Bone

Ossification
https://www.labroots.com/trending/clinical-and-molecular-dx/3516/good-vibrations-stem-cells-bone-cells Monika Świerczewska
 Bone
Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue that like other connective
tissue, consists of cells and extracellular matrix.

The feature that distinguishes bone from other connective tissues is

mineralization of its matrix (the mineral is calcium phosphate, in the form

https://www.healthshots.com/
of hydroxyapatite crystals).

preventive-care/self-care/6-

symptoms-to-look-out-for/
calcium-deficiency-
Functions:
 support and protection
 storage site for calcium and phosphate (role in the homeostatic regulation
of blood calcium levels)

https://www.kindpng.com/imgv/TohwwJ_formati
 blood cells formation
 muscles attachment

on-of-blood-cells-in-bone-marrow-hd/
https://www.mylearning.org/stories/why-cant-granny-run-like-me/1042
 BONE

BONE CELLS + BONE MATRIX

1. Osteoprogenitor cells - Organic component (35%)

2. Osteoblasts (osteoid):
3. Osteocytes  collagen fibers (type I) (90%)
4. Osteoclasts  ground substance (10%)
(glycosaminoglycans: hyaluronic
acid, chondroitin sulfate, keratan
sulfate and small glycoproteins
such as: osteocalcin, osteonectin,
osteopontin and several
sialoproteins)

- Inorganic component (65%)

(minerals)
 predominantly microcrystalline
calcium phosphate in the form of
hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
with traces of sodium, magnesium,
fluoride and other ions

http://oerpub.github.io/epubjs-demo-book/content/m46281.xhtml
BONE CELLS
 Osteoprogenitor cells
 undifferentiated, pluripotential stem cells
derived from the connective tissue mesenchyme
 develop into osteoblasts if new bone is being formed
 when new bone is not required, these cells are quescient and are called
bone-lining cells - found in inner layer of periosteum and endosteum
 are activated following fracture, during growth, or in various disorders
of bone growth

Autophagy in bone homeostasis and the onset of osteoporosis

https://infograph.venngage.com/p/185921/bon
Xing Yin, Chenchen Zhou, Jingtao Li, Renkai Liu, Bing Shi, Quan Yuan, Shujuan Zou
Bone Res. 2019; 7: 28. Published online 2019 Oct 3. doi: 10.1038/s41413-019-0058-7 Correction in: Bone Res. 2020; 8: 36. e-project
 Osteoblasts
 are present on the surfaces of bone
 they synthesize, secrete, and deposit osteoid, the organic component of
new bone matrix
 osteoid is uncalcified and does not contain any minerals; however, shortly
after its deposition, it is rapidly mineralized and becomes bone

Autophagy in bone homeostasis and the onset of osteoporosis

https://infograph.venngage.com/p/185921/bon
Xing Yin, Chenchen Zhou, Jingtao Li, Renkai Liu, Bing Shi, Quan Yuan, Shujuan Zou
Bone Res. 2019; 7: 28. Published online 2019 Oct 3. doi: 10.1038/s41413-019-0058-7 Correction in: Bone Res. 2020; 8: 36. e-project
Osteoblasts

Osteoprogenitor
cells

SOX9

Osx

BMPs - Bone Morphogenetic Proteins

Runx 2 - Runt-related transcription factor 2

SOX9 - SRY-Box Transcription Factor 9

https://pl.pinterest.com/pin/437271445070894435/
Osx – Transcription factor Sp7, also called osterix

IGFs - insulin-like growth factors

Osteoblasts -
activity
Vit D
IGF-1
+
+

+ +
PTH growth
hormone

-
+
thyroid
hormones corticosteroids
 Osteocytes
 are the mature form of osteoblasts and are the principal
cells of the bone
 they are also smaller then osteoblasts

[Gartner, Hiatt]

https://infograph.venngage.com/p/185921/bon
e-project

https://www.healthbenefitstimes.com/plums/
https://www.123rf.com/photo_16648106_macro-closeup-of-single-
raw-whole-pumpkin-seed-isolated-on-white.html

Autophagy in bone homeostasis and the onset of osteoporosis

Xing Yin, Chenchen Zhou, Jingtao Li, Renkai Liu, Bing Shi, Quan Yuan, Shujuan Zou
Bone Res. 2019; 7: 28. Published online 2019 Oct 3. doi: 10.1038/s41413-019-0058-7 Correction in: Bone Res. 2020; 8: 36.
 Osteocytes in the lacuna and
lacuna-canalicular network.
Osteocytes
are trapped by the surrounding bone
matrix that was produced by osteoblasts

[Dallas et al., 2013]

 lie in the cave like lacunae and are very
close to a blood vessel

 only one osteocyte is found in each lacuna

 because mineralized bone matrix is hard,

nutrients and metabolites cannot freely
diffuse through it to the osteocytes Blood supply of an adult long bone

consequently, bone is very vascular

and possesses a unique system of channels
or tiny canals called canaliculi, which open
into the osteons

[Histology. A Text and Atlas with Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology. 7th Edition. Wojciech Pawlina]
 Osteocytes
 are branched cells

 their cytoplasmic extensions enter the canaliculi, radiate in all directions

from each lacuna, and make contact with neighboring cells through gap
junctions; these connections allow passage of ions and small molecules
from cell to cell

[Mescher AL.: Janqueira’s Basic Histology: Text and

Atlas, 12th Edition]

http://antranik.org/cartilage-and-bones/
 Osteocytes  the canaliculi keep the osteocytes alive

[Elsevier. Kierszenbaum: Histology and Cell [Histology. A Text and Atlas with correlated cel and Molecular
Biology: An Introduction of Pathology 2e] Biology, 6th Edition, Ross]

Kevin Mackenzie, University of Aberdeen, Wellcome

Electron micrograph Images (B0008430), CC BY-NC-ND
[Inderbir Sing’s, Textbook of Human Histology with Colour Atlas and Practical Guide, 7th Edition]
 Osteocytes
- maturation
pathway

Runx2
Osx

Runx 2 - Runt-related transcription factor 2

Osx - Osterix

Osteocytic signalling pathways as therapeutic targets for bone fragility.Plotkin LI, et al. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016.
 Osteoclasts
 are large, multinucleated cells
 are found along bone surfaces where resorption (removal of bone),
remodeling, and repairing of bone take place
 the osteoclasts originate from the fusion of hemopoietic progenitor cells
that belong to the mononuclear macrophage-monocyte cell line of the
bone marrow

Autophagy in bone homeostasis and the onset of osteoporosis

https://infograph.venngage.com/p/185921/bon
Xing Yin, Chenchen Zhou, Jingtao Li, Renkai Liu, Bing Shi, Quan Yuan, Shujuan Zou
Bone Res. 2019; 7: 28. Published online 2019 Oct 3. doi: 10.1038/s41413-019-0058-7 Correction in: Bone Res. 2020; 8: 36. e-project
Osteoclasts
function: bone resorption
during modeling and
remodeling (renewal or
restructuring)

 osteoclasts are often located

on the resorbed surfaces
or in shallow depressions in
the bone matrix called
Howship’s lacunae

lysosomal enzymes
(cathepsin K) released by
osteoclasts erode these
depressions
Osteoclastic function. RER, rough endoplasmic reticulum. (From Gartner LP, Hiatt JL, Strum JM: Cell Biology and
Histology [Board Review Series]. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1998, p 100.)

Ruffled border
Sealing zone
Osteoclasts

[Mescher AL.: Janqueira’s Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, 12th Edition]
 Osteoclast

Electron micrograph
Osteoclast Biology and Bone Resorption F. Ross, Biology
 OSTEOCLASTOGENESIS
M-CSF – macrophage colony-stimulating factor

RANK - receptor for activation of nuclear factor

kappa B
 RANK - receptor for activation of nuclear factor
kappa B

https://healthplexus.net/article/bone-biology-and-role-rankranklopg-pathway
 Regulation of blood calcium level

https://slideplayer.com/slide/9259791/
 Bone cellular structure.
Three major types of cells constitute bone tissue: osteoclasts are bone resorbing cells derived from a
monocyte lineage of the hematopoietic stem cells, osteoblasts are bone forming cells descended from the
mesenchymal stem cells, and osteocytes are bone matrix embedded cells originated from osteoblasts.
Mature quiescent osteoblasts on the bone surfaces are distinguished as bone lining cells.

http://physrev.physiology.org/content/93/2/481
 Summary Features of Osteoblasts, Osteocytes and Osteoclasts

[Histology. A Text and Atlas with Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology. 7th Edition. Wojciech Pawlina]
TYPES OF THE BONES
 – according to
the shape
flat bones – are thin
long bones – longer in one and plate-like (the bones
dimension than other bones and of the calvarium – skull
consists of a shaft and two ends cap and the sternum);
(the tibia,the metacarpals) they consist of two layers
of relatively thick
compact bone with an
intervening layer of
spongy bone

irregular bones – have

a shape that does not fit
into any one of three
groups just described;
short bones – are
the shape may be complex
nearly equal in length and
(vertebra) or the bone
diameter (the carpal
may contain air spaces or
bones of the hand)
sinuses (the ethmoid
bone)

http://antranik.org/cartilage-and-bones/
 Types of bone tissue
according to the organization of collagen fibers

primary woven bone tissue secondary lamellar bone tissue

- immature - mature

formed at the beginning according to histology

- primary bone tissue is
replaced by lamellar!!
Spongy (cancellous) Compact (dense)

Forms the interior of Forms the outside of the

the bone (a sponge-like bone
meshwork consisting of
trabeculae – thin,
anastomosing spicules of
bone tissue)
Immature bone
(primary woven bone tissue)

 does not display an organized

lamellated appearance

 bundles of collagen fibres are

irregular

 on the basis of its collagen fiber

arrangement, such bone is designated
nonlamellar (is also referred to as
bundle or woven bone because of the
interlacing arrangement of the collagen
[Histology. A Text and Atlas with correlated cel and Molecular Biology,
fibers) 6th Edition, Ross]

 contains relatively more cells per unit  the matrix has more ground
area substance and stains more
intensely with hematoxylin
 the cells tend to be randomly arranged
http://histology.oucreate.com/Captions/Bone/supp.woven.40.1.html Woven bone (40x objective lens) - tendon insert, H&E
 Immature bone

 in growing skeleton, particularly in fetus

https://anatomie.unibas.ch/museu
m/en/sammlung/his3.html

 in adults- during rapid bone remodeling

(post fracture repair), tooth sockets,
tendon insertion

Tendon inserts, decalcified bone preparation, H&E.

http://histology.oucreate.com/Captions/Bone/supp.woven.20.html
Mature bone
(secondary lamellar bone tissue)

 collagen fibers are arranged in lamellae

 collagen fibers in lamellae are

parallelly arranged,
embedded in mineralized
bone matrix

[Histology. A Text and Atlas with correlated cel and Molecular Biology, 6th Edition, Ross]

 lamellae are parallel to each other and between them

lacunae are placed (spaces containing osteocytes)

 lamellae form Haversian systems in the compact bone

and trabeculae in the spongy bone
[Histology. A Text and Atlas with Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology. 7th Edition. Wojciech Pawlina]
 Decalcified immature bone Decalcified mature compact
bone shows several osteons
with concentric lamellae

H&E; x160 [Histology. A Text and Atlas with correlated cel and Molecular Biology, 6th Edition, Ross]
 Types of lamellar bone tissue
 spongy (cancellous)
is usually located at the ends of the long bones (the epiphysis), with the harder
compact bone surrounding it. It is also found inside the vertebrae, in the ribs,
in the skull and in the bones of the joints

 compact
it can be found under the periosteum
and in the diaphysis of long bones,
where it provides support and protection

Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-.

 The structure of long bone

Articular surface

[Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings]

 Epiphysis an adult long bone

The outer portion of the bone has a solid

structure and represents COMPACT
(DENSE) BONE(arrows).

The interior of the bone exhibits a spongy

configuration and represents SPONGY
(CANCELLOUS) BONE.

[Histology. A Text and Atlas with correlated cel and Molecular Biology, 6th Edition, Ross]
[Histology. A Text and Atlas with Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology. 7th Edition. Wojciech Pawlina]
 Spongy (cancellous) bone
 network of irregular plates (trabeculae)
 bone marrow between trabeculae
 trabeculae covered by endosteum https://www.dreamstime.com/colored-
spongy-plastic-texture-purple-color-
 parallel lamellae, osteocytes between lamellae image144425779

https://pl.pinterest.com/pin/85146249189501693/

http://oerpub.github.io/epubjs-demo-book/content/m46281.xhtml https://free3d.com/3d-model/sponge-spongy-bone-structure-3574.html
 Each lamellus is a thin plate
of bone consisting of
collagen fibers and mineral
salts that are deposited
in a gelatinous ground
substance

How lamellae constitute bone (Schematic representation) [Inderbir Sing’s, Textbook of Human Histology with Colour Atlas and Practical Guide, 7th Edition]
 Spongy bone

Drawing Photomicrograph
1 – Trabeculae
2 – Nuclei of osteocytes
3 – Fat cells
Bm – Bone marrow

[Inderbir Sing’s, Textbook of Human Histology with Colour Atlas and Practical Guide, 7th Edition]
https://canvas-prod.ccsnh.edu/courses/46815/pages/lab-6-skeletal-tissue-and-the-axial-skeleton
 Compact bone
 structural unit of compact bone
tissue is OSTEON

 OSTEONS are long, cylindrical

units arranged in parallel manner
with long axis of the diaphysis of
long bone

- consists of a central canal

surrounded by 4-20 concentric
lamellae

https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/6-3-bone-structure/

[Inderbir Sing’s, Textbook of Human Histology with Colour Atlas and Practical Guide, 7th Edition]
 Compact bone
- between and within the lamellae lie the osteocytes which are located in empty
spaces called – lacunae ossium
- osteocytes have long cytoplasmic processes which lie in empty tunnels –
canaliculi

https://askabiologist.asu.edu/bone-anatomy
 Compact bone 4 systems of lamellae:
 Outer circumferential lamellae
 Haversian systems (osteons)
 Interstitial lamellae
 Inner circumferential lamellae

[Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 11/e 2006, John Wiley & Sons]
 Compact bone
Two types of vascular canals:
 Haversian canals - communicate with the marrow cavity, the periosteum, and
each other through transverse or oblique Volkmann´s canals; contain - blood
vessels, nerves and loose connective tissue

 Volkmann´s (perforating) canals - run at right angle to the Haversian canals

Bones are covered by
 Periosteum – covers the EXTERNAL surface of the bone (except in areas where they
articulate with another bone - in this case, the articulating surface is covered by hyaline
cartilage!!!!)
The periosteum that covers an actively growing bone consists of:
• outer layer: dense connective tissue; blood vessels; low in cells; Sharpey´s fibers (collagen
type I)
• inner layer: rich in cells, osteoprogenitor cells - can change to active osteoblasts- the role in
growth and repairing of the bone; blood vessels

 Endosteum
- covers the INTERNAL surface of
bone marrow cavity,
spongy bone, Haversian canal
- thin layer of connective tissue
and osteoprogenitor cells

rci.rutgers.edu
 Light micrograph of undecalcified ground Light micrograph of decalcified
bone (x270). Haversian system containing compact bone (x162). Several osteons
the Haversian canal (C) and concentric are displayed with their concentric
lamellae with lacunae with their canaliculi lamellae. Volmann’s canal (V) is also
displayed.
[Cell Biology and Histology, 7th Edition, Leslie P. Gartner, James L. Hiatt]
[Atlas of Histology with Functional & Clinical Correlations, Dongmei Cui]
 Haversian
canal
osteon

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=657507
lacuna with canaliculi

Compact bone – ground bone preparation, gentian violet

Cross section
 lacuna with canaliculi

https://histology.medicine.umich.edu/resources/cartilage-mature-bone#suggested-readings
concentric lamellae

Haversian
canal Volkmann’s
canal

Compact bone – ground bone preparation, gentian violet

Longitudinal section
http://stevegallik.org/histologyolm_Ch06_P05.html

Blood vessels
(in Haversian canals)

osteon

osteocytes

Compact bone– bone fragment, H&E

Cross section
Medullary cavity

In children - red bone marrow consists

of developing blood cells in different
stages of development + network of
reticular cells + fibers (serve as
a supporting framework for
the developing blood cells and vessels).

In later stages of growth and in the

adult, when the rate of blood cell
formation has diminished, the tissue in
https://fbresearch.org/leukemia-bone-marrow-transplants/
the marrow cavity consists mostly of fat
cells; it is then called yellow marrow.

In response to appropriate stimuli, such

as extreme blood loss, yellow marrow
can revert to red marrow.
 https://allthingsquinntessential.wordpress.com/2019/07/08/bone-marrow/

The Importance of Physiologically Inspired Physicochemical Parameters on Hematopoietic Stem-Cell

Maintenance and Lineage-Specific Differentiation in Ex Vivo Cultures; Stem Cells, pp. 159-195
(2011); Stephan Lindsey and Eleftherios T. Papoutsakis
 In the adult, red marrow is normally restricted to the spaces of spongy bone in a few
locations such as the sternum and the iliac crest. Diagnostic bone marrow samples and
marrow for transplantation are obtained from these sites.

https://www.lymphomas.org.uk/about-lymphoma/tests-
and-scans/bone-marrow-tests

http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Bone_marrow
OSSIFICATION
Bone histogenesis
 bone appears in the 6-week-old embryo and
growth of bone continues till about 25
years old
 bone formation may still occur but involves
remodeling
 the process of bone formation is called
ossification and there are two types of
ossification:

a) intramembranous ossification where bone

develops from mesenchyme or fibrous
connective tissue
b) endochondral ossification where bone
develops from a pre-existing cartilage
model
http://droualb.faculty.mjc.edu/Lecture%20No
tes/Unit%202/bone_development_with%20fi
gures.htm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gECsh0RlAYo
Intramembranous
ossification
Intramembranous ossification mainly occurs during formation of the flat
bones of the skull but also the mandible, maxilla, and clavicles.

The steps in intramembranous

ossification are:

1. Development of ossification
center.
2. Calcification.
3. Formation of trabeculae.
4. Development of periosteum.

https://slideplayer.com/slide/8144950/
 Intramembranous ossification

Human Anatomy & Physiology, 11th Edition, Elaine N. Marieb, Katja Hoehn
 Ob-osteoblasts –
line the bony spicule
where they are secreting
osteoid onto the bone.

Oc-osteoclasts may
be observed housed
in Howship’s
lacunae.

Light micrograph of intramembranous ossificaion (x540)

[Cell Biology and Histology, 7th Edition, Leslie P. Gartner, James L. Hiatt]
 Oc

Ob

Light micrograph of intramembranous ossification (x132). Trabeculae of bone are

being formed by osteoblasts lining their surface (arrows). Osteocytes trapped
in lacunae. Primitive osteons are beginning to form.
[Cell Biology and Histology, 7th Edition, Leslie P. Gartner, James L. Hiatt]
 https://histology.medicine.umich.edu/resources/bone-bone-formation
Intramembranous ossification– bone fragment, H&E
- primary spongy bone
 Intramembranous ossification: developing skull bone.
Stain: Mallory-azan. x64

[DiFiore’s Atlas of Histology with Functional Correlations. Victor P. Eroschenko]

Endochondral ossification
Endochondral ossification involves an initial hyaline cartilage that continues to grow.

The steps in endochondral ossification are:

1. Development of cartilage model

2. Growth of cartilage model
3. Development of the primary ossification center
4. Development of the secondary ossification center
5. Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

 Endochondral bone formation is the principal

process by which the long bones, e.g., the bones of
the axial skeleton and the appendages and digits,
increase in length to achieve their adult
dimensions

 So long as epiphyseal cartilage exists between the

diaphyseal and epiphyseal ossification centers,
the bone will continue to grow
 ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION IN A LONG BONE

Human Anatomy & Physiology, 11th Edition, Elaine N. Marieb, Katja Hoehn
 Structure of growth plate and metaphysis

https://www.horsesandus.com/equine-skeletal-development/
 Resting zone
contains normal, resting hyaline
cartilage

https://www.horsesandus.com/equine-skeletal-development/
 Growth (proliferation) zone/cell
colums
chondrocytes undergo rapid mitosis,
leading to proliferation and form
distinctive looking stacks

https://www.horsesandus.com/equine-skeletal-development/
 Hypertrophic (maturation) zone
Chondrocytes enlarge and begin to
secrete alkaline phosphatase which
triggers calcification

https://www.horsesandus.com/equine-skeletal-development/
 Calcification zone
Chondrocytes die as they do not receive
nutrition leaving cavities that will later
become invaded by bone-forming cells

https://www.horsesandus.com/equine-skeletal-development/
 Ossification (osteogenic) zone
Osteoprogenitor cells invade the area
and differentiate into osteoblasts, which
elaborate matrix that becomes calcified
on the surface of calcified cartilage

https://www.horsesandus.com/equine-skeletal-development/
[Atlas of Histology with Functional & Clinical Correlations, Dongmei Cui]
[Histology. A Text and Atlas with Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology. 7th Edition. Wojciech Pawlina]
 Endochondrial ossification: development of a long bone
[Cell Biology and Histology, 7th Edition, Leslie P. Gartner, James L. Hiatt]
 FLAT BONES LONG BONES

During prenatal development Most appears during postnatal

and adolescent years

Ossification
Resting Proliferation Hypertrophic Calcification
(osteogenic)
zone zone zone zone
zone

Zones of growth plate

Histology and Cell Biology. An Introduction to Pathology. Abraham L. Kierszenabum, Laura L. Tres, 4th Edition
 Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis:

 occurs when there is an imbalance

between new bone formation and old
bone resorption

osteolysis > osteosynthesis

 a condition characterized by a decrease https://osteo-x.weebly.com/research.html

in the density of bone, decreasing its

strength and resulting in fragile bones

 can occur as a result of:

- disuse (e.g. prolonged bed rest, limb
paralysis)
- hyperthyroidism
- diet low in calcium
- also in people who are otherwise healthy,
particularly postmenopausal women
https://3riversortho.com/2017/01/03/what-is-osteoporosis/

Treatment: bisphosphonates (antiresorptive agents), denosumab

Paget’s disease Uncontrolled osteoclast (Oc) resorption of a bone, and
osteoblasts (Ob) are attempting to fill in sites of recent
osteoclast erosion in an adjacent site.
Paget’s disease:

 is of unknown cause but probably involves

a combination of environmental and genetic
factors, which cause uncontrolled osteoclast
activity, leading to resorption of bone and
osteoblastic attempts to fill in the remaining
erosions
 when the wave of osteoclastic resorption dies
down or moves elsewhere, the osteoblasts
continue to produce new bone in an attempt Lion face
[Stevens & Lowe’s Human Histology, 4th Editiona]
to repair the damage. Thus, paradoxically,
the affected piece of bone usually ends up
larger than it was originally
 the repaired bone is, however, less able to
resist physical stress because the new bone
deposition is haphazard and reparative,
rather than organized and constructive; it is
therefore more prone to fracture

https://strangeremains.com/2014/04/02/a-rare-condition-that-causes-overgrown-facial-bones/
Osteomalacia

https://www.diabetesendocrinology.in/endocrine/w
(failure of mineralization)

Osteomalacia

hat-is-osteomalacia/
 is a condition in the adult that resembles rickets
that occurs in children who have depressed
vitamin D levels and, consequently, cannot
absorb enough calcium in their gastrointestinal
tract
 this condition is difficult to diagnose because
initially the patient presents with nonspecific
symptoms that range from aches and pains to
muscle weakness. Once advanced stages of
osteomalacia are reached, the symptoms include
https://slideplayer.com/slide/17562372/
deep bone pain, difficulty in walking, and bone
fractures
 histologic pictures of cancellous bone present overly thin trabeculae of bone with
prominent Howship’s lacunae occupied by osteoclasts and the presence of
exceptionally thick osteoid over the thin calcified bony trabeculae and spicules
 [Stevens & Lowe’s Human Histology, 4th Editiona]
Osteomalacia. Micrograph of iliac crest bone from a patient with osteomalacia.

The broad zone of unmineralized osteoid (purple) and the central zone of mineralized bone (black)
in this section stained by von Kossa’s silver technique.
Osteogenesis

https://healthjade.net/osteogenesis-imperfecta/
imperfecta/
Brittle bone
A genetic disorder that results from a lack
of the protein collagen (mutation in
collagen), causes brittle bones that break
easily.

https://www.medme.pl/choroby/wrodzona-lamliwosc-kosci,456.html
Autosomal dominant.

Family history of fractures.

Can cause scoliosis.

Treatment:
no cure, treatment involves managing
symptoms.
 Basic bone
mechanics

MODELING REMODELING
This process changes the bone This process is essential for
shape and size by resorption maintaining bone mass and allowing
(action of osteoclasts - old bone adaptation to both mechanical loading
tissue is broken down and digested and the requirements of calcium and
by the body) and formation (action phosphate metabolism in mature
of osteoblasts - new bone is laid bone.
down) to create new bone. Bone is always undergoing this process
in which the matrix is constantly being
It occurs on separate surfaces (i.e. removed and replaced by basic
formation and resorption are not multicellular units or BMU's.
coupled).
The coupled action of resorption and
An example of this process formation takes place at the same site
is during long bone increases on the bone surface.
in length and diameter.
It occurs during birth to adulthood Removal of bone takes about 3 weeks,
and is responsible for gain whereas formation of bone takes about 3
in skeletal mass and changes months.
in skeletal form.
 Bone remodeling –
spongy bone vs compact bone
occurs over a trabecular surface occurs within a cylinder

Bone cell function and the sequence of cell activities are otherwise similar.

Spongy bone remodeling units occur in greater numbers, causing the

spongy bone turnover rate to be about ten fold that of compact bone.
Histology and Cell Biology. An Introduction to Pathology. Abraham L. Kierszenabum, Laura L. Tres, 4th Edition
Bone remodeling – compact bone

[Mescher AL.: Janqueira’s Basic Histology: Text and Atlas, 12th Edition]
[Histology. A Text and Atlas with Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology. 7th Edition. Wojciech Pawlina]
Bone remodeling – spongy bone

1. Activation: preosteoclasts are stimulated and differentiate under the influence of

cytokines and growth factors into mature active osteoclasts
2. Resorption: osteoclasts digest mineral matrix (old bone)
3. Reversal: end of resorption
4. Formation: osteoblasts
synthesize new bone matrix
5. Mineralization
6. Resting state: osteoblasts
become resting bone lining
cells on the newly formed
bone surface
[Atlas of Histology with Functional & Clinical Correlations, Dongmei Cui]
Bone cells

Cell type Function Location

Osteogenic cells Develop into osteoblasts Deep layers of the periosteum

and the marrow

Osteoblasts Bone formation Growing portions of bone,

including periosteum and
endosteum

Osteocytes Maintain mineral concentration Entrapped in matrix

of matrix

Osteoclasts Bone resorption Bone surfaces and at sites of

old, injured or unneeded bone