Module Code 18CIVL04H

Resit Examination
2018 / 2019
Module Title
Geoinformatics
Module Leader Semester
Dr. Mohamed Embaby Resit [S2]
Equipment allowed
Non-programmable calculator

Instructions to Students

 The exam is in two sections.

 Answer all questions in Section A and any two questions from Section B.
 Answers to only two questions from Section B will be graded. If answers to
more than two questions are found, the first two answers will be graded and the
other answers will be ignored.
 The exam paper is 3 pages long, not including this page.
 The allocation of marks is shown in brackets next to each question.
 Write your answers in the answer book provided, not on the exam paper.
 Assume any missing information and state your assumptions clearly.
 Submit exam paper with the answer book.

This examination is TWO hours long.

[Turn Over only when instructed to do so]

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Section A: Answer all questions

QA1 (i). Justify True or False?
a) GIS applications allow you to mix more than one geometry type in a single
layer. [1 marks]
[1 marks]
b) Raster data are good for showing continually varying information.
c) Digitizing is a process allows you to create and modify the geometry data in [1 marks]
a layer.
d) Choosing layer geometry type does not depend on scale. [1 marks]
e) Polygon geometries are made up of at least three vertices forming an
enclosed area. [1marks]
f) Rows in the Attributes Table are called records. [1 marks]
g) The UTM zones are numbered 1 to 180, starting at the international date
[1 marks]
line (zone 1 at 180 degrees West longitude).
h) A legend explains all the symbols on a map. [1 marks]
i) The attributes of a vector feature describe its shape and position. [1 marks]
[1 marks]

(ii).State and explain in details the GPS Receivers Types? [10 marks]

Total [20 marks]

QA2 Use the least-squares solution to adjust the three equally weighted distance
observations taken (in feet) between points A, B, and C of Figure QA2.

[20 marks]

Figure QA2

Total [20 marks]

QA3 (i). Define:

 Geomatics. [2 marks]
 Photogrammetry. [2 marks]
 Geodesy. [2 marks]
 Remote Sensing. [2 marks]
 Cartography. [2 marks]

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(ii). The geodetic latitude, longitude, and height of a point A are 41⁰ 15′18.2106″
N, 75⁰ 00′58.6127″ W, and 312.391 m, respectively. Using WGS84 values, what [10 marks]
are the geocentric coordinates of the point?

Total [20 marks]

[Total 60 Section A]

Section B: Answer only two questions

QB1 i. Mention the benefits of using of a geodatabase compared to a shape file. [2 marks]
ii. Mention the common elements of a map. [2 marks]
iii. There are two different types of coordinate reference systems: Geographic
[2 marks]
Coordinate Systems and Projected Coordinate Systems, Explain in detailed.
[2 marks]
iv. Stat and draw the GIS component. [2 marks]
v. Using a neat sketch diagram showing GIS data types.

vi. The coordinates of three locations LOC1 (615370.56 E, 809173.755 N,

50.754), LOC2 (615709.452 E, 809834.032 N, 59.563), and LOC3
(615549.411E, 810121.659 N, 75.673). LOC1 is silt clay soil, LOC2 is
Rocky soil, LOC3 is sandy soil.
a. Describe the procedure of handling this data through ArcGIS software (how to
[4 marks]
prepare shape file).
b. Design and fill in the attribute table for the three locations. [4 marks]
c. Outline the procedure to select the sites with silt clay characteristics. [2 marks]
Total [20 marks]

QB2 i. Mention the ESRI Geodatabase types. [3 marks]

ii.There are two different types of remote sensing, Explain in detailed? [3 marks]
iii.
Mention the advantages and disadvantages of Remote Sensing. [3 marks]
[3 marks]
iv.Mention the three families of map projections?
v. Compute the GPS coordinates (X, Y, Z) of point A whose geodetic latitude
equals 30⁰ , geodetic longitude equals 31⁰ 30', and geodetic height equals [8 marks]
150 m. Use the WGS 1984 ellipsoid whose parameters are: semi-major axis
(a) = 6378137 m, and semi-minor axis (b) = 6356752 m.

Total [20 marks]

QB3 (i). You are a realtor looking for a residential property in Cairo for client who have
the following criteria:
 It needs to be in Cairo.
 It must be within reasonable driving distance of a school (say 1km).
 It must be less than 250 m2 in size.
 Closer than 200 m to a main road.
 Closer than 3 km to Airport.

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 Closer than 3 km to Airport.

 Closer than 4 km to a restaurant.
[17 marks]
Use GIS analysis to get the client request.

(ii). Circle the right answer.

a. ………………. can occurs when the edges of two polygon areas don’t meet
properly. (Slivers – Overshoots – Undershoots) [1 marks]
b. …………….…occur when digitized vector lines that should connect to each
[1 marks]
other don’t quite touch. (Slivers – Overshoots – Undershoots)
c. ………………. happen if a line ends beyond the line it should connect to it. [1 marks]
(Slivers – Overshoots – Undershoots)

Total [20 marks]

[Total 40 Section B]

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Model Answer

Section A: Answer all questions

QA1 (i). Justify True or False?
a) GIS applications allow you to mix more than one geometry type in a single
layer. (False) [1 marks]
[1 marks]
b) Raster data are good for showing continually varying information. (True)
c) Digitizing is a process allows you to create and modify the geometry data in [1 marks]
a layer. (True)
d) Choosing layer geometry type does not depend on scale. (False) [1 marks]
e) Polygon geometries are made up of at least three vertices forming an
enclosed area. (False) [1marks]
f) Rows in the Attributes Table are called records. (True) [1 marks]
g) The UTM zones are numbered 1 to 180, starting at the international date
[1 marks]
line (zone 1 at 180 degrees West longitude). (False)
h) A legend explains all the symbols on a map. (True) [1 marks]
i) The attributes of a vector feature describe its shape and position. (False) [1 marks]
[1 marks]

(ii).Stat and explain in details the GPS Receivers Types?

[10 marks]
Single Frequency Code Receivers
o Measures the pseudorange with C/A-code only
o No other measurements are available
o Least expensive & Least accurate

•Single Frequency code and Carrier Receivers

o Output raw C/A-code pseudoranges
o L1 carrier-phase measurements & navigation message
o In addition to all above capabilities

•Dual Frequency Receivers

o Most sophisticated and most expensive
o Can output all GPS signal components (L1 and L2 Carriers, C/A code, P-code,
Nav Msg)

•Multi Frequency Receivers

o Most sophisticated and most expensive
o Can output all GNSS signal components (L1, L2, L2C, (L1C and L5 near future)
Carriers, C/A code, P-code, Nav Msg)

Total [20 marks]

QA2 Use the least-squares solution to adjust the three equally weighted distance
observations taken (in feet) between points A, B, and C of Figure QA2. [20 marks]

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Model Answer

Figure QA2

Solution

Total [20 marks]

QA3 (i). Define:

 Geomatics.
[2 marks]
Geomatics is defined as a systemic, multidisciplinary, integrated approach to
selecting the instruments and the appropriate techniques for collecting, storing,
integrating, modeling, analyzing, retrieving at will, transforming, displaying and
distributing spatially georeferenced data from different sources with well-defined
accuracy characteristics, continuity and in a digital format.
 Photogrammetry. [2 marks]

the process of deriving metric information about an object through measurements

of the object made on photographs, leaving to photointerpretation (by human visual
analysis) the task to obtain qualitative information (human experience remains a
determinant factor).
 Geodesy. [2 marks]

Geodesy is the science which defines the shape and dimensions of the Earth
through its two branches. (gravimetry, positioning astronomy)
 Remote Sensing. [2 marks]
The art, science and technology to obtain valid information about physical objects
and the environment, through the processes of collection, measure and
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Model Answer
interpretation of images (photographic or digital) and analog or digital
representation of the models of electromagnetic energy derived from survey
systems (photographic cameras or scanning systems), without contact with the
objects.
 Cartography.

representation of the Earth’s surface based on specific rules. [2 marks]

(ii). The geodetic latitude, longitude, and height of a point A are 41⁰ 15′18.2106″
N, 75⁰ 00′58.6127″ W, and 312.391 m, respectively. Using WGS84 values, what
are the geocentric coordinates of the point?

[10 marks]

Total [20 marks]

[Total 60 Section A]

Section B: Answer only two questions

QB1 i. Mention the benefits of using of a geodatabase compared to a shape file.
[2 marks]
Geodatabases offer numerous advantages:
− Multiple spatial layers and non-spatial data sources can be stored in a single file
and organized thematically
− Rules can be easily defined that can apply to all classes
− These rules can include relationships between layers
− For instance if you have one subclass with water lines and one with water valves,
you can ensure that if you move a water line, the water valve that connects that line
will move as well, or it ensures that, say, if the material attribute for a water line is
set to copper, the water valves that connect to it will also be copper
− Spatial layers maintain the same measurement and geographic reference systems,
because new layers added to the geodatabase can “inherent” properties of existing
ones
− Labeling “behaviour” can be stored as an annotation feature class, making it
easier to keep labels consistent
• Shapefile do not store “topological” information.
ii. Mention the common elements of a map. [2 marks]

The Common elements of a map are the title, map body, legend, north arrow, scale
bar, acknowledgement and map border.

iii. There are two different types of coordinate reference systems: Geographic [2 marks]

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Model Answer
Coordinate Systems and Projected Coordinate Systems, Explain in detailed.

1. Geographic Coordinate Systems

They use degrees of latitude and longitude and sometimes also a height value to
describe a location on the earth’s surface. The most popular is called WGS 84.
o Lines of latitude run parallel to the equator and divide the earth into 180
equally spaced sections.
o Line of longitude run perpendicular to the equator and converge at the
poles. The reference line for longitude (the prime meridian) runs from the North
pole to the South pole through Greenwich, England. Subsequent lines of
longitude are measured from zero to 180 degrees East or West of the prime
meridian.
2. Projected coordinate reference systems
We describe a projected coordinate reference system, called Universal
Transverse Mercator (UTM), it is generally used all over the world.
The world is divided into 60 equal zones that are all 6 degrees wide in longitude
from East to West. The UTM zones are numbered 1 to 60 and every zone must
mention if it is in North or south for example Egypt is located in zone 36N.
[2 marks]
iv. Stat and draw the GIS component.

[2 marks]
v. Using a neat sketch diagram showing GIS data types.

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Model Answer

vi. The coordinates of three locations LOC1 (615370.56 E, 809173.755 N, 50.754),

LOC2 (615709.452 E, 809834.032 N, 59.563), and LOC3 (615549.411E,
810121.659 N, 75.673). LOC1 is silt clay soil, LOC2 is Rocky soil, LOC3 is
sandy soil.
a. Describe the procedure of handling this data through ArcGIS software
(how to prepare shape file).

Each location is defined by one point. Data file is prepared as the following:

[4 marks]

The data is then added to GIS software in one layer represented by points (Shape file) this
layer with attached attribute table.
b. Design and fill in the attribute table for the three locations.

[4 marks]
c. Outline the procedure to select the sites with silt clay characteristics.

Using selection by attribute: select field Soil Type= “Silt Clay soil”
In this case the software highlights the selected buildings which will be LOC1.
[2 marks]
Total [20 marks]

QB2 i. Mention the ESRI Geodatabase types.

[3 marks]
1.File Geodatabase :-the File Geodatabase is the latest, greatest file-based format
from ESRI
2.Personal Geodatabase:- Based on Microsoft Access/Jet Engine
3.ArcSDE:- Software (now part of ArcGIS core) that allows RDBMSs to act as
GIS data stores.

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Model Answer

ii. There are two different types of remote sensing, Explain in detailed? [3 marks]
a. Passive remote sensing is similar to taking a picture with an ordinary camera
 Source of energy is that naturally available (Solar Energy-Energy emitted by
the Earth etc.).
 Most of the remote sensing systems work in passive mode using solar energy
 Solar energy reflected by the targets at specific bands are recorded using
sensors
 For example, signal strength received at the sensor, wavelengths capable of
traversing through the atmosphere without significant loss, are generally used
 The Earth will also emit some radiation since its ambient temperature is about
3000 K.
 Passive sensors can also be used to measure the Earth’s radiance
 Not very popular as the energy content is very low
b. Active remote sensing is analogous to taking a picture with camera having
built-in flash
 Active remote sensing: Energy is generated and emitted from a sensing
platform towards the targets
 Energy reflected back by the targets are recorded
 Longer wavelength bands are used
 Example: Active microwave remote sensing (radar)

iii. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of Remote Sensing.

[3 marks]
Advantages of Remote Sensing.
1. Provides data for large areas
2. Provide data of very remote and inaccessible regions
3. Able to obtain imagery of any area over a continuous period of time
4. Possible to monitor any anthropogenic or natural changes in the
landscape
5. Relatively inexpensive when compared to employing a team of
surveyors
6. Easy and rapid collection of data
7. Rapid production of maps for interpretation

Disadvantages of Remote Sensing.

1. The interpretation of imagery requires a certain skill level
2. Needs cross verification with ground (field) survey data
3. Data from multiple sources may create confusion
4. Objects can be misclassified or confused

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Model Answer
5. Distortions may occur in an image due to the relative motion of sensor
and source

iv. Mention the three families of map projections.

[3 marks]

v. Compute the GPS coordinates (X, Y, Z) of point A whose geodetic latitude

equals 30⁰ , geodetic longitude equals 31⁰ 30', and geodetic height equals 150
m. Use the WGS 1984 ellipsoid whose parameters are: semi-major axis (a) =
6378137 m, and semi-minor axis (b) = 6356752 m.

[8 marks]

Total [20 marks]

QB3 (i). You are a realtor looking for a residential property in Cairo for client who have
the following criteria:
 It needs to be in Cairo.
 It must be within reasonable driving distance of a school (say 1km).
 It must be less than 250 m2 in size.
 Closer than 200 m to a main road.
 Closer than 3 km to Airport.
 Closer than 3 km to Airport.
 Closer than 4 km to a restaurant.

Use GIS analysis to get the client request.

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Model Answer

 Prepare the required data as layers.

1. Boundary of Cairo [17 marks]
2. The residential (Buildings)
3. The location of Airport.
4. The roads in and around the town.
5. The location of schools.
6. The location of restaurants.
 Prepare the CRS of all data
Using CRS WGS 84 / UTM zone 36N.
 `Using Geoprocessing Tools of GIS
 Buffer tools
o Buffer the school layer with distance 1000 m. (output is school
buffer)
o Buffer the main road layer with distance 200 m. (output is road
buffer)
o Buffer the restaurant layer with distance 4000 m. (output is
restaurant buffer)
o Buffer the restaurant layer with distance 3000 m. (output is Airport
buffer)
 Intersect tools
o Intersect between the school buffer layer and the road buffer layer
(output is Intersect 1)
o Intersect between the restaurant buffer layer and the output of
previous step (Intersect 1) (output is Intersect 2)
o Intersect between the Airport buffer layer and the output of previous
step (Intersect 2) (output is Intersect 3)
o
 Select by Location
o Select from Buildings layer that intersect with layer Intersect 3
(output is Buildings Intersect layer)
 Select by Attribute
o Select from Buildings Intersect layer that the Area of residential is
Less Than 250 m.

(ii). Circle the right answer.

a. ………………. can occurs when the edges of two polygon areas don’t meet
[1 marks]
properly. (Slivers – Overshoots – Undershoots)
b. …………….…occur when digitized vector lines that should connect to each [1 marks]
other don’t quite touch. (Slivers – Overshoots – Undershoots)
c. ………………. happen if a line ends beyond the line it should connect to it.
[1 marks]
(Slivers – Overshoots – Undershoots)

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Model Answer
Total [20 marks]

[Total 40 Section B]

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