, the difference in the number is Radha's distance - Vasudha's distance
=250 meters - 150 meters = 100 meters
The smaller value is Vasudha’s distance =150 meters
100
Increased percentage = × 100% = 66.67%
150

Example 14: The price of a product was $50 last year. This year, the price has increased to $65. Find
out how much percentage the price has increased.
Solution: The increased percentage can be calculated using the formula:
Difference of the number
Increased percentage = × 100%
Smaller value
Here, the difference in the number is this year's price minus last year's price, which equals $65 - $50 =
$15.
The smaller value is last year's price, which is $50.
15
Increased percentage = ×100% = 30%
50

Example 15: If 33.33% of (2A+B) =83.33% of (A-B), then what % of B is equal to A?

Solution: If 33.33% of (2A+B) =83.33% of (A-B)
1 5
× (2A + B) = × (A - B)
3 6
2 × (2A+B) =5 × (A-B)
4A + 2B = 5A -5B
A=7B
A: B=7:1
𝐴 7
% = × 100% = × 100% =700%
𝐵 1

Example 16: If the price of kerosene is increased by 75%, by what percentage should a person reduce
his consumption to keep his expenditure unchanged?
Solution: Assume the initial price and initial expenditure = Rs 100.
The final price of kerosene after a 75% increase = 100 × 175% = Rs 175.
Final Price − Initial Price
The percentage reduction in consumption can be calculated using the formula: ×
Final Price
100%
175−100
Substituting the values, we get: × 100% = 42.84%
175

Example 17: If A is 20% more than B, and B is 20% less than C, then A is what percentage more or less
than C?
Solution: Let’s assume C = 100.

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 80
B is 20% less than C, which means B = 80% of C = × 100 = 80.
100
120
A is 20% more than B, which means A = 120% of B = × 80 = 96.
100
100 − 96
Now, A is less than C by a percentage calculated as follows: × 100% = 4%.
100
Therefore, A is 4% less than C.

Example 18: In an examination that consists of questions from Hindi, English, Maths, and Computer
subjects. If Maths contains 35% of the questions, English contains 15%, Hindi contains 10%, and
Computers contain 120 questions, then how many more questions are there in Maths than in Hindi?
Solution: The total percentage of questions asked in Computer is 100% - (35% + 15% + 10%) = 40%.
In Maths, there are 35% - 10% = 25% more questions asked than in Hindi.
120
Now , More question in Maths than Hindi = × 25% = 75
40%

FOR ANY ERROR, WE CAN USE THE FORMULA GIVEN BELOW

The Percentage Error formula is a statistical tool used to measure the discrepancy between an observed
value and the actual value. It’s calculated by subtracting the observed value from the actual value,
dividing by the actual value, and multiplying by 100%.
Actual Value − Observed Value
Percentage Error = × 100%
Actual Value

Example 19: If a number is divided by 25 instead of multiplied by 25 then what % error will occur in
the result?
Solution: Let’s solve this problem step by step:
1. If a number is multiplied by 25, the result is 100 × 25 = 2500.
2. If the same number is divided by 25 instead, the result is 100 / 25 = 4.
Actual Value − Observed Value
Now, Percentage Error = × 100%
Actual Value
Substituting the actual value (2500) and the observed value (4) into the formula, we get:
2500−4
Percentage Error = × 100%=99.84% error
2500

❖ Let a be a value and a% be its percentage representation. If we want to find the value of b that
corresponds to the percentage b%, we can use the following formula:
𝑎
b= × b%
𝑎%

Example 20: If a shopkeeper sells his 30% article and remains with 630 articles then how many articles
did he have originally?
𝑎
Solution: we can use the formula b = × b% to solve this problem.
𝑎%
Here, is the remaining number of articles (630),
a% is the remaining percentage of articles (70%),
and b% is the total percentage (100%).
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We want to find b, which represents the original number of articles.
Substituting these values into the formula, we get:
630
b= × 100%= 900 articles.
70%

Example: In a town, 20% of males, 25% of females, and 40% of children died due to COVID-19. If the
previous population of males, females, and children was 5000, 8000, and 12000 respectively, find the
percentage of the population that died in the town.
Solution: Let’s calculate the number of people who died in each group:
• Males: 20% of 5000 = 1000
• Females: 25% of 8000 = 2000
• Children: 40% of 12000 = 4800
So, the total number of people who died is 1000 (males) + 2000 (females) + 4800 (children) = 7800.
The total population of the town was 5000 (males) + 8000 (females) + 12000 (children) = 25000.
7800
Therefore, the percentage of the population that died = × 100%= 31.2%.
25000
So, 31.2% of the town’s population died due to COVID-19.

Example 21: If the numerator of a fraction is increased by 20% and its denominator is decreased by
3
30% then the fraction becomes then find the original fraction.
14
𝑎
Solution: Let the original fraction is
𝑏
120% 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 3
New fraction = =
70% 𝑜𝑓 𝑏 14
On solving this
𝑎 1
Original fraction = =
𝑏 8

Example 22: If the flat income tax rate is increased by 0.5%, then a woman has to pay an extra Rs 2000.
What is her income?
Solution: Increased tax percentage = extra tax
0.5% = 2000
2000
Income = × 100 = 400000
0.5

Example 23: A company offers a 12% commission on the total sales made by a salesman, along with a
bonus of 4% on sales exceeding Rs 30000. If his total sales amount to Rs 50000, calculate his income.
Solution: The commission is 12% of the total sales. So, for a total sale of Rs 50000, the commission =
12
× 50000 = Rs 6000
100
4
The salesman gets a bonus of 4% on the sales over Rs 30000 = 4% of (50000−30000)= × 20000 =800
100
Therefore , his income 6000+800 = Rs 6800

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Example 24: A man spends 60% of his income. If his income increases by 20% and his expenditure also
increases by 60%, what is the net percentage change in his savings?
Solution: Let the initial income of man = Rs 100

INCOME EXPENSE SAVING

INITIAL 100 60 40

FINAL 120 96 24

40−24
Percentage change in saving = × 100% = 40% decrement
40

Example 25: In an election between two candidates, 25% of voters did not cast their votes. The
successful candidate received 61% of the total votes and won by a majority of 5076 votes. What is the
total number of voters on the voter list?
Solution: Let's consider total voters = 100%

Total voters
100%

Voters Not cast Winners Losers

vote 25% 61% 14%

Winner won by = 61% - 14% =47%

5076
Total number of voters in voter list = × 100 = 10800
47

MARKS BASED
Marks is divided into two parts
1. Aggregate Score: This is the cumulative score that can be achieved in an examination, which is
equivalent to 100%. It represents the maximum score a student can obtain in the given examination.
This is also known as maximum marks.
2. Passing Score: Commonly referred to as passing marks, these are the least number of marks a
student needs to secure to pass the examination. The requirement for these marks can vary based
on the specific regulations of each examination. This is also known as minimum marks.
In this system, a student’s performance is evaluated based on their score relative to the aggregate
score. If a student secures the aggregate score, they have achieved 100% in the examination.
Conversely, if a student secures the passing score, they have just met the passing criteria for the

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 examination. Any score between the passing and aggregate scores reflects the student’s
understanding and proficiency in the subjects assessed in the examination.
Example 26: A student scores 32% marks and fails by 32 marks while another student gets 48% marks
and gets 48 marks more than the passing marks, Find the maximum marks of the examination.
Solution: Let’s denote the maximum marks as 100%.
● The first student scored 32% of the maximum marks and failed by 32 marks. So, the passing
marks are 32% + 32.
● The second student scored 48% of the maximum marks, which is 48 marks more than the passing
marks. So, the passing marks are also 48% - 48.
Setting these two equations equal to each other gives us:
32% + 32 = 48% - 48
Solving this equation:
48% - 32% = 32 + 48
16% = 80
80
So, 100% = × 100% = 500
16

Example 27: In an exam, 18% of students failed in English 24% failed in Math and 11% of students
failed in both subjects. Then find % of students who passed in both subjects.
Solution: Add the percentages of students who failed in English and Math, which is 18% + 24% = 42%.
● Then, subtract the percentage of students who failed in both subjects, because they were counted
twice in the previous step. So, 42% - 11% = 31%.
● Finally, subtract this percentage from 100% to find the percentage of students who passed both
subjects. So, 100% - 31% = 69%.

NET CHANGE
When a value is continuously increased or decreased by a certain percentage, and each time the new
result becomes the base value for the next calculation, this process is known as successive change. The
total effect of this process is referred to as the net change. For example, if a value increases by 10% and
then decreases by 10%, the net change will not be zero due to the successive change effect.
Here are the formulas for net change:
𝑎𝑏
● For two successive changes, the formula = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + )%
100
𝑎𝑏 𝑏𝑐 𝑐𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑐
● For three successive changes, the formula =(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + + + + )%
100 100 100 1002
Note: For a percentage increase, use a positive value in the formula. In case of a decrease in percentage,
use a negative value in the formula.

Example 28: If the population of a village is increased by 25% and 40% per year respectively then what
% change in population after 2 years?
Solution:
Method 1: Let’s assume we have two percentages, a and b, where a = 25% and b = 40%.
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We can calculate the combined effect of these two percentages using the following formula:
𝑎𝑏
(𝑎 + 𝑏 + )%
100
Applying our values to this formula, we get:
25×40
= (25 + 40 + ) % = 75% (Because 75% is a positive value, there will be an increase of 75%)
100
Method 2: Let’s assume the present population of the village is 100.
25
After the first year, the population increases by 25%, so it becomes 100 + 25% of 100 = 100(1 + )
100
= 125.
After the second year, this population further increases by 40%, so it becomes 125 + 40% of 125 =
40
125((1 + ) = 175.
100
So, the population after two years is 175. This means that from an initial population of 100, the
population has increased by 75 over the two years so it will be an increment. Therefore, the percentage
increment in population after two years is 75%
1
Method 3: The fraction value of 25% is . In this case, 4 represents the starting population. Since the
4
population has increased, the new population becomes 1+4=5.
2
The fraction value of 40% is . Here, 5 represents the starting population for the second year. Since the
5
population has increased again, the new population becomes 5 + 2=7.
The starting population is calculated as 4 × 5=20.
The population after 2 years is calculated as 5 × 7 =35
The new value of the ratio is more than the previous so there will be an increment in percentage.
(35−20)
The percentage increment is calculated as × 100% = 75%
20

Example 29: If the length of a rectangle is increased by 83.33% and its width is decreased by 62.5%
then what percentage change will occur in its area?
5
Solution: The fraction value of an 83.33% increase is . In this case, 6 represents the original length of
6
the rectangle. Since the length is increased, the new length becomes 6 + 5 = 11.
The fraction value of a 62.5% decrease is 5/8. Here, 8 represents the original width of the rectangle.
Since the width is decreased, the new width becomes 8 - 5 = 3.
The original area of the rectangle is calculated as 6 × 8 = 48.
The new area of the rectangle after the changes is calculated as 11 × 3 = 33.
Since the new area is less than the original area, there has been a decrease in the area. The percentage
decrease in area is calculated as:
Original Area − New Area 48−33 15
× 100% = × 100% = × 100% ≈ 31.25%
Original Area 48 48
So, there will be an overall decrease of approximately 31.25% in its area.

Example 30: Ram spends 25% of his salary on food, on remaining 20% on rent, on the remaining 60%
on travel and remains with Rs 2160/-, Then Find his salary.
Solution: Let’s assume the salary of Ram = a.
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The remaining salary after deductions are given by the formula: a × (100-25)% × (100-20)% × (100-
60)%
Substituting the given value into the formula, we get: a × 75% × 80% × 40% = Rs 2160
Simplifying the equation, we get: a × 0.75 × 0.8 × 0.4 = Rs 2160
Solving for ‘a’, we get: a = Rs 9000
So, Ram’s salary is Rs 9000

IF PERSON REDUCE HIS CONSUMPTION BECAUSE OF INCREMENT IN PRICE

Case 1. If person did not change his expense due to increment in price x% then
𝑥
Percentage reduction in consumption = × 100%
100 + 𝑥
Case2. If person change his expense y% due to increment in price x% then
𝑥−𝑦
Percentage reduction in consumption = × 100%
100 + 𝑥

Example 32: Due to the increase in the price of flour 40%, by what percentage should Raman reduce
his consumption if
a) He does not want to change his expenses
b) He increases his expense by 8%
c) He decreases his expense by 20%

Solution:
a) Method 1: If price increment = x%
𝑥 40
Reduction in consumption in % = × 100% = × 100% = 28.56%
100 + 𝑥 100 + 40
2
Method 2 : Short trick: Fraction value of 40% =
5
2
Add numerator in denominator and find the percentage value of fraction = × 100% = 28.56%
5+2
b) If price increment = x% and expense increase y%
𝑥−𝑦 40−8
Percentage reduction in consumption = × 100% = × 100% = 22.85% (Approx)
100 + 𝑥 100 + 40
c) If price increment = x% and expense decrease (-y%)
𝑥− (−𝑦) 40−(−20) 60
Percentage reduction in consumption = × 100% = × 100% = × 100% = 42.85%
100 + 𝑥 100 + 40 140
(Approx)

Example 33: Consider a scenario where you have fresh fruit that is composed of 52% water, and you
want to convert it into dry fruit, which contains only 22% water. You’re starting with 65 kg of fresh fruit.
How much dry fruit can you get from this?
Solution: In the process of drying fruit, the water evaporates but the actual fruit content remains the
same.
Let’s denote the weight of the dry fruit obtained as ‘x’ kg.
The weight of the actual fruit in the fresh fruit is (100 - 52)% of 65 kg, which equals 48% of 65 kg.
Similarly, the weight of the actual fruit in the dry fruit is (100 - 22)% of ‘x’, which equals 78% of ‘x’.
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Since the weight of the actual fruit remains constant during the drying process, we can equate these two
quantities:
48% of 65 kg = 78% of ‘x’
Solving this equation for ‘x’, we find:
‘x’ = 40 kg
Therefore, from 65 kg of fresh fruits, you can obtain 40 kg of dry fruits.

Example 34: The price of rice has been reduced by 25%. How many kilograms of rice can now be bought
with the money that was previously sufficient to buy 30 kg of rice?
Solution: If the price is reduced by 25%, then 30 kg can be bought for 75% of the original price. So, the
total amount of rice that can now be purchased is calculated as follows:
30
So now in total amount rice can be purchased = × 100% = 40 kg
75%

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