ALPHA CORE SCHOOL-P.E.C.H.S.

CAMPUS
Revision Worksheet
Geography

Fact File: Climatic Zones of the World

1. Tropical Climate

Location: Near the Equator (between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn)
Temperature: High throughout the year (around 25°C to 30°C)
Features:
✔ Heavy rainfall
✔ High humidity
✔ Lush green forests
Example city: Singapore

Types of Tropical Climate:

• Tropical Rainforest Climate: Hot and wet all year (e.g., Amazon Basin)
• Sub-Tropical Monsoon Climate: Heavy seasonal rainfall, dry winters (e.g., Kolkata, India)
• Tropical Savannah Climate: Hot with distinct wet and dry seasons (e.g., Nairobi, Kenya)

2. Continental Climate

Location: Interior parts of continents (e.g., Central Asia, North America)

Temperature: Large differences between summer and winter; summers hot, winters very cold
Features:
✔ Low rainfall
✔ Hot summers and cold winters
✔ Often dry winds
Example city: Moscow, Russia

Types of Continental Climate:

• Hot Summer Continental Climate: Very warm summers and cold winters (e.g., Chicago, USA)
• Warm Summer Continental Climate: Cooler summers, harsh winters (e.g., Montreal, Canada)

3. Temperate Climate

Location: Between the tropics and polar circles

Temperature: Mild summers and cool winters
Features:
✔ Moderate rainfall
✔ Four distinct seasons
✔ Comfortable temperatures
Example city: London, United Kingdom

Types of Temperate Climate:

• Warm Temperate Climate: Hot summers, mild winters (e.g., Rome, Italy)
• Maritime Temperate Climate: Mild summers and cool winters due to ocean influence (e.g.,
Wellington, New Zealand)

4. Arid Climate

Location: Desert areas like North Africa, Central Australia

Temperature: Very hot during the day and cold at night
Features:
✔ Very little rainfall
✔ Extreme temperatures
✔ Sparse vegetation
Example city: Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Types of Arid Climate:

• Hot and Arid (Desert Climate): Hot all year round (e.g., Sahara Desert)
• Cold Arid (Desert Climate): Cold winters, cool summers (e.g., Gobi Desert)

5. Polar Climate

Location: Near the poles (Arctic and Antarctic regions)

Temperature: Extremely cold all year, often below freezing
Features:
✔ Snow and ice cover
✔ Very short summers
✔ Very low precipitation
Example city: Nuuk, Greenland

Types of Polar Climate:

• Tundra Climate: Short summers, long cold winters (e.g., Northern Canada)
• Ice Cap Climate: Covered with ice all year (e.g., Antarctica)
• Alpine Climate: Found in high mountains like the Alps (e.g., Mount Everest region)

Climatic Zone of Pakistan:

Humid Subtropical Climate

Location: Upper Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Temperature: Hot summers, mild winters
Features:
✔ Heavy summer rainfall
✔ Moderate winter rainfall
✔ Humid conditions
Example city: Lahore

Continental Climate

Location: Northern and western parts of Pakistan

Temperature: Hot summers and very cold winters
Features:
✔ Large temperature variations
✔ Low to moderate rainfall
✔ Dry conditions in winter
Example city: Islamabad

Mediterranean Climate

Location: Western Balochistan and parts of KPK

Temperature: Mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers
Features:
✔ Winter rainfall
✔ Dry summers
✔ Moderate temperatures
Example city: Quetta

Warm Arid and Semi-Arid Climate

Location: Southern Punjab, interior Sindh, parts of Balochistan

Temperature: Very hot summers, mild winters
Features:
✔ Very little rainfall
✔ Dust storms common
✔ Dry and hot environment
Example city: Multan

Cold Arid and Semi-Arid Climate

Location: Northern areas like Skardu and Gilgit

Temperature: Very cold winters, mild summers
Features:
✔ Very low rainfall
✔ Snow in winters
✔ Short growing season
Example city: Skardu

Define western depression.

Western depression refers to a weather system that originates from the Mediterranean Sea and
moves eastward, bringing winter rainfall and snowfall to parts of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and
India. It is important for agriculture, especially wheat cultivation.

Why Peshawar receives more rainfall than Quetta?

Peshawar is closer to the moist winds of the summer monsoon and also receives rainfall from
western depressions in winter. In contrast, Quetta lies in the rain shadow area, blocked by
mountains, and receives less moisture.
Differentiate between summer monsoon and winter monsoon rainfall.

Feature Summer Monsoon Winter Monsoon

During the summer monsoon, winds During the winter monsoon, winds
Wind
blow from the sea towards the land, blow from the land towards the sea,
Direction
bringing moisture. carrying dry air.
The summer monsoon cools down the The winter monsoon generally makes
Temperature
land by bringing heavy rain and the land dry and cooler due to dry
Effect
lowering temperatures. winds.
The summer monsoon brings heavy The winter monsoon brings little or no
Rainfall rainfall to many parts of South Asia, rainfall and sometimes causes dry
including Pakistan. weather conditions.
The summer monsoon occurs from June The winter monsoon occurs from
Season
to September. December to February.

Write 2 importance of the following ports.

Karachi Port
 As it is located on the Arabian Sea, it is highly suitable for international trade with countries
across the world.
 Karachi Port has excellent infrastructure, including modern cargo handling facilities, making it
very efficient for global trade activities.
Qasim Port
 Handles industrial imports like oil, chemicals, and steel.
 Reduces the load on Karachi Port.
Gawadar Port
 Provides shortest trade route to Central Asia and China.
 Strengthens Pakistan’s economy through CPEC projects.
Difference between Climate and Weather

Climate Weather
Long-term average of weather patterns in a Daily atmospheric conditions at a particular
region. place.
Changes slowly over decades. Changes rapidly, even within hours.
Example: Desert climate. Example: Today's rain or sunshine.

Describe any 3 factors that are affecting climate.

a. Latitude:
Places near the equator are hotter, while those near the poles are colder because of the angle of
the sun’s rays.
b. Altitude:
Higher places like mountains are cooler compared to areas at sea level.
c. Distance from the Sea:
Areas near the sea have moderate climates, while inland areas experience extreme temperatures.
Define Forest
A forest is a large area covered mainly with trees, plants, and undergrowth. It is a natural ecosystem
that provides habitat to a wide variety of wildlife, produces oxygen, stores carbon dioxide, and helps in
maintaining Earth's climate.

Difference between Natural and planted forest

Natural Forest Planted Forest
 Grows naturally without human  Grown by humans through planned
intervention. planting efforts.
 Rich in biodiversity with a variety of  Often consists of fewer species,
native species. sometimes just one or two.
 Develops over hundreds or thousands of  Established within a few decades.
years.

Define the following type of forest

Types Area Description
Alpine Dir ,Chitral KohistanThey have stunted growth due to high altitude low
temperature and the angle of the sun. They have
sloping branches and needle shaped leaves.
Coniferous Swat,Shangla,Murree, These are evergreen trees they have tall trees slopy
Rawalpindi Quetta branches and needle shaped leaves.
and kallat
River rain Banks of river Indus These are linear plantations. They have a high growth
and its tributaries rate because of abundance of water and fertile soil.
Tropical Thorn Many areas of These forest have low height and thorny hardwood
different province bushes. They have broad leaves and low quality wood
usually used as fuel.
Mangroves Indus delta and Hub These plants grow in salty sea water and have a
delta Shallow height These areas absorb the shockwave of
tsunami or other storms from the sea.

Write Characteristics of the following Forest.

Tropical Rain Coniferous Mangrove Deciduous
 Hot and humid;  Narrow spiky leaves  Grow in salty waters;  Wide flat leaves
 heavy rainfall all year;  Seeds in cones or berries  Have aerial roots;  Seeds form in
 rich biodiversity;  Usually found in cold  Protect coasts from flowers
 dense canopy of trees. climate Storms and erosion.  Found in the
 Trees of uniform height temperate climatic
regions
Where are Brazil nuts primarily harvested, and from which type of trees do they come?
Brazil nuts are harvested in the Amazon rainforest, mainly in Brazil , Bolivia and Peru (Madre de Dios).
These nuts come from Bertholletia excelsa trees, thriving in dense, humid forests.

Define Deforestation.
Deforestation is the cutting down, clearing, or removal of forests or trees on a large scale, often
to make way for agriculture, urban development, or mining. It leads to loss of biodiversity,
climate change, and disruption of ecosystems.
Write any 4 activity available in changa manga’s recreational park.
 Walking and jogging on scenic tracks.
 Boating in the lake.
 Picnicking in green spaces.
 Birdwatching and wildlife observation.
How do rubber -tappers collect latex from rubber trees?
Rubber-tappers collect latex by making a shallow, spiral cut on the tree bark and placed
container. The latex, a milky white fluid, flows out of the cut and is collected in containers
attached to the tree. Care is taken not to damage the tree so it continues producing latex.
Discuss the environmental significance of forests.
Forests are essential for life on Earth.
 They produce oxygen, absorb carbon dioxide, and help regulate the Earth's temperature.
 Forests maintain the water cycle,
 Prevent soil erosion,
 Provide habitat for countless species of plants and animals.
 They also help in controlling floods and protecting biodiversity
What is sustainable forestry, and why is it important for the environment and future
generations?
Sustainable forestry is the practice of managing forests in a way that meets current human needs
without compromising the health of the forests for future generations. It involves careful
harvesting, replanting trees, protecting wildlife habitats, and conserving biodiversity. It ensures
that forests continue to provide resources and benefits for the environment, economy, and future
generations.
Write any four uses of Forest.
 Provide wood for construction, furniture, and paper.
 Source of food items like fruits, nuts, and honey.
 Serve as homes for wildlife and plants.
 Act as natural carbon sinks, helping fight climate change.

Define Mountains.
Mountains are large landforms that rise prominently above the surrounding land, usually having steep
slopes and a significant height difference compared to nearby areas.
How mountain is Different from other lands.
 They are a piece of highland
 They are high above sea levels
 They are rocky in nature
 Mountains is higher than 300m above sea level
 They are different in shape
 They formed by force( pushes and pulls)
 They are forces change landforms
Why are mountains important to humans and the environment?.
Mountains are important because

 They provide fresh water to more than half of humanity

 Support biodiversity by hosting unique plants and animals
 They are sources of food, medicinal plants, minerals, and recreational activities
 They also protect communities by acting as natural barriers against strong winds and storms.

Describe the formation of the following mountain.

 Fold Mountain are formed when tectonic plates collide and push against each other.
 Fault Block Mountain are formed when the crust of the earth splits into blocks.
 Volcanic mountains are formed where volcanoes erupt.
 Dome Mountains are formed when magma pushes the crust upwards but does not erupt.